RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal lipid and lipoprotein concentrations between small for gestational age (SGA) infants and infants with normal growth born at term. STUDY DESIGN: This was a case-control study nested within a large (n = 5337) prospective multicenter cohort of pregnant women followed to delivery. SGA cases (n = 323) were all term infants with birth weight below the 10th percentile for their gestational age and sex. Controls (n = 671) were selected at random from term infants with birth weight between the 25th and 75th percentiles. Plasma samples obtained at 24-26 weeks were analyzed for lipoproteins using a recently developed nuclear magnetic resonance-based procedure that distinguishes high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein particles of different sizes. Apolipoprotein A-1 and C-II levels were analyzed using turbidimetric methods. RESULTS: Compared with controls, mothers of SGA cases had significantly higher mean concentrations of total HDL particles, medium and small HDL particles, and apolipoprotein A-1, with evidence of a dose-response relationship across quartiles of the control distribution. aORs for the highest quartiles were 2.8 (95% CI, 1.7-4.5) for total HDL particles and 3.1 (95% CI, 1.9-5.0) for apolipoprotein A-1. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the higher HDL particle and apolipoprotein A-1 concentrations in mothers of SGA cases may reflect defective placental transport of HDL, which could compromise cholesterol uptake by the developing fetus.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Adulto , Apolipoproteína A-I/metabolismo , Apolipoproteína C-II/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Recém-Nascido , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Mães , Nefelometria e Turbidimetria , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Breast milk fatty acid (FA) composition varies greatly among individual women, including in percentages of the long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LCPUFA) 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), which are important for infant neurological development. It has been suggested that owing to wide variation in milk LCPUFA and low DHA in Western diets, standards of milk FA composition should be derived from populations consuming traditional diets. We collected breast milk samples from Tsimane women at varying lactational stages (6-82 weeks). The Tsimane are an indigenous, natural fertility, subsistence-level population living in Amazonia Bolivia. Tsimane samples were matched by lactational stage to samples from a US milk bank, and analysed concurrently for FA composition by gas-liquid chromatography. We compared milk FA composition between Tsimane (n = 35) and US (n = 35) mothers, focusing on differences in LCPUFA percentages that may be due to population-typical dietary patterns. Per total FAs, the percentages of AA, DHA, total n-3 and total n-6 LCPUFA were significantly higher among Tsimane mothers. Mean percentages of 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) and trans FAs were significantly higher among US mothers. Tsimane mothers' higher milk n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA percentages may be due to their regular consumption of wild game and freshwater fish, as well as comparatively lower intakes of processed foods and oils that may interfere with LCPUFA synthesis.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/análise , Lactação/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna/fisiologia , Leite Humano/química , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Adulto , Bolívia , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Abstract Background: Skeletal muscle adipose tissue (AT) infiltration, or myosteatosis, appears to be greater in African compared with European ancestry individuals and may play a role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease that disproportionally affects African ancestry populations. Inflammation is one mechanism that may link myosteatosis with increased T2DM risk, but studies examining the relationship between inflammation and myosteatosis are lacking. METHODS: To examine these associations, we measured skeletal muscle subcutaneous AT, intermuscular AT, and skeletal muscle density using quantitative computed tomography and serum markers of inflammation in 471 individuals from 8 Afro-Caribbean multigenerational families [mean family size 67; mean age 43 years; mean body mass index (BMI) 28 kg/m(2)]. RESULTS: After removing the variation attributable to significant covariates, heritabilities of inflammation markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] ranged from 33% (TNFα) to 40% (CRP); all P<0.01. Higher CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were associated with lower subcutaneous AT around skeletal muscle (r=-0.13 to -0.19, P<0.05). Higher CRP was additionally associated with lower skeletal muscle density, indicative of greater intramuscular AT (r=-0.10, P<0.05), hyperinsulinemia (r=0.12, P<0.05), and increased homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.17, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that heredity may play a significant role in the determination of several markers of inflammation in African ancestry individuals. Higher concentrations of CRP appear to be associated with greater skeletal muscle AT infiltration, lower subcutaneous AT, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the relationship between inflammation with changes in skeletal muscle AT distribution with aging and the incidence of T2DM.
Assuntos
Adiposidade/genética , População Negra/genética , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Coristoma/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Fatores de Risco , Gordura Subcutânea/anatomia & histologia , Trinidad e Tobago , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although obesity is strongly associated with diabetes, the greater prevalence of diabetes in persons of African ancestry than in those of other ancestries cannot be explained simply by differences in total or central adiposity. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether skeletal muscle composition is associated with diabetes in 1249 men of African ancestry aged >or=40 y. DESIGN: Anthropometry and fasting serum glucose were measured, and lower-leg skeletal muscle composition was assessed with peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes in this population was high (21%). We observed an age-associated adipose tissue remodeling in skeletal muscle and greater intermuscular (IMAT) and lesser subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue area with advancing age (P < 0.0001). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression identified more IMAT and less SAT to be significantly associated with a greater prevalence of diabetes. Even among normal-weight men [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) < 25], diabetic men had significantly (P = 0.01) more IMAT than did those without diabetes. Greater IMAT was also associated with a greater prevalence of hyperglycemia in men with a family history of diabetes than in those without such history (P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the independent associations of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat among men of African ancestry, an effect that may be modified by a family history of diabetes. Further studies are needed to identify the genetic and physiologic mechanisms that influence the distribution and remodeling of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle with aging.'
