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The role of a dominant macrobenthic polychaete, Scolelepis squamata, in the colonisation of defaunated tropical sediments by sandy-beach nematodes was investigated and compared with a previous colonisation experiment carried out on a temperate sandy beach. Experimental cylinders, equipped with lateral windows allowing infaunal colonisation, were filled with defaunated sediment containing two treatments, with and without S. squamata. These cylinders were inserted into microcosms containing sediment with indigenous meiofauna collected from the field. The treatments were incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature and salinity for 7, 14 and 21 days. The nematode assemblages in both treatments did not differ in composition between treatments and from the natural assemblages, suggesting that all the species were equally able to colonise the experimental cores. The presence of the polychaete did not affect the development of the nematode community composition, in contrast to the results from a previous temperate-beach experiment. However, our results did not indicate whether the difference in results was caused by the different behaviour of the polychaete specimens, or by the different composition and response of the present nematode community.

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The role of a dominant macrobenthic polychaete, Scolelepis squamata, in the colonisation of defaunated tropical sediments by sandy-beach nematodes was investigated and compared with a previous colonisation experiment carried out on a temperate sandy beach. Experimental cylinders, equipped with lateral windows allowing infaunal colonisation, were filled with defaunated sediment containing two treatments, with and without S. squamata. These cylinders were inserted into microcosms containing sediment with indigenous meiofauna collected from the field. The treatments were incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature and salinity for 7, 14 and 21 days. The nematode assemblages in both treatments did not differ in composition between treatments and from the natural assemblages, suggesting that all the species were equally able to colonise the experimental cores. The presence of the polychaete did not affect the development of the nematode community composition, in contrast to the results from a previous temperate-beach experiment. However, our results did not indicate whether the difference in results was caused by the different behaviour of the polychaete specimens, or by the different composition and response of the present nematode community.(AU)

Esse estudo avaliou a influência da espécie Scolelepis squamata (Polychaeta) no processo de colonização de sedimentos defaunados obtidos em uma praia arenosa tropical, além de comparar esses resultados com um estudo similar realizado em uma praia temperada. Sedimentos, previamente defaunados, foram colocados em amostradores com aberturas laterais, que permitiram a colonização da meiofauna. Foram definidos dois tratamentos, um com a presença e outro com a ausência da espécie S. squamata, além do controle. Os amostradores desses tratamentos foram alocados em unidades experimentais do tipo microcosmo, as quais continham sedimento com a meiofauna residente. Os tratamentos foram incubados em laboratório por 7, 14 e 21 dias, com condições controladas de temperatura e salinidade. Os nematódeos não apresentaram diferenças significativas em termos de composição entre os tratamentos e nem em relação ao controle, sugerindo que todas as espécies desse grupo foram, igualmente, capazes de colonizar as unidades experimentais. Esses resultados indicaram que a presença do poliqueto não afetou a estrutura da comunidade de nematódeos, o que representou um resultado contrário ao obtido para a praia temperada. No entanto, não se pode concluir se essas diferenças entre as praias estariam relacionadas ao comportamento diferencial de S. squamata ou pela presença de comunidades de nematódeos distintas nas praias.(AU)

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STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma iron and transferrin levels in a limb movement animal model with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia. METHODS: In all, 72 male Wistar rats aged 90 days were divided into four groups: (1) acute SCI (1 day, SCI1), (2) 3 days post-SCI (SCI3), (3) 7 days post-SCI (SCI7) and (4) 15 days post-SCI (SCI15). Each of these groups had corresponding control (CTRL) and SHAM groups. Plasma iron and transferrin levels of the different groups were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. RESULTS: We found a significant reduction in iron plasma levels after SCI compared with the CTRL group: SCI1 (CTRL: 175±10.58 µg dl(-1); SCI: 108.28±11.7 µg dl(-1)), SCI3 (CTRL: 195.5±11.00 µg dl(-1); SCI: 127.88±12.63 µg dl(-1)), SCI7 (CTRL: 186±2.97 µg dl(-1); SCI: 89.2±15.39 µg dl(-1)) and SCI15 (CTRL: 163±5.48 µg dl(-1); SCI: 124.44±10.30 µg dl(-1)) (P<0.05; ANOVA). The SHAM1 group demonstrated a reduction in iron plasma after acute SCI (CTRL: 175±10.58 µg dl(-1); SHAM: 114.60±7.81 µg dl(-1)) (P<0.05; ANOVA). CONCLUSION: Reduced iron metabolism after SCI may be one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of sleep-related movement disorders.

