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Agroforestry systems can potentially increase tree diversity within agricultural landscapes, but to date, there is little understanding of the patterns of shade plant diversity within different agroforestry systems (AFS) at large spatial scales. Using compiled plant inventory data (from 23 sources, 2517 plots, and 148,255 individuals) encompassing four AFS (shaded coffee; shaded cocoa; dispersed trees on pastures; and live fences) across six countries in Central America we estimated different metrics of diversity to assess the conservation value of different AFS for shade plants. 458 shade plant species were recorded across the four agroforestry systems. Primary forest species accounted for 28% of the shade species recorded, but only 6% of the recorded individuals. No single AFS was consistently the most diverse across countries when considering rarefied species richness. Trees on pastures can potentially reach a similar species richness as cocoa and coffee systems but require sampled areas 7-30 times larger. In terms of composition, 29 species were shared across the agroforestry systems in different countries, illustrating the strong selection pressure of farmers for species that provide timber, firewood, and fruit. Our study highlights the potential contribution and limitations of different AFS for tree diversity conservation within agricultural landscapes.

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Ways are being sought to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant livestock farming. Integration of trees into farming systems has been advocated as a measure to deliver ecosystem services, inter alia climate regulation and adaptation, water quality regulation, provisioning of fibre, fuel and habitats to support biodiversity. Despite the rapid expansion of cattle farming in the tropics, notably in Latin America, there is little robust evidence on the extent to which trees are able to mitigate the effects of cattle farming in this ecological zone. This article describes a case study conducted on a large, specialised dairy farm in Costa Rica, where two-thirds of the field boundaries are live tree fences. For the first time, this study quantifies the offset potential of trees by estimating rate of carbon sequestration in a silvopastoral system (SPS) in the tropics. It was found that over a 30-month interval, trees sequestered 1.43 Mg C ha-1 year-1 above and below ground. Attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) (cradle to farm gate) was applied to calculate the carbon footprint of milk produced on the farm for the years 2016 to 2018. Trees in live fences offset 21-37% of milk footprints, resulting in residual net footprints of 0.75±0.25 to 0.84±0.26 kg CO2 eq. kg-1 milk. Exclusion of life cycle emissions that may not fall within national emission inventory accounting (e.g. fertiliser manufacture and feed production) increased the mean offset from 27 to 34% of gross milk footprint. Although based on temporally limited data (30 months), our findings indicate that a live fence SPS could play an important role in short- to medium-term climate mitigation from livestock production, buying time for deployment of long-term mitigation and adaptation planning. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-022-00834-z.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects nearly one third of the population worldwide. Mexico is one of the countries whose population has several risk factors for the disease and its prevalence could surpass 50%. If immediate action is not taken to counteract what is now considered a national health problem, the medium-term panorama will be very bleak. This serious situation prompted the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología and the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología to produce the Mexican Consensus on Fatty Liver Disease. It is an up-to-date and detailed review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical forms, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, whose aim is to provide the Mexican physician with a useful tool for the prevention and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

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This study aimed to examine the metabolic changes in Chlorella minutissima cells grown under nitrogen-deficient conditions and with the addition of xylose. The cell density, maximum photochemical efficiency, and chlorophyll and lipid levels were measured. The expression of two photosynthetic proteins, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the beta subunit (AtpB) of adenosine triphosphate synthase, were measured. Comparison of cells grown in medium with a 50% reduction in the nitrogen concentration versus the traditional medium solution revealed that the cells grown under nitrogen-deficient conditions exhibited an increased growth rate, higher maximum cell density (12.7×10(6)cellsmL(-1)), optimal PSII efficiency (0.69) and decreased lipid level (25.08%). This study has taken the first steps toward protein detection in Chlorella minutissima, and the results can be used to optimize the culturing of other microalgae.

