RESUMO
Childhood obesity is linked to diverse health outcomes, including elevated blood pressure (EBP). Emerging evidence showed that excess fat mass (FM) may have a deleterious impact on blood pressure even in normal-weight children. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between body weight status by BMI z-score and body composition parameters by conventional bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Also, we aimed to explore the performance of BMI z-score, %FM, and FM index (FMI) in discriminating EBP in a sample of school-age Mexican children. Children were classified as having normal weight, overweight or obesity according to WHO criteria for BMI z-score. FMI was considered high when above 75th percentile, and fat free mass index (FFMI) was considered low when below 25th percentile of the reference population. Body composition was also classified according to the BIVA method and EBP was determined when systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile. BMI z-score groups were compared by Student´s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, or by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. 61 children were included (52.5% boys, median age 9.8 (25th, 75th percentiles: 8.5, 11.0)) years. High FMI was observed in 32.3% of children with normal weight. Low FFMI was present in 93.5% of children with normal weight and 53.3% of those with overweight/obesity. According to BIVA, 58.1% and 43.3% of children with normal weight and overweight/obesity were classified as having cachexia. All the three adiposity indicators showed significant areas under the ROC curve (AURC) greater than 0.775 for EBP, with the largest one displayed for FM% (0.794). Hight FMI and low FFMI are common in children with normal weight. Identifying deficiency of FFM might be limited by using solely BMI indicators. Cachexia by BIVA was present in a high proportion of children with either normal weight or overweight/obesity. Both BMI z-score and FM (% and FMI) performed well at discriminating EBP, with a numerically greater AURC observed for FM%. Body composition in pediatric population is relevant for identifying body composition abnormalities at early age.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Obesidade Infantil , Criança , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Pressão Sanguínea , Estudos Transversais , Sobrepeso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Caquexia , Obesidade Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Composição Corporal , Força da MãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Protein energy wasting affects the nutritional status (NS) and physical function (PF) of dialysis patients. Among the different anabolic strategies to improve NS and PF, oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and resistance exercise (RE) or aerobic exercise (AE) have been shown to be effective. Nevertheless, the combination of both anabolic strategies has not been completely evaluated. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of exercise combined with ONS versus ONS without exercise during hemodialysis sessions on PF and NS indicators. METHODS: Young hemodialysis patients (29 ± 9.3 years) with predominantly unknown causes of renal disease (80%) were divided into the following 3 groups during a period of 12 weeks: (1) ONS (n = 15), (2) ONS + RE (n = 15), and (3) ONS + AE (n = 15). Anthropometric, biochemical, PF, and quality of life measurements were recorded at baseline and after 3 months. Repeated measures analysis of variance and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to assess the effect of exercise and nutrition (ISRCTN registry 10251828). RESULTS: At the completion of the study, the ONS and ONS + RE groups exhibited statistically significant increases in body weight, body mass index, and in the percentage of fat mass (P < .05); the greatest effect sizes were observed in the ONS + RE group (d = 0.30 for body weight, d = 0.63 for body mass index, and d = 0.90 for the percentage of fat mass). Groups with RE and AE had statistically significant increases and large effect sizes in the six-minute walk test (RE: d = 0.94, P = .02; AE: d = 1.11, P = .03), sit-to-stand test (RE: d = 0.81, P = .041; AE: d = 1.20, P = .002), timed up and go test (RE: d = 1.04, P = .036; AE: d = 1.6, P = .000), and muscle strength (RE: d = 1.01, P = .000; AE: d = 0.60, P = .003). Regarding quality of life, the ONS + RE group had more areas of improvement at the end of the study, followed by the ONS + AE group. No statistically significant differences were found in the repeated measures ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of exercise with ONS had larger effects on PF than on ONS alone. Further studies to examine the impact of exercise on the effect of oral nutritional supplementation in dialysis patients are indicated.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Nefropatias/terapia , Estado Nutricional , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Diálise Renal/métodos , Administração Oral , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Impedância Elétrica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Chronic renal failure in its various stages, requires certain nutritional restrictions associated with the accumulation of minerals and waste products that cannot be easily eliminated by the kidneys. Some of these restrictions modify the intake of proteins, sodium, and phosphorus. Milk and dairy products are sources of these nutrients. This article aims to inform the reader about the benefits including milk and dairy products relying on a scientific and critical view according to the clinical conditions and the stage of renal disease in which the patient is.