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Studies have shown that the frequency or worsening of sleep disorders tends to increase with age and that the ability to perform circadian adjustments tends to decrease in individuals who work the night shift. This condition can cause consequences such as excessive sleepiness, which are often a factor in accidents that occur at work. The present study investigated the effects of age on the daytime and nighttime sleep patterns using polysomnography (PSG) of long-haul bus drivers working fixed night or day shifts. A total of 124 drivers, free of sleep disorders and grouped according to age (<45 years, N = 85, and ≥45 years, N = 39) and PSG timing (daytime (D) PSG, N = 60; nighttime (N) PSG, N = 64) participated in the study. We observed a significant effect of bedtime (D vs N) and found that the length of daytime sleep was shorter [D: <45 years (336.10 ± 73.75 min) vs N: <45 years (398 ± 78.79 min) and D: ≥45 years (346.57 ± 43.17 min) vs N: ≥45 years (386.44 ± 52.92 min); P ≤ 0.05]. Daytime sleep was less efficient compared to nighttime sleep [D: <45 years (78.86 ± 13.30 percent) vs N: <45 years (86.45 ± 9.77 percent) and D: ≥45 years (79.89 ± 9.45 percent) and N: ≥45 years (83.13 ± 9.13 percent); P ≤ 0.05]. An effect of age was observed for rapid eye movement sleep [D: <45 years (18.05 ± 6.12 percent) vs D: ≥45 years (15.48 ± 7.11 percent) and N: <45 years (23.88 ± 6.75 percent) vs N: ≥45 years (20.77 ± 5.64 percent); P ≤ 0.05], which was greater in younger drivers. These findings are inconsistent with the notion that older night workers are more adversely affected than younger night workers by the challenge of attempting to rest during the day.

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Studies have shown that the frequency or worsening of sleep disorders tends to increase with age and that the ability to perform circadian adjustments tends to decrease in individuals who work the night shift. This condition can cause consequences such as excessive sleepiness, which are often a factor in accidents that occur at work. The present study investigated the effects of age on the daytime and nighttime sleep patterns using polysomnography (PSG) of long-haul bus drivers working fixed night or day shifts. A total of 124 drivers, free of sleep disorders and grouped according to age (<45 years, N = 85, and > or =45 years, N = 39) and PSG timing (daytime (D) PSG, N = 60; nighttime (N) PSG, N = 64) participated in the study. We observed a significant effect of bedtime (D vs N) and found that the length of daytime sleep was shorter [D: <45 years (336.10 +/- 73.75 min) vs N: <45 years (398 +/- 78.79 min) and D: > or =45 years (346.57 +/- 43.17 min) vs N: > or =45 years (386.44 +/- 52.92 min); P < or = 0.05]. Daytime sleep was less efficient compared to nighttime sleep [D: <45 years (78.86 +/- 13.30%) vs N: <45 years (86.45 +/- 9.77%) and D: > or =45 years (79.89 +/- 9.45%) and N: > or =45 years (83.13 +/- 9.13%); P < or = 0.05]. An effect of age was observed for rapid eye movement sleep [D: <45 years (18.05 +/- 6.12%) vs D: > or =45 years (15.48 +/- 7.11%) and N: <45 years (23.88 +/- 6.75%) vs N: > or =45 years (20.77 +/- 5.64%); P < or = 0.05], which was greater in younger drivers. These findings are inconsistent with the notion that older night workers are more adversely affected than younger night workers by the challenge of attempting to rest during the day.