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OBJECTIVE: The accumulation of abdominal fat is associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities. Waist circumference (WC) measurements allow an indirect evaluation of abdominal adiposity. However, controversy exists over which WC reference values are the most suitable for identifying the pediatric population at risk. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of various WC indices to identify abdominal obesity as diagnostic tools for predicting cardiometabolic risk in Mexican children and adolescents. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements were performed and biochemical profiles determined in a crosssectional study that included 366 children and adolescents. Four parameters were used to evaluate abdominal obesity in our study group: (1) WC >90th percentile, according to the Fernández reference in a Mexican-American population measured by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) technique; (2) WC >90th percentile, according to the Klünder reference in a Mexican population (measured by the World Health Organization [WHO] technique); (3) waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) >0.5 according to WHO; and (4) WHtR >0.5 according to NCHS. The ability of each of the indices to discriminate cardiometabolic abnormalities (fasting plasma glucose, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) was assessed. RESULTS: WHtR >0.5 according to WHO or NCHS references showed greater sensitivity to detect metabolic abnormalities compared to percentile reference parameters (74.3 to 100% vs. 59.0 to 88.9%; P<.05). However, the percentiles displayed more specificity to identify these alterations (46.2 to 62.2 vs. 21.3 to 46.9; P<.05). Area under the curve analysis showed that WHtR >0.5 can more readily detect hypertriglyceridemia (0.642), hypoalphalipoproteinemia (0.700), and a combination of two or more metabolic abnormalities (0.661), whereas WC >90th percentile, according to Klünder, better detected hyperglycemia (0.555). CONCLUSION: WHtR >0.5 is a sensitive measure to identify pediatric patients with cardiometabolic alterations, despite its low specificity, and is a useful diagnostic tool to detect populations at risk. Based on the results of this study, we recommend preferential use of the Klünder waist circumference references over the Fernández method in Mexican pediatric populations. ABBREVIATIONS: AUC = area under the curve BMI = body mass index HDL = high-density lipoprotein IDF = International Diabetes Federation LDL = low-density lipoprotein MS = metabolic syndrome NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics ROC = receiver operating characteristic WC = waist circumference WHO = World Health Organization WHtR = waist-to-height ratio.

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Los tumores gliales intraventriculares representan un gran reto de acceso neuroquirúrgico debido a su localización profunda, asociación intima con numerosas estructuras vasculares de áreas críticas cerebrales y su relación circunferencial a múltiples tractos subcorticales. Debido a todo esto, el acceso quirúrgico a estas regiones, debe incluir una serie de consideraciones minuciosas anatómicas para minimizar el riesgo de lesión a estructuras de considerable importancia y funcionabilidad y lograr una resección máxima posible. Presentamos una reseña de 4 casos los cuales fueron ingresados y atendidos por el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital México, los cuales ingresaron en un intervalo de 8 meses entre agosto del 2012 y febrero del 2013.

Intraventricular tumor represent a big neurosurgical approach challenge because of thier deep localization, intimal association with critical arterial vessels, and circunferential relations with withe matter tracts. It is why, surgical access to these regions must include anatomical issues to minimize injuries to structures of vital importance and functionability. We present a resume of 4 cases which where admitted to Neusurgical Service of Hospital Mexico between august 2012 and february 2013.

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The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in Mexico is low. The occurrence in familial cases has been attributed to genetic influences. We described the first report of inflammatory bowel diseases in one pairs of husband-wife in Mexico. According with characteristics of this case, we can speculate that the environmental and infectious etiology might play some role in the development of IBD.