Assuntos
Laticínios , Falência Renal Crônica/dietoterapia , Leite , Animais , Eletrólitos/administração & dosagem , Eletrólitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Minerais/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Fósforo/administração & dosagem , Fósforo/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The protein-energy wasting syndrome (PEW) is a condition of malnutrition, inflammation, anorexia and wasting of body reserves resulting from inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).One way of assessing PEW, extensively described in the literature, is using the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS). OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and consistency of MIS for diagnosis of PEW in Mexican adults with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Study of diagnostic tests. A sample of 45 adults with CKD on HD were analyzed during the period June-July 2014.The instrument was applied on 2 occasions; the test-retest reliability was calculated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC); the internal consistency of the questionnaire was analyzed using Cronbach's αcoefficient. A weighted Kappa test was used to estimate the validity of the instrument; the result was subsequently compared with the Bilbrey nutritional index (BNI). RESULTS: The reliability of the questionnaires, evaluated in the patient sample, was ICC=0.829.The agreement between MIS observations was considered adequate, k= 0.585 (p <0.001); when comparing it with BNI, a value of k = 0.114 was obtained (p <0.001).In order to estimate the tendency, a correlation test was performed. The r² correlation coefficient was 0.488 (P <0.001). CONCLUSION: MIS has adequate reliability and validity for diagnosing PEW in the population with chronic kidney disease on HD.
Antecedentes: El síndrome de desgaste proteínico-energético (DPE) se refiere a una condición de desnutrición, inflamación, anorexia, y emaciación de reservas corporales resultante de las condiciones inflamatorias y no inflamatorias que prevalecen en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC).Una forma ampliamente descrita en la literatura para evaluar el DPE es el Malnutrition Inflamation Score (MIS). Objetivo: Valorar la fiabilidad y consistencia del MIS en adultos mexicanos con ERC en Hemodiálisis (HD) para Diagnóstico de DPE. Métodos: Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. Se analizó una muestra de 45 adultos con ERC en HD, Durante el periodo Junio-Julio 2014. El instrumento se aplicó en 2 ocasiones, la fiabilidad test-retest se calculó mediante el Coeficiente de correlación Intraclase (CCI), la consistencia interna del cuestionario se analizó mediante el Coeficiente ï¡ï de Cronbach. Se calculó una prueba de Kappa ponderada para estimar la validez del instrumento, posteriormente se comparó con el índice nutricional de Bilbrey (IB). Resultados: La fiabilidad entre cuestionarios valorada en la muestra de pacientes fue de CCI = 0.829. La concordancia entre observaciones MIS es considerada como adecuada ï«ï = 0.585 (p.
Assuntos
Inflamação/diagnóstico , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Síndrome de Emaciação/diagnóstico , Atividades Cotidianas , Adulto , Idoso , Anorexia/diagnóstico , Anorexia/epidemiologia , Anorexia/etiologia , Antropometria , Peso Corporal , Comorbidade , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Humanos , Inflamação/epidemiologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Ferro/sangue , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/epidemiologia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/etiologia , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Albumina Sérica/análise , Inquéritos e Questionários , Transferrina/análise , Síndrome de Emaciação/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Emaciação/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To construct bivariate tolerance ellipses from impedance values normalized for height, which can be used in Mexican population for the assessment of body composition and compare them with others made in different populations. METHODS: Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in 439 subjects (204 men and 235 women), 18 to 82 years old, with a BMI between 18-31, using an impedanciometer Quadscan 4000. Resistance, reactance and phase angle were used to calculate bioelectrical impedance vectors and construct bivariate tolerance ellipses. RESULTS: Mean age in men was 47.1 +/- 16 years and 42.4 +/- 13 for women, mean weight (73.4 + 9 vs. 60.1 + 8 kg) and height (1.68 vs. 1.55 m) were significant greater in men than in women (p < 0.002). Women in comparison with men, had greater values of impedance (622.96 +/- 66.16 S2 vs. 523.59 +/- 56.56 D) and resistance (618.96 +/- 66.10 Q 61.97 vs. 521.73 +/- 61.97 2), as well as of resistance and reactance standardized by height (398.24 +/-46.30 S2/m vs. 308.66 +/- 38.44) (44.32 +/- 7.14 i/m vs. 39.75 +/-6.29) respectively, with a significant difference in all of them (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the reactance was greater in females, nevertheless this difference did not reach statistical significance (68.96 +/- 11.17 vs. 67.18 +/- 10.3; p = 0.0861). The phase angle was greater in men than in women, with a statistically significant difference (7.330 +/- 0.88 vs. 6.360 +/- 0.97; p < 0.0001). Bivariate tolerance ellipses (50%, 75% and 95%) derived from Mexican subjects showed a significant upward deviation (p < 0.05) from previously published references from Mexican American and Italian populations. New ellipses of tolerance were therefore constructed for the Mexican population. CONCLUSIONS: Bioimpedance vectors in Mexican subjects are significantly different from the existing ones, supporting the need of population specific bivariate tolerance ellipses for the evaluation of body composition.