RESUMO

Resumen Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. y Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. La competencia motriz es un componente importante para la participación en la cultura del juego, deportes y actividad física, por lo que su desarrollo es fundamental en el inicio de la trayectoria escolar. Este estudio tuvo como propósitos: describir el desempeño en la competencia motriz de Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo de estudiantes de primer y segundo grado de primaria de Chile; determinar la relación entre la competencia motriz y la edad; y establecer la existencia de posibles diferencias según el sexo de los estudiantes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, siendo un estudio no experimental de corte transversal y de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Participaron 289 escolares (51.2% niñas, 48.8% niños) de entre seis y ocho años de cinco establecimientos educacionales de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizó el test MOBAK 1-2 para la evaluación de la competencia motriz en dos dimensiones (Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo). Para establecer la relación entre competencia motriz y edad se utilizó el coeficiente rho de Spearman, y para determinar la existencia de diferencias según sexo se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, determinando el tamaño del efecto a través del cálculo de probabilidad de superioridad (PS). Los resultados indican que la edad se relaciona de forma positiva con el Control de Objetos (p < .001, r = .315) y el Control del Cuerpo (p < .001, r = .261). Al comparar los desempeños motrices según sexo, los niños presentan mejores resultados que las niñas en tareas motrices asociadas al Control de Objetos (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), mientras que en Control del Cuerpo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Tanto la edad como el sexo de los estudiantes son variables asociadas al desarrollo de la competencia motriz. Estos resultados aportan información relevante para diseñar estrategias pedagógicas que busquen fomentar la competencia motriz de manera óptima y equitativa.

Abstract Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. & Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Motor competence in first- and second-grade schoolchildren in The Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Motor competence is a significant component for participation in the culture of play, sports, and physical activity. Its development is therefore key at the early stages of a child's journey through the educational system. The purposes of this study were to describe performance in the motor competence of Object Control and Body Control in first- and second-grade elementary school students in Chile, to determine the relationship between this motor competence and age, and to establish the existence of potential sex-related differences among the students. A quantitative approach was used, as this was a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study. Participants included 289 schoolchildren (51.2% girls, 48.8% boys) between six and eight years of age in five schools of the region of La Araucanía, Chile. The MOBAK 1-2 test was used for assessing the motor competence in two dimensions (Object Control and Body Control). In order to establish the relationship between motor competence and age, Spearman's rho coefficiient was used; and Mann-Whitney's U test was used to determine the existence of sex-related differences, determining the extent of the effect through superiority probability (SP) calculation. The results indicate that age is positively related to Object Control (p < .001, r = .315) and Body Control (p < .001, r = .261). When comparing motor performances according to sex, boys showed better results than girls in motor tasks associated to Object Control (U = 13533.000, Z = 4.439, p < .001, PSest = .61), whereas no statistically significant differences were found in Body Control. Both age and sex in students are variables associated to the development of this motor competence. These results provide relevant information for designing pedagogical strategies that seek to foster motor competence in an optimal, equitable manner.

Resumo Martinez-Lopez, N., Espinoza-Silva, M. e Carcamo-Oyarzun, J. (2021). Competência motora em escolares do primeiro e segundo ano do ensino fundamental na região de La Araucanía, Chile. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. A competência motora é um componente importante para a participação na cultura do jogo, do esporte e da atividade física, por isso seu desenvolvimento é fundamental no início da trajetória escolar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o desempenho na competência motora do Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal de escolares do primeiro e do segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental no Chile; determinar a relação entre competência motora e idade; e estabelecer a existência de possíveis diferenças de acordo com o sexo dos estudantes. Utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, sendo um estudo transversal e descritivo-correlacional não experimental. Participaram 289 estudantes (51,2% meninas, 48,8% meninos) entre seis e oito anos de cinco instituições de ensino da região de La Araucania, no Chile. O teste MOBAK 1-2 foi utilizado para a avaliação da competência motora em duas dimensões (Controle de Objetos e Controle Corporal). Para estabelecer a relação entre competência motora e idade, foi utilizado o coeficiente rô de Spearman, e para determinar a existência de diferenças de acordo com o sexo, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney, determinando o tamanho do efeito por meio do cálculo da probabilidade de superioridade (PS). Os resultados indicam que a idade está positivamente relacionada ao Controle de Objetos (p< 0,001, r= 0,315) e Controle corporal (p< 0,001; r = 0,261). Ao comparar o desempenho motor por sexo, os meninos apresentam melhores resultados do que as meninas em tarefas motoras associadas ao Controle de Objetos (U= 13533,000; Z = 4,439; p < 0,001; PSest = 0,61), enquanto no Controle Corporal não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Tanto a idade quanto o sexo dos estudantes são variáveis associadas ao desenvolvimento da competência motora. Esses resultados fornecem informações relevantes para a concepção de estratégias pedagógicas que buscam promover a competência motora de forma ideal e equitativa.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been widely used to fight cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and adults, but no data are available on its applicability in children. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of HIIT on different anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters of overweight and obese children aged 7-9 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four groups were formed: 1) an overweight control group (OWCG, n=30, BMI=21.60±3.72kg/m2); 2) an obesity control group (OCG, n=34, BMI=23.92±3.11kg/m2); 3) an overweight intervention group (OWIG, n=69, BMI=20.01±1.88kg/m2), and 4) an obesity intervention group (OIG, n=141, BMI=24.12±2.66kg/m2). BMI, body fat (BF), waist circumference, height-waist ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: There were significant differences in BMI (P<.001), BF (P<.001), and CRF (P<.001) between the groups (control vs. intervention) before and after intervention (OWCG vs. OWIG and OCG vs. OIG). BMI decreased in the OWIG (BMI, 20.01±1.88 at baseline vs. 19.00±2.02 after HIIT, P<.001) and OIG (BMI, 24.12±2.66 at baseline vs. 23.23±3.23 after HIIT, P<.001) groups. Similarly, BF decreased in the OWIG (BF, 21.84±4.97 at baseline vs. 19.55±4.81% after HIIT, P<.001) and OIG (BF, 30.26±11.49 at baseline vs. 26.81±6.80% after HIIT, P<.001) groups. CRF improved in both intervention groups (P<.001). There was a significant decrease in the prevalence rate of schoolchildren with obesity (from 66.4% to 49.6%) (P<.001). CONCLUSION: The intervention conducted in the school setting improved the anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters of schoolchildren, and also allowed for reducing the proportion of schoolchildren with obesity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of 28 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) during physical education classes on the weight status, cardiorespiratory capacity, and blood pressure of overweight and obese schoolchildren. The participants included 197 schoolchildren (108 girls and 89 boys) aged between 6 and 11 years (8.39 ± 1.15 years) in four groups: experimental group 1 (EG1) = 59 overweight schoolchildren; experimental group 2 (EG2) = 92 obese schoolchildren; control group 1 (CG1) = 17 overweight children; and control group 2 (CG2) = 29 obese schoolchildren. The participants in the EGs carried out HIIT twice per week for 28 weeks. After the 28-week intervention, the participants showed significant reductions in body mass index (p < 0.001). Waist circumference of boys in EG2 and waist-to-height ratio of girls in EG2 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Body fat percentage diminished, for girls in both groups and boys in EG2 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the program significantly reduced the number of hypertensive schoolchildren (p = 0.001) and reduced the percentage of obese schoolchildren. The distance covered in the 6-min walk test improved significantly for girls in EG1 and EG2 (p < 0.05) and boys in EG2. CONCLUSIONS: The 28-week HIIT program caused significant improvements in the cardiorespiratory capacity, anthropometric variables, and blood pressure levels of overweight and obese children. What is Known: • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs improve health, but investigations have used relatively short intervention periods. What is New: • The 28-week period (a large intervention period) of HIIT-based games during physical education classes caused significant improvements in cardiorespiratory capacity, anthropometric variables, and blood pressure levels of overweight and obese schoolchildren.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: the negative effects of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour (SB) on children's health have been widely supported by evidence. However, evidence on how these behaviours are manifested in pre-school children is limited. The study aim was to evaluate objectively measured physical activity (PA) and SB patterns in Chilean pre-school children. METHODS: twenty-five children (4.8 } 0.50 years, 48% male) completed ambulatory monitoring with an ActivPALTM micro accelerometer and inclinometer. Time spent while walking, standing and sitting/lying, as well as daily steps were measured and compared by day of the week (weekday/weekend) and time of day. RESULTS: mean walking time was 147.2 } 52.23 minutes/ day. Mean time spent in SB was 468.3 } 92.22 min/day, with statistical differences between week and weekend days (484.8 minutes/day vs. 426.8 minutes/day, p = 0.03). 50% of total steps were accrued in accumulations of less than 100 steps/minute, while 50% of time spent in SB was accumulated in bouts of 35 seconds or less. DISCUSSION: pre-school children have intermittent PA and SB patterns. On weekdays children spent sitting longer than at weekends, therefore an opportunity exists for changing this behaviour during class time. This report on PA and SB patterns presents valuable information for designing and implementing strategies to enhance PA levels and decrease time spent in SB among pre-school children.

Introducción: los perjuicios de la inactividad física y de la conducta sedentaria (CS) en la salud de los niños han sido ampliamente respaldados por la evidencia. Sin embargo, existe limitada evidencia de cómo estos comportamientos se manifiestan en los preescolares. Por este motivo, este estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar los patrones de actividad física (AF) y CS de forma objetiva en preescolares chilenos. Método: 25 niños (4,8 } 0,50 años, 48% hombres) completaron la monitorización ambulatoria con el acelerómetro e inclinómetro ActivPALTM micro. Se midieron tiempos caminando, de pie y sentado/acostado, además de pasos acumulados por día, para ser comparados según día de la semana y período del día. Resultados: el tiempo promedio caminando fue de 147,2 } 52,23 minutos/día. El tiempo en CS fue de 468,3 } 92,22 minutos/día, con diferencias estadísticas entre días entre semana y fin de semana (484,8 vs. 426,8 min/día, p = 0,03). El 50% de los pasos fueron sumados en acumulaciones menores a 100 pasos/minuto, mientras un 50% del tiempo en CS fue acumulado en intervalos de duración de 35 segundos o menos. Discusión: los preescolares presentan patrones intermitentes de AF y CS. En los días entre semana se sientan más que durante el fin de semana, por lo cual se presenta una posibilidad de modificar este comportamiento durante el período de clases. Este reporte de patrones de AF y CS en preescolares presenta información valiosa para el diseño e implementación de estrategias para mejorar los niveles de AF y disminuir el tiempo en CS en preescolares.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: overweight and obesity in children have experienced a significant increase around the world, however, there are regional differences due to many factors. Furthermore, evidence have showed that physical capacity in children has been affected as well. For this reason, the study goal was to assess nutritional status and physical capacity in 4 to 7-year-old children in a public school from South Chile. METHODS: 351 students (6.1 years, SD = 1.13; 47.3% men) completed the study. To determine nutritional status, body mass index and Z-scores from World Health Organisation were used. Body fat percentage was measured with skinfold anthropometry. To assess physical capacity, 6-minute walking test (6MWT) was used. RESULTS: overweight prevalence was 27.0% (range 21-32%), while obesity had 39.9% (range 33-50%), no gender differences were observed (p = 0.84). Mean body fat percentage was 19.1% in men and 20.9% in women (p = 0.02). For 6MWT, differences were found for age (p < 0.001) with an overall range of 421.5 to 540.2 mt. DISCUSSION: our results showed a high prevalence of overweight and obese students. These results are higher than observed in other regions around the world. This study is a call for action in promoting healthy lifestyle through comprehensive programs in public schools.

Introducción: el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantiles han experimentado un incremento significativo a nivel global, no obstante, se expresan diferencias regionales debidas a diversos factores. Junto a esto, la evidencia ha demostrado que la capacidad física de los niños también se está viendo afectada. Por este motivo, este estudio tuvo por objeto evaluar el estado nutricional y la capacidad física de escolares de 4 a 7 años en un establecimiento escolar público del sur de Chile. Material y método: 351 niños (6,1 años, SD = 1,13; 47,3% varones) completaron el estudio. Para determinar el estado nutricional se utilizó la clasificación basada en el índice de masa corporal y los puntajes Z recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se calculó el porcentaje de grasa corporal con antropometría de pliegues cutáneos. Para determinar la capacidad física se realizó el Test de Marcha de seis Minutos (TM6). Resultados: la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue del 27,0% (rango 21-32%), mientras que la obesidad tuvo una prevalencia total de 39.9% (rango 33-50%), sin diferencias entre género (p = 0,84). El porcentaje de grasa corporal promedio fue de 19,1% en hombres y 20,9% en mujeres (p = 0,02). Para TM6 se observaron diferencias según edad (p > 0,001) y se observó un rango de 421,5 a 540,2 mts. Discusión: los resultados obtenidos indican una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Los resultados son más altos que los conseguidos en mediciones realizadas en otras regiones del mundo. Esta evidencia supone una llamada de atención para la promoción de hábitos de vida saludable a través de programas integrales en establecimientos escolares públicos.

Assuntos