RESUMO
The Pistia stratiotes L. was tested for phytoremediation potential of the compound clomazone in water. Clomazone is a post-emergent herbicide marketed as Gamit®. Five groups with four samples each were evaluated, a low concentration control (LCC: 37.86â¯mgâ¯L-1), low concentration treatment (LCT: 38.16â¯mgâ¯L-1), high concentration control (HCC: 54.71â¯mgâ¯L-1), high concentration treatment (HCT: 54.33â¯mgâ¯L-1), and a plant control group (PCG). Plant resistance to clomazone at determined concentrations and their ability to remove the herbicide from water by HPLC over 24 days were evaluated. The results demonstrate that P. stratiotes has high resistance to clomazone exposure and was able to eliminate up to 90% of the herbicide residues during the experimental period. Under dissipation by P. stratiotes in water, clomazone had a halflife of 19.6 days for in the control treatments, LCC and HCC, and 8.0 days in the treatment groups, LCT and HCT. This study indicates that Pistia stratiotes is an effective phytoremediation agent for the herbicide clomazone in water.
Assuntos
Araceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Isoxazóis/efeitos adversos , Oxazolidinonas/efeitos adversos , Recursos Hídricos , Araceae/fisiologia , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Herbicidas/efeitos adversos , Isoxazóis/farmacocinética , Oxazolidinonas/farmacocinética , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The cellular, intracellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying the toxicity of Mn are still incompletely understood, although several points concerning Mn neurotoxicity have been addressed. Importantly, oxidative changes have been reported to be involved in Mn-induced toxicity. As a consequence, antioxidants are expected to offer protection in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to this metal. So, in this study we evaluated the hypothesis that the aqueous extract of boldo (Peumus boldus), and its alkaloids boldine, could prevent/ameliorate behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by Mn in a D. melanogaster intoxication model. Adult wild-type flies were concomitantly exposed to Mn (3 mM) and boldo aqueous extract (5 mg/mL) or boldine (327.37 µg/mL) in the food during 9 days. Mn-fed flies had a worse performance in the negative geotaxis assay and in the open-field test, as well as a higher incidence of mortality and TBARS levels in head and body, when compared to control group. Boldo aqueous extract was found to reduce the mortality rate of the flies exposed to Mn. In turn, boldine was ineffective against Mn-induced mortality and significantly increases mortality per se. Additionally, Mn-induced locomotors dysfunction were fully ameliorated by boldo crude extract and only partially ameliorated by boldine. Likewise, boldo completely normalize head and body TBARS levels, whereas boldine only partially normalize in body. Finally, we found that flies treated with Mn presented significantly decrease in dopamine levels. Our results suggest that boldo crude extract can exert protective effect against Mn-induced toxicity in D. melanogaster, whereas boldine do not. Moreover, our data confirm the utility of this model to investigate potential therapeutic strategies on movement disorders, such as that caused by Mn.