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Impedância Elétrica , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estatura , Água Corporal , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Objective. To construct bivariate tolerance ellipses from impedance values normalized for height, which can be used in Mexican population for the assessment of body composition and compare them with others made in different populations. Methods. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in 439 subjects (204 men and 235 women), 18 to 82 years old, with a BMI between 18-31, using an impedanciometer Quadscan 4000. Resistance, reactance and phase angle were used to calculate bioelectrical impedance vectors and construct bivariate tolerance ellipses. Results. Mean age in men was 47.1 ± 16 years and 42.4 ± 13 for women, mean weight (73.4 ± 9 vs. 60.1 ± 8 kg) and height (1.68 vs. 1.55 m) were significant greater in men than in women (p < 0.002). Women in comparison with men, had greater values of impedance (622.96 ± 66.16 Ω vs. 523.59 ± 56.56 Ω) and resistance (618.96 ± 66.10 Ω 61.97 vs. 521.73 ± 61.97Ω), as well as of resistance and reactance standardized by height (398.24 ± 46.30 Ω/m vs. 308.66 ± 38.44) (44.32 ± 7.14 Ω/m vs. 39.75 ± 6.29) respectively, with a significant difference in all of them (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the reactance was greater in females, nevertheless this difference did not reach statistical significance (68.96 ± 11.17 vs. 67.18 ± 10.3; p = 0.0861). The phase angle was greater in men than in women, with a statistically significant difference (7.33° ± 0.88 vs. 6.36° ± 0.97; p < 0.0001). Bivariate tolerance ellipses (50%, 75% y 95%) derived from Mexican subjects showed a significant upward deviation (p < 0.05) from previously published references from Mexican American and Italian populations. New ellipses of tolerance were therefore constructed for the Mexican population. Conclusions. Bioimpedance vectors in Mexican subjects are significantly different from the existing ones, supporting the need of population specific bivariate tolerance ellipses for the evaluation of body composition.
Objetivo. Realizar intervalos bivariados (elipses) de tolerancia a partir de las variables de impedancia estandarizadas por la estatura, las cuales pueden ser utilizadas en la población mexicana para determinar la composición corporal y comparar dichas elipses con las de otras elipses realizadas en otras poblaciones. Material y métodos. Se evaluó la composición corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica (IBE) en 439 sujetos (204 hombres y 235 mujeres), de 18 a 82 años de edad, con un IMC entre 18-31, utilizando un impedanciómetro Quadscan 4000. A partir de las mediciones de resistencia, reactancia y ángulo de fase se obtuvieron vectores de impedancia bioeléctrica para realizar elipses de tolerancia. Resultados. La edad promedio de los hombres fue de 47.1 ± 16 años y 42.4 ± 13 para las mujeres, el peso promedio (73.4 ± 9 vs. 60.1 ± 8) y la estatura (1.68 vs. 1.55 m) fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres (p < 0.002). Las mujeres en comparación con los hombres, presentaron valores mayores de impedancia (622.96 ± 66.16 Ω vs. 523.59 ± 56.56 Ω) y resistencia (618.96 ± 66.10 Ω vs. 521.73 ± 61.97 Ω), así como de resistencia y reactancia estandarizadas por la estatura (398.24 ± 46.30 Ω/m vs. 308.66 ± 38.44 Ω/m) (44.32 ± 7.14 Ω/m vs. 39.75 ± 6.29 Ω/m), respectivamente, presentando en todas éstas una diferencia significativa (p < 0.0001). De igual manera, la reactancia fue mayor en el grupo femenino; sin embargo, esta diferencia no alcanzó significancia estadística (68.96 ± 11.17 vs. 67.18 ± 10.3; p = 0.0861). El ángulo de fase fue mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (7.33° ± 0.88 vs. 6.36° ± 0.97; p < 0.0001). Las elipses de tolerancia (50%, 75% y 95%) elaboradas en población italiana sana fueron probadas para la población mexicana, encontrando que éstas tienden a situarse en el extremo superior de las elipses de poblaciones mexicoamericanas e italianas de referencia con una diferencia significativa p < 0.05, por lo que se realizaron nuevas elipses de tolerancia para población mexicana. Conclusiones. Los vectores de la población mexicana fueron significativamente diferentes al ser comparados con las existentes, apoyando la necesidad de realizar elipses de tolerancia específicas para cada población para la evaluación de la composición corporal.