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Flight safety is one of the most important and frequently discussed issues in aviation. Recent accident inquiries have raised questions as to how the work of flight crews is organized and the extent to which these conditions may have been contributing factors to accidents. Fatigue is based on physiologic limitations, which are reflected in performance deficits. The purpose of the present study was to provide an analysis of the periods of the day in which pilots working for a commercial airline presented major errors. Errors made by 515 captains and 472 copilots were analyzed using data from flight operation quality assurance systems. To analyze the times of day (shifts) during which incidents occurred, we divided the light-dark cycle (24:00) in four periods: morning, afternoon, night, and early morning. The differences of risk during the day were reported as the ratio of morning to afternoon, morning to night and morning to early morning error rates. For the purposes of this research, level 3 events alone were taken into account, since these were the most serious in which company operational limits were exceeded or when established procedures were not followed. According to airline flight schedules, 35 percent of flights take place in the morning period, 32 percent in the afternoon, 26 percent at night, and 7 percent in the early morning. Data showed that the risk of errors increased by almost 50 percent in the early morning relative to the morning period (ratio of 1:1.46). For the period of the afternoon, the ratio was 1:1.04 and for the night a ratio of 1:1.05 was found. These results showed that the period of the early morning represented a greater risk of attention problems and fatigue.

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The effects of sleep disorders on the quality of life (QOL) have been documented in the literature. Excessive sleepiness and altered circadian rhythms may negatively affect ability to learn, employment, and interpersonal relations, and directly degrade QOL. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome of varying severity on QOL. The study was conducted on 1892 patients aged 18 years or older referred by a physician to the Sleep Institute, São Paulo, with complaints related to apnea (snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, hyperarousal, and fatigue). They were submitted to overnight polysomnography for the diagnosis of sleep disorders from August 2005 through April 2006. The patients completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and QOL SF-36 sleep questionnaires. They were classified as non-physically active and physically active and not-sleepy and sleepy and the results of polysomnography were analyzed on the basis of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). The apneic subjects showed a reduction in QOL which was proportional to severity. There was a significant decrease in all domains (physical functioning, role physical problems, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, emotional problems, general mental health) for apneics with AHI >30, who generally were sleepy and did not participate in physical activities (P < 0.05). The present study provides evidence that the impact of sleep disorders on QOL in apneics is not limited to excessive daytime sleepiness and that physical activity can contribute to reducing the symptoms. Thus, exercise should be considered as an adjunct interventional strategy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

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The effects of sleep disorders on the quality of life (QOL) have been documented in the literature. Excessive sleepiness and altered circadian rhythms may negatively affect ability to learn, employment, and interpersonal relations, and directly degrade QOL. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome of varying severity on QOL. The study was conducted on 1892 patients aged 18 years or older referred by a physician to the Sleep Institute, São Paulo, with complaints related to apnea (snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, hyperarousal, and fatigue). They were submitted to overnight polysomnography for the diagnosis of sleep disorders from August 2005 through April 2006. The patients completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and QOL SF-36 sleep questionnaires. They were classified as non-physically active and physically active and not-sleepy and sleepy and the results of polysomnography were analyzed on the basis of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). The apneic subjects showed a reduction in QOL which was proportional to severity. There was a significant decrease in all domains (physical functioning, role physical problems, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, emotional problems, general mental health) for apneics with AHI >30, who generally were sleepy and did not participate in physical activities (P < 0.05). The present study provides evidence that the impact of sleep disorders on QOL in apneics is not limited to excessive daytime sleepiness and that physical activity can contribute to reducing the symptoms. Thus, exercise should be considered as an adjunct interventional strategy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

