RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate demographics, workload, training, facilities, and equipment in cardiovascular anesthesia (CVA) in Latin America (LA). DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study with data collected through a survey. SETTING: A multicenter, international web-based questionnaire that included 37 multiple-choice questions. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians and specialists in anesthesiology who regularly participated in cardiovascular surgeries and were members of the scientific societies of the Latin American Confederation of Anesthesiology. INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 484 completed questionnaires were collected. A total of 97.8% of the respondents had a university degree in anesthesiology. Most did not receive formal training in CVA, and only 41.5% received formal training. Moreover, most of them were trained in their own country, and a smaller percentage were trained abroad. Half of the respondents reported receiving <12 months of training. A third part of the respondents had received training in transesophageal echocardiography. Only 5.8% of the respondents worked exclusively in CVA, and a high percentage dedicated <60% of their weekly work hours to this subspecialty. A total of 80.6% of the centers had <3 cardiac surgery operating rooms. Only one-third of the centers performed heart/lung transplantation, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and ventricular assist device implantation. CONCLUSIONS: A significant lack of training programs in anesthesiology practice and complex procedures in medical centers in LA are evident. Thus, basic accredited programs should be developed in medical centers in LA.
Assuntos
Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate demographics, workload, training, facilities, and equipment in cardiovascular anesthesia (CVA) in Latin America (LA). DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study with data collected through a survey. SETTING: A multicenter, international web-based questionnaire that included 37 multiple-choice questions. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians and specialists in anesthesiology who regularly participated in cardiovascular surgeries and were members of the scientific societies of the Latin American Confederation of Anesthesiology. INTERVENTIONS: None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 484 completed questionnaires were collected. A total of 97.8% of the respondents had a university degree in anesthesiology. Most did not receive formal training in CVA, and only 41.5% received formal training. Moreover, most of them were trained in their own country, and a smaller percentage were trained abroad. Half of the respondents reported receiving <12 months of training. A third part of the respondents had received training in transesophageal echocardiography. Only 5.8% of the respondents worked exclusively in CVA, and a high percentage dedicated <60% of their weekly work hours to this subspecialty. A total of 80.6% of the centers had <3 cardiac surgery operating rooms. Only one-third of the centers performed heart/lung transplantation, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and ventricular assist device implantation. CONCLUSIONS: A significant lack of training programs in anesthesiology practice and complex procedures in medical centers in LA are evident. Thus, basic accredited programs should be developed in medical centers in LA.
Assuntos
Anestesia em Procedimentos Cardíacos , Anestesiologia , Humanos , América Latina , Estudos Transversais , Anestesiologia/educação , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cardiac surgeries in patients with previous infection by COVID-19 were suspended or postponed, which led to surgeries performed in patients with an advanced stage of their disease and an increase in the waiting list. There is a heterogeneous attitude in Latin America on the optimal timing to cardiac surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection due to scarce data on its outcome. Two Latin American associations joined to establish common suggestions on the optimal timing of surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection. Methods: Data collection was performed using a pre-established form, which included year of publication, objective, type of study (prospective/retrospective, descriptive/analytical), number of patients, year of study, waiting time between infection and surgery, type of surgery, morbidity, mortality, and conclusions regarding the association between mortality and morbidity. Final recommendations were approved by the board of directors of Latin American Association of Cardiac and Endovascular Surgery (LACES) and Latin American Confederation of Anesthesia Societies (CLASA). Results: Of the initial 1,016 articles, 11 comprised the final selection. Only six of them included patients who underwent cardiac surgery. According to the analyzed literature, optimal timing for cardiac surgery needs to consider the following aspects: deferable surgery, symptomatic COVID-19 infection, completeness of COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusion: These recommendations derive from the analysis of the scarce literature published at present on outcomes after cardiac surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection. These are to be taken as a dynamic recommendation in which Latin American reality was taken into consideration.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cardiac surgeries in patients with previous infection by COVID-19 were suspended or postponed, which led to surgeries performed in patients with an advanced stage of their disease and an increase in the waiting list. There is a heterogeneous attitude in Latin America on the optimal timing to cardiac surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection due to scarce data on its outcome. Two Latin American associations joined to establish common suggestions on the optimal timing of surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection. METHODS: Data collection was performed using a pre-established form, which included year of publication, objective, type of study (prospective/retrospective, descriptive/analytical), number of patients, year of study, waiting time between infection and surgery, type of surgery, morbidity, mortality, and conclusions regarding the association between mortality and morbidity. Final recommendations were approved by the board of directors of Latin American Association of Cardiac and Endovascular Surgery (LACES) and Latin American Confederation of Anesthesia Societies (CLASA). RESULTS: Of the initial 1,016 articles, 11 comprised the final selection. Only six of them included patients who underwent cardiac surgery. According to the analyzed literature, optimal timing for cardiac surgery needs to consider the following aspects: deferable surgery, symptomatic COVID-19 infection, completeness of COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSION: These recommendations derive from the analysis of the scarce literature published at present on outcomes after cardiac surgery in patients with previous COVID-19 infection. These are to be taken as a dynamic recommendation in which Latin American reality was taken into consideration.