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , População Negra , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Regressão , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although obesity is strongly associated with diabetes, the greater prevalence of diabetes in persons of African ancestry than in those of other ancestries cannot be explained simply by differences in total or central adiposity. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether skeletal muscle composition is associated with diabetes in 1249 men of African ancestry aged >or=40 y. DESIGN: Anthropometry and fasting serum glucose were measured, and lower-leg skeletal muscle composition was assessed with peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes in this population was high (21%). We observed an age-associated adipose tissue remodeling in skeletal muscle and greater intermuscular (IMAT) and lesser subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue area with advancing age (P < 0.0001). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression identified more IMAT and less SAT to be significantly associated with a greater prevalence of diabetes. Even among normal-weight men [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) < 25], diabetic men had significantly (P = 0.01) more IMAT than did those without diabetes. Greater IMAT was also associated with a greater prevalence of hyperglycemia in men with a family history of diabetes than in those without such history (P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the independent associations of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat among men of African ancestry, an effect that may be modified by a family history of diabetes. Further studies are needed to identify the genetic and physiologic mechanisms that influence the distribution and remodeling of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle with aging.'
Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Tecido Adiposo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Análise de Regressão , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
This unblinded, randomized, Phase I clinical trial was conducted to determine whether lycopene supplementation lowered serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), surrogate endpoint for prostate cancer initiation or progression, in men with elevated prostate cancer risk. Afro-Caribbean men (n=81) with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical foci or repeated non-cancerous biopsies, ascertained in a population-based screening program, were randomized to four months intervention with 30 mg/day lycopene (Lyc-O-Mato) plus a multivitamin, or to multivitamin, only. Serum PSA and lycopene were compared at randomization, 1, and 4 mo using two-sided chi2 and t-tests for independent samples. Treatment groups were similar at baseline. Serum lycopene levels approximately doubled in the lycopene intervention group. Serum PSA declined during the first month of treatment, but returned to randomization level by month 4. The PSA response was nearly identical in both treatment groups. No adverse effects attributed to lycopene supplementation were documented. We conclude that the PSA lowering response to antioxidant supplementation observed in previous 3-wk studies in men awaiting prostatectomy may have been a transient response, perhaps not specific to lycopene. Lowering of serum PSA may not be an appropriate endpoint for the long-term studies needed to evaluate lycopene supplementation for reducing prostate cancer initiation or progression.
Assuntos
Anticarcinógenos/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Anticarcinógenos/sangue , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Carotenoides/sangue , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Suplementos Nutricionais , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Licopeno , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasia Prostática Intraepitelial/sangue , Neoplasia Prostática Intraepitelial/epidemiologia , Neoplasia Prostática Intraepitelial/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias da Próstata/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Adiponectin, an adipose-specific protein, is negatively associated with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes. Very few studies have examined the role of heredity in the regulation of adiponectin and its association with body fat among individuals of African heritage. Thus, we measured fasting serum adiponectin levels by radioimmunoassay and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 402 individuals aged 18 to 103 years belonging to 7 multigenerational families of African heritage in the relatively homogeneous island population of Tobago. Heritability of adiponectin was 33.2% (P < .01), and age, sex, and body mass index explained 23.4% of the variance in adiponectin. Sex-specific heritability was significant in men (heritability, 34%; P < .05), but not in women. The inverse associations between body mass index and percentage of body fat and adiponectin, independent of age and height, were much stronger in women (all P values <.001) than in men. However, percentage of trunk fat was consistently strongly associated with adiponectin in both men (r = -0.40, P < .001) and women (r = -0.44, P < .001), independent of age and height. This study suggests that genetic factors are a significant source of interindividual differences in circulating adiponectin among Afro-Caribbeans. Adiponectin may serve as a promising quantitative intermediate trait in studies designed to map the genes underlying diabetes and obesity in this population.
Assuntos
Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Adiposidade/genética , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antropometria , População Negra , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Caracteres Sexuais , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Despite a higher prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors, men of African origin have less coronary atherosclerosis, as measured by coronary calcification, than whites. In part, this is thought to be because of the less atherogenic lipoprotein profile observed in men of African origin, characterized by lower triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We hypothesized that the -514C>T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) plays a significant role in determining a less atherogenic lipoprotein profile observed in men of African origin. Previously conducted studies of the LIPC -514C>T polymorphism in African Americans may have been confounded by a higher level of European admixture; in addition, the results from these studies do not necessarily apply to other African populations because gene-environment interactions may differ. Thus, we compared nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured lipoprotein subclass patterns and LIPC -514C>T genotypes in population-based samples of older white American (n = 532) and African American (n = 97) men from the Cardiovascular Health Study to those among older, less admixed, Afro-Caribbean men (n = 205) from the Tobago Health Study. Men of African origin had a more favorable lipoprotein profile than whites. In addition, levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, and large and small very low-density lipoprotein, small low-density lipoprotein, as well as very low-density lipoprotein particle size, were remarkably lower in Afro-Caribbean men than in either African American or white men. The frequency of the LIPC -514T allele was much higher in Afro-Caribbeans (0.57) and in African Americans (0.49) than in whites (0.20). The -514T allele in both populations of African origin, but not in whites, was associated with elevated large HDL and greater HDL size. Our findings indicate that the higher frequency of the LIPC -514T allele found in men of African origin living in different environments significantly contributes to the more favorable distribution of HDL subclasses compared with whites.