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Numerous studies have suggested a substantial genetic contribution in the etiology of the primary form of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movements (PLM). We describe the symptoms, the sleep profiles and physiological parameters of two families in which several members present RLS/PLM. The proband of family 1 is a 70-year-old woman and the proband of family 2 is a 57-year-old woman; both have exhibited the symptoms since the age of 20 years. All patients in both families were diagnosed with RLS according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group. Polysomnographic recordings were performed to quantify and to describe PLM during sleep. Sleep parameters showed decreased sleep efficiency, increased sleep latency in the arousal index and the presence of PLM in all subjects. One of the families showed an exact profile of dominant inheritance with anticipation of age at onset. In the other family, the founders were blood relatives and there was no affected member in the third generation suggesting a recessive mode of inheritance. RLS/PLM is a prevalent sleep disorder affecting about 5 to 15% of the population and one that substantially impairs healthy sleep patterns. Efforts to understand the underlying pathophysiology will contribute to improve the sleep and life quality of these patients.

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Numerous studies have suggested a substantial genetic contribution in the etiology of the primary form of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movements (PLM). We describe the symptoms, the sleep profiles and physiological parameters of two families in which several members present RLS/PLM. The proband of family 1 is a 70-year-old woman and the proband of family 2 is a 57-year-old woman; both have exhibited the symptoms since the age of 20 years. All patients in both families were diagnosed with RLS according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group. Polysomnographic recordings were performed to quantify and to describe PLM during sleep. Sleep parameters showed decreased sleep efficiency, increased sleep latency in the arousal index and the presence of PLM in all subjects. One of the families showed an exact profile of dominant inheritance with anticipation of age at onset. In the other family, the founders were blood relatives and there was no affected member in the third generation suggesting a recessive mode of inheritance. RLS/PLM is a prevalent sleep disorder affecting about 5 to 15 percent of the population and one that substantially impairs healthy sleep patterns. Efforts to understand the underlying pathophysiology will contribute to improve the sleep and life quality of these patients.

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Flight safety is one of the most important and frequently discussed issues in aviation. Recent accident inquiries have raised questions as to how the work of flight crews is organized and the extent to which these conditions may have been contributing factors to accidents. Fatigue is based on physiologic limitations, which are reflected in performance deficits. The purpose of the present study was to provide an analysis of the periods of the day in which pilots working for a commercial airline presented major errors. Errors made by 515 captains and 472 co-pilots were analyzed using data from flight operation quality assurance systems. To analyze the times of day (shifts) during which incidents occurred, we divided the light-dark cycle (24:00) in four periods: morning, afternoon, night, and early morning. The differences of risk during the day were reported as the ratio of morning to afternoon, morning to night and morning to early morning error rates. For the purposes of this research, level 3 events alone were taken into account, since these were the most serious in which company operational limits were exceeded or when established procedures were not followed. According to airline flight schedules, 35% of flights take place in the morning period, 32% in the afternoon, 26% at night, and 7% in the early morning. Data showed that the risk of errors increased by almost 50% in the early morning relative to the morning period (ratio of 1:1.46). For the period of the afternoon, the ratio was 1:1.04 and for the night a ratio of 1:1.05 was found. These results showed that the period of the early morning represented a greater risk of attention problems and fatigue.

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STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate over a 15-day period alterations in sleep pattern of rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Psychobiology. METHODS: In total, 20 male Wistar rats were used. The rats were divided in two groups: SHAM and SCI. The rats were submitted to the following procedures: electrode insertion surgery, 24 h duration baseline sleep recording, SCI (level T9) and subsequent sleep recording for 15 consecutive days. RESULTS: The results showed a reduction in sleep efficiency in the light period for Days 1-3, 5, 10 and 12 after SCI in relation to the SHAM group, with alterations in total waking time and sleep stages. Limb movements were observed 4 days after SCI. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that SCI may be heavily involved in altering sleep pattern in SCI subjects and that the inactivity caused by SCI may be exacerbating this altered sleep pattern.