Assuntos
Anestesia em Procedimentos Cardíacos , COVID-19 , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Humanos , América Latina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Abstract Notwithstanding the availability of human and technological resources, the care deficit in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with congenital heart diseases in Colombia is estimated at 50%. Barriers to healthcare delivery and access, both at the basic and specialized level, means that patients progress and reach advanced stages of the disease, with a direct impact on morbidity and mortality, and on the cost of care. Problems in early detection and diagnosis, poor access to specialized institutions, administrative constraints to authorize surgeries, diagnostic tests, and medical services, in addition to the lack of government recognition of national referral centers for the specialized management of these patients, compromise both the quality-of-life and the survival of patients. The purpose of this study is to highlight the current situation of patients and outline the diagnostic impact of the tools widely available in our environment for the detection of these pathologies.
Resumen En Colombia se estima un déficit de atención para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas del 50%, a pesar de contar con el equipo humano y tecnológico. Las barreras en el acceso a los servicios de salud, tanto en el nivel básico como en el especializado, hacen que los pacientes evolucionen hasta estadios avanzados, con impacto directo en la morbimortalidad y costo de atención. Los problemas en la detección y el diagnóstico temprano, la falta de acceso a centros especializados, las fallas administrativas en las autorizaciones quirúrgicas, diagnósticas y médicas, así como la falta de reconocimiento por parte del Estado de centros de referencia nacional para el manejo especializado de dichos pacientes hacen que tanto la calidad de vida como la sobrevida se encuentren comprometidas. El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar la problemática actual de los pacientes y describir el impacto diagnóstico de las herramientas ampliamente disponibles en nuestro medio para la detección de dichas enfermedades.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular , Cardiopatias Congênitas , Indicadores de Morbimortalidade , Colômbia , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Equipamentos e Provisões , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , CardiopatiasRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Postoperative residual curarization has been related to postoperative complications. Objective: To determine the prevalence of postoperative residual curarization in a university hospital and its association with perioperative conditions. Method: A prospective registry of 102 patients in a period of 4 months was designed to include ASA I-II patients who intraoperatively received nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Abductor pollicis response to a train-of-four stimuli based on accelleromyography and thenar eminence temperature (TOF-Watch SX®. Organon, Ireland) was measured immediately upon arrival at the postanesthetic care unit and 30 s later. Uni-bivariate analysis was planned to determine possible associations with residual curarization, defined as two repeated values of T4/T1 ratio <0.90 in response to train-of-four stimuli. Results: Postoperative residual curarization was detected in 42.2% of the subjects. Pancuronium was associated with a high risk for train-of-four response <0.9 at the arrive at postoperative care unit [RR:2.56 (IC95% 1.99-3.30); p = 0.034]. A significant difference in thenar temperature (°C) was found in subjects with train-of-four <0.9 when compared to those who reach adequate neuromuscular function (29.9 ± 1.6 vs. 31.1 ± 2.2; respectively. p = 0.003). However, we were unable to demonstrate a direct attribution of findings in train-of-four response to temperature (R² determination coefficient = 0.08%). Conclusions: A high prevalence of postoperative residual curarization persists in university hospitals, despite a reduced use of "long-lasting" neuromuscular blockers. Strategies to assure neuromuscular monitoring practice and access to therapeutic alternatives in this setting must be considered. Intraoperative neuromuscular blockers using algorithms and continued education in this field must be priorities within anesthesia services.
Introducción: La relajación residual postoperatoria ha sido asociada con mayores complