RESUMO
Municipal solid waste management is a challenge for local authorities since mismanagement leads to environmental damage and social discontent. The objective of this study was to assess in an integrated manner the socio-environmental situation of a municipal landfill from México, using a design of mixed methods, which considered a quantitative evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological variables measured in leachates, surface and groundwater samples, soil and air, and a qualitative evaluation by in-depth interviews with the near-by inhabitants about their perception of the impacts of the landfill. The results show that leachates polluted the soil and surface water in a radius of up to 500â¯m from the landfill, but did not reach the groundwater, while the mean concentrations of PM10, Mn, and Ni measured in air samples at the landfill of 146⯵gâ¯m-3, 0.12⯵gâ¯m-3, 0.10⯵gâ¯m-3, respectively, in the dry season and of Mn and Ni of 0.13⯵gâ¯m-3 and 0.11⯵gâ¯m-3, respectively, in the rainy season, surpassed permissible limits. From the residents perspective the landfill pollutes soil, water and air and it contributes to vehicle traffic and noise, promotes harmful fauna and disturbs the esthetic view. Air measurements coincide with social perception and in general, the applied mixed study design helped to assess in an integrated manner the socio-environmental concerns and to give advice to improve the current management of the landfill.
Assuntos
Água Subterrânea , Eliminação de Resíduos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Monitoramento Ambiental , México , Resíduos Sólidos , Instalações de Eliminação de ResíduosRESUMO
Municipal water disinfection systems in some areas are not always able to meet water consumer needs, such as ensuring distributed water quality, because household water management can be a contributing factor in water re-contamination. This fact is related to the storage options that are common in places where water is scarce or is distributed over limited time periods. The aim of this study is to assess the removal capacity of a multiple-barrier water disinfection device for protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. Water samples were taken from households in Mexico City and spiked with a known amount of protozoa (Giardia cyst, Cryptosporidium oocyst), bacteria (Escherichia coli), and viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, F-specific ribonucleic acid (FRNA) coliphage). Each inoculated sample was processed through a multiple-barrier device. The efficiency of the multiple-barrier device to remove E. coli was close to 100%, and more than 87% of Cryptosporidium oocysts and more than 98% of Giardia cysts were removed. Close to 100% of coliphages were removed, 99.6% of the adenovirus was removed, and the rotavirus was almost totally removed. An effect of site by zone was detected; this observation is important because the water characteristics could indicate the efficiency of the multiple-barrier disinfection device.