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Correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre 21 características lineares de tipo e produção de leite em até 305 dias de lactação foram estimadas pela máxima verossimilhança restrita sob modelo animal, a partir de dados da Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. Nas análises das características lineares, os efeitos fixos utilizados no modelo incluíram estádio da lactação, idade do animal, grupo contemporâneo de rebanho, ano e estação de classificação, e o efeito aleatório do pai da vaca. As características lineares que apresentaram maiores correlações genéticas com produção de leite foram largura do úbere posterior (0,60) e largura de garupa (0,37), indicando não haver antagonismo genético entre a seleção para essas características e a produção de leite. As correlações fenotípicas entre características lineares de tipo e produção de leite foram, em geral, menores do que as correlações genéticas correspondentes. As correlações fenotípicas entre as características lineares apresentaram-se altas dentro das seções de conformação/capacidade e de sistema mamário. Correlações genéticas entre algumas características lineares foram altas, possibilitando a exclusão de algumas delas do programa de classificação linear adotado para a raça Holandesa no Brasil.(AU)

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between 21 linear type traits and 305-day milk production were estimated by restrict maximum likelihood methodology, in a multiple-trait animal model, using data from Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. The highest genetic correlations between milk production and rear udder width (.60), and rump width (.37), indicated no genetic antagonism between selection for these type traits and gains for milk production. In general, phenotypic correlations were lower than genetic correlations between milk production and linear type traits. Phenotypic correlations between linear traits were greater for conformation traits and udder traits. Some type traits presented high genetic correlations between them, suggesting that some of them could be excluded from the genetic programs for linear type traits adopted by Holstein Breed Association in Brazil.(AU)

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Efeitos de estádio da lactação, idade à classificação e grupo contemporâneo de rebanho, ano e estação de classificação foram considerados nas análises de 21 características lineares de tipo e pontuação final de 2.122 animais da raça Holandesa, filhos de 178 reprodutores e nascidos em 83 rebanhos. Utilizou-se o método dos quadrados mínimos nas análises de variância das características. O efeito de estádio da lactação teve influência sobre as características do sistema mamário, evidenciando que houve alterações morfológicas durante o período de lactação para todas as características de úbere, exceto inserção do úbere anterior, textura do úbere e comprimento dos tetos. Dentre as características de conformação/capacidade corporal, profundidade corporal foi a mais influenciada pelo estádio da lactação, seguida do tamanho corporal, largura torácica e força lombar. Para todas as características de conformação/capacidade corporal o efeito da idade à classificação revelou-se altamente significativo. Dentre as características lineares da categoria pernas/pés, a variável idade à classificação foi importante (P<0,05) apenas para vista lateral das pernas. O efeito de idade sobre as características de garupa variou consideravelmente, sendo importante apenas para largura (P<0,01). Pontuação final e angulosidade também foram influenciadas (P<0,01) pelo efeito da idade. A verificação de significância estatística indicou a existência de componentes de meio e evidenciou a importância do estudo desses componentes.(AU)

Stage of lactation, classification age and herd-year-season contemporary group effects were considered in the analyses of 21 linear type traits, in addition to final score using 2,122 Brazilian Holstein cows, from 83 herds and daughters of 178 sires. Least square methodology was applied in the analyses of variance. With the exception of fore udder attachment, udder texture and fore teat length, the effect of stage of lactation was important ((P<.05) for all other mammary system traits, indicating that there were morphological changes during lactation. All traits related to conformation/body capacity were influenced by classification age. Among these traits, body deep was the one affected by stage of lactation, followed by body size, chest width and loin strength. Among traits related to feet and legs, the effect of age of the animal on side view of rear legs was important (P<.05). The effect of age on traits related to rump was variable, being important (P<.05) only for rump width. Final score and angularity were also influenced by age (P<.05). This study revealed the importance of environment type trait effects on linear type trait evaluations.(AU)