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BACKGROUND: It has been reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines levels like IL-6 and TNF-α can determine the degree of inflammation of ulcerative colitis (UC). AIMS: To measure the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-á in patients with UC and controls and to correlate with histological activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 36 patients with UC, 13 healthy controls and 11 with inflammation. After total ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was synthesized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and relative expression was determined through real-time PCR for IL-6 and TNF-á. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation. RESULTS: The expression of IL-6 increases in patients with active UC compared to controls (p = 0.004) as well as UC patients in remission (p = 0.014). There was no significant difference between patients with active UC and controls with inflammation. (p = 0.446). Gene expression of TNF-α was higher in biopsies from patients with UC activity compred with control subjects (p = 0.004), as well as those in remission (p = 0.001). The expression of IL-6 correlated significantly (p = 0.02) with histological activity. CONCLUSIONS: The gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-α is increased in active UC. Interleukin 6 is better marker of bowel inflammation because its expression correlates with histological activity.

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Introducción: El propósito del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de causas de hospitalización del adulto con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodología: El diseño fue de tipo epidemiológico, por encuesta de prevalencia. La muestra fue a través del censo de pacientes que ingresaron a un hospital de segundo nivel. Las mediciones fueron: la cédula de identificación del paciente dividida en tres apartados: datos sociodemográficos, datos clínicos y datos de hospitalización para estimar la prevalencia. Cuestionario de Identificación de Trastornos por uso de Alcohol (AUDIT) y el cuestionario del uso de Tabaco de Fagerstrom. Resultados: Corresponden a 40 adultos hospitalizados (50% hombres y 50% mujeres). Al estimar de prevalencia por causa de hospitalización, se posicionó el pie diabético con 45% como principal, seguido de la insuficiencia renal crónica con el 40%. El consumo de alcohol y tabaco no se relacionó con la causa de hospitalización. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones que llevan a la hospitalización son importantes de valorar por el personal de enfermería, debido a la complejidad que presentan éstas, lo cual amerita intervenciones de tipo preventivo que ayuden disminuir el problema.

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to determine the hospitalization prevalence causes of an adult with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methodology: The design was of an epidemiological type, by a survey of prevalence. The sample went through the census of patients that entered to a hospital of second level. The measurements were by: The decree of identiication of the patient divided into three sections: Social demographic data, clinical data and data of hospitalization to reckon the prevalence. The Identiication questionnaire were by the use of Alcohol (AUDIT) and the use of Tobacco of Fagerstrom. Results: They correspond to 40 hospitalized adults (50% men and 50% women). Upon reckoning of prevalence because of hospitalization, the diabetic foot with 45% was positioned like main, followed by the chronic kidney failure with a 40%. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco did not relate to the cause of hospitalization. Conclusions: The complications that carry to the hospitalization are important to signiicance for the nursing personnel, due to the complexity that represent these, which deserves a search of preventive measures to help to diminish the problem.

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Introducción: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes con asma en la esfera biopsicosocial en una población mexicana. Metodología: Diseño del estudio descriptivo y correlacional. Muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Muestra de 108 participantes. Las mediciones fueron: Inventario de Calidad de Vida PedsQLTM y cedula de datos sociodemográficos. Resultados: el 81.4% de los participantes reportaron tres a más años de padecer asma, se identificó que 35.2% habían estado internados de una a dos veces en el último año. Las subescalas de funcionamiento físico (33.27%) y la emocional (33.24%) son más altas que la social y la escolar. La consistencia interna del instrumento PedsQLTM es aceptable con un Alpha de Cronbach de .86. Conclusiones: La media de calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes es alta en las subescalas de funcionalidad física y emocional. El Instrumento de Calidad de Vida en Pediatría, reportó confiabilidad aceptable y puede utilizarse en población mexicana. Se recomienda considerar en estudios con población pediátrica sean realizados en diversos periodos del año para precisar mejor la variable.

Quality of life in children and teenagers with asthma in a Mexican town Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of children and teenagers with asthma on the biopsychosocial sphere in a Mexican town. Methodology: Design of descriptive study and co relational, not probabilistic sample for convenience. A sample with 108 participants. The measurements were: quality life inventory PedsQL and social demographic data schedule. Results: 81.4% of participants reported 3 thru more years suffering asthma, a 35.2% was indentified were in hospitals once to twice during the last year. The sub-scales of physical functioning (33.27%) and emotional (33.24%) are higher than social and scholar. The internal consistency of the instrument PedsQL is acceptable with an alpha Cronbach of .86. Conclusions: The average of quality of life of children and teenagers is high on the sub-scales of physical functionality and emotional. The quality of life in pediatrics instrument, reported acceptable trust and can be used on Mexican population. Is recommended to consider in studies with pediatric population to be made in different seasons of the year to precise the variable.

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Introducción: Estudios internacionales recientes han mostrado que la actualidad la insufiencia valvular mitral se debe principalmente a degeneración mixomatosa de la válvula o la enfermedad arterial coronaria. Este estudio ecocardiográfico tiene como objetivo establecer la prevalencia de las diferentes causas de insuficiencia mitral pura en Costa Rica. Metodología: Se incluyeron a todos aquellos pacientes referidos a nuestro laboratorio de eocardiografía en el período comprendido entre el mes de julio de 1998 y julio del 2000 en quienes se detectó insuficiencia mitral de causa orgánica. Se realizó la exploración en modo M, bidimensional y con las técnicas de mapeo con doppler pulsado, continuo y color y se clasificó a los casos en reumática, prolapso de la válvula mitral por degeneración mixoide, isquémica, degenerativa, secundaria a endocarditis, por colagenopatía y otras, según definiciones convencionales. También se valoró semicuantitativamente la severidad de la regurgitación clasificándose en leve, moderada y severa...

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Factors related to the characteristics of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Argentina are described. Factors from different scientific fields converge to form the syndrome's analytical framework. Some of these factors are the history of spatial occupation, work and production structures, human migration patterns, ethnic composition, reservoir dynamics and its relationship to the different circulating viruses, and human behavior. Furthermore, the multiple factors are expressed in three ecological frameworks, associated with three different geographical regions of Argentina: 1) Northwest; 2) Central ("wet Pampa"); and 3) South Andean. In order to understand the actual causality of health or disease as an interaction of many factors, research on the primary biological, social, and environmental determinants of diseases should attend to the complexity of variable relationships in each region. The multiple-factor convergence approach allows for the design of appropriate strategies to improve the population's health status. Therefore, strategies should be developed and transferred by multidisciplinary teams, while their sustainability should be assured by community participation beginning with the earliest steps of research onward.

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Up to 1982, surgery was the treatment of aortic coarctation, with postsurgical recoarctation in 39% of cases. Since 1984 balloon aortoplasty has been performed successfully in adolescents and adult patients. We present the immediate results, and more than six months follow up of 6 patients with congenital aortic coarctation, who underwent this procedure. Five of the six patients were male, with an average age of 28.6 years (15-46), and in 4 of them a stent was placed. Systolic pressure of ascending aorta decreased from 187.1 mm of Hg (+/- 41.8) to 128 (+/- 25.4), and transaortic gradient from 66 mm of Hg (+/- 21.8) to 4.8 (+/- 7.6). Coarctation luminal diameter increased from 4.6 mm (+/- 1.41) to 14.3 (+/- 3) in patients with only balloon aortoplasty and to 17.8 mm with stent placement, p = NS. Angiography in three patients with stent at 6 months did not reveal restenosis, all six patients require less antihypertensive medications. Acute and chronic complications, percentage and time of restenosis, long term results, and possible benefit of stents are yet to be determined.

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Approximately 2 million people in Argentina are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, thereby constituting the major tropical disease in the country. As in other six Southern Cone countries, Triatoma infestans is the only or major vector of T. cruzi among human and domestic animals. In Argentina, a vertically structured National Chagas Control Program was established in 1962. Such a program pursued the elimination of domestic and peri-domestic populations of T. infestans through insecticidal spraying, and the serological control of blood donors to prevent transfusion-related infections. This program strongly reduced the nation-wide serological prevalence of T. cruzi in the population. For example, in 18 or 20 year-old men drafted into military service, the seroprevalence decreased from 10.1% in 1964 for those who had been born in 1944 to 1.9% in 1993 for those born in 1975. However, the vertical strategy failed to reach and sustain the surveillance phase in widespread rural areas with disperse populations due to its intrinsic limitations and the reduced priority level assigned to rural health programs. An alternative, horizontally-structured control strategy of T. infestans was developed and assayed in the Province of Santiago del Estero between 1985-1989, and 1991-1992. The projects demonstrated that insecticidal spraying carried out with community participation combined effectiveness and commitment in such a way as to produce a strong impact on house reinfestation and the extension of the area under entomological surveillance. This experience has been transferred in a chain of responsibilities to the personnel of the National Chagas Control Program, using participating workshops, procedural guidelines, and practical training. This personnel transferred the strategy using similar methods to the field health care agents and volunteers chosen by their own communities (community leaders). After the workshops, the leaders received all the materials needed to install and develop the ongoing surveillance activities: third generation pyrethroid insecticides, manuals, hand-operated sprayers, and sensor boxes to detect domiciliary infestations. From 1993 to 1998, a total of 15,000 health care agents or community leaders were trained. A total of 675,000 houses were sprayed with residual insecticides in the attack phase, and 850,000 houses entered the surveillance phase. This is the first time that such large coverage has been accomplished in Argentina. The network of laboratories installed a quality assurance program to current serological procedures applied to blood donors, organ transplant, and the detection and treatment of newborns to women sero-reactive for T. cruzi in Argentina. We expect to interrupt the vector-mediated transmission of T. cruzi in the next 18 months, but the sustainability of such a program depends on, at least, additional work with the community to achieve a change of attitudes and practices related to house infestation for the next 10 years. A social effort will be needed to cover those expenses, but the expected economic returns exceed largely the cost of any such program, as suggested by cost-benefit studies. To illustrate, the annual treatment costs of one Chagas patient can help maintain 25 households free from triatomine bugs in Argentina.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and B virus (HBV) in blood donors attending Médica Sur Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 9,099 blood donors were tested for hepatitis B and C viruses from 1994 to 1998. A questionnaire was used to collect data and HCV and HBV were detected in serum. We obtained percentages and assessed statistical significance using the chi 2 test. RESULTS: The prevalence of HCV and HBV carriers was 0.47 and 0.11 per cent. The main risk factors were dental procedures (11.6% for HCV and 20%, for HBV), and unsafe sexual practices (20%) for HBV. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a low prevalence of HCV and HBV infection in this population.

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A 71-year-old female with primary biliary cirrhosis, multiple myeloma and hypothyroidism is reported. The liver biopsy showed stage II-III histologic damage according to Scheuer's classification and the multiple myeloma was IgG-lambda type, stage II-A at the time of diagnosis. Another three cases of primary biliary cirrhosis associated with multiple myeloma were found in the literature. As a group, the four cases had mild or moderate liver damage, extensive bone lesions and three of four cases had multiple myeloma IgG-lambda type. Although this association could be incidental, there is evidence that implies a pathogenic relationship. This information is summarized in this report.

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Two anthropometric surveys of children and adolescents have been carried out in Cuba with national samples. A third study done in the province of Ciudad de la Habana provided information on the physical characteristics of the population in that area and a baseline for the periodic evaluation of its nutritional status. This article compares the weight and height results obtained in these surveys for children 0 to 5 years old who lived in this province with the international reference standards proposed by WHO. The results show that, despite the economic difficulties the country has faced, the prevalence of malnutrition is low. In 1993, the prevalence of low height-for-age was 3.1%; that of low weight-for-height, 0.4%; and that of low weight-for-age, 1.5%. Overweight was the most common type of malnutrition, with a prevalence of 5.2%. Between 1972 and 1993, the prevalence of chronic malnutrition fell 32.6%, acute malnutrition was reduced by 69.2%; malnutrition of all types decreased by 44.4%; and overweight fell 48.5%.

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