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Efeitos de estádio da lactação, idade à classificação e grupo contemporâneo de rebanho, ano e estação de classificação foram considerados nas análises de 21 características lineares de tipo e pontuação final de 2.122 animais da raça Holandesa, filhos de 178 reprodutores e nascidos em 83 rebanhos. Utilizou-se o método dos quadrados mínimos nas análises de variância das características. O efeito de estádio da lactação teve influência sobre as características do sistema mamário, evidenciando que houve alterações morfológicas durante o período de lactação para todas as características de úbere, exceto inserção do úbere anterior, textura do úbere e comprimento dos tetos. Dentre as características de conformação/capacidade corporal, profundidade corporal foi a mais influenciada pelo estádio da lactação, seguida do tamanho corporal, largura torácica e força lombar. Para todas as características de conformação/capacidade corporal o efeito da idade à classificação revelou-se altamente significativo. Dentre as características lineares da categoria pernas/pés, a variável idade à classificação foi importante (P<0,05) apenas para vista lateral das pernas. O efeito de idade sobre as características de garupa variou consideravelmente, sendo importante apenas para largura (P<0,01). Pontuação final e angulosidade também foram influenciadas (P<0,01) pelo efeito da idade. A verificação de significância estatística indicou a existência de componentes de meio e evidenciou a importância do estudo desses componentes.

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Correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre 21 características lineares de tipo e produção de leite em até 305 dias de lactação foram estimadas pela máxima verossimilhança restrita sob modelo animal, a partir de dados da Associação de Criadores de Gado Holandês de Minas Gerais. Nas análises das características lineares, os efeitos fixos utilizados no modelo incluíram estádio da lactação, idade do animal, grupo contemporâneo de rebanho, ano e estação de classificação, e o efeito aleatório do pai da vaca. As características lineares que apresentaram maiores correlações genéticas com produção de leite foram largura do úbere posterior (0,60) e largura de garupa (0,37), indicando não haver antagonismo genético entre a seleção para essas características e a produção de leite. As correlações fenotípicas entre características lineares de tipo e produção de leite foram, em geral, menores do que as correlações genéticas correspondentes. As correlações fenotípicas entre as características lineares apresentaram-se altas dentro das seções de conformação/capacidade e de sistema mamário. Correlações genéticas entre algumas características lineares foram altas, possibilitando a exclusão de algumas delas do programa de classificação linear adotado para a raça Holandesa no Brasil.

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STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial of physical exercise and dopaminergic agonist in persons with spinal cord injury and periodic leg movement (PLM). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of physical exercise and of a dopaminergic agonist in reducing the frequency of PLM. SETTING: Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 13 volunteers (mean age: 31.6+/-8.3 years) received L-DOPA (200 mg) and benserazide (50 mg) 1 h before sleeping time for 30 days and were then submitted to a physical exercise program on a manual bicycle ergometer for 45 days (3 times a week). RESULTS: Both L-DOPA administration (35.11-19.87 PLM/h, P<0.03) and physical exercise (35.11-18.53 PLM/h, P<0.012) significantly reduced PLM; however, no significant difference was observed between the two types of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The two types of treatment were found to be effective in the reduction of PLM; however, physical exercise is indicated as the first treatment approach, while dopaminergic agonists or other drugs should only be recommended for patients who do not respond to this type of treatment.

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PURPOSE: According to the American Association of Sleep Disorders, periodic leg movements (PLM) are classified into the group of intrinsic sleep disorders. Studies on PLM in individuals with spinal cord injury are very recent. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of aerobic training in reducing the index/score of PLM in individuals with complete spinal cord injury. METHODS: Twelve male volunteers with complete spinal cord injury between T7 and T12 were submitted to six polysonographies (PSG Oxford Medilog SAC system; EEG, EMG and EOG: (1) basal night, (2) 12 h after a maximum effort test, (3) 36 h after a maximum effort test, (4) after 44 days of aerobic physical training, (5) 12 h after the last training session, and (6) 36 h after the last training session. All volunteers participated in a physical training program for 44 days using an arm crank ergometer. Data were analyzed statistically by the Wilcoxon test, with the level of significance set at alpha5%. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (P < or = 0.05) in the comparison of first evaluation (35.1 PLM/h) with fifth (12.70 PLM/h) and sixth evaluation (18.5 PLM/h). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a program of regular and systematized physical activity promotes an effective reduction of PLM in individuals with spinal cord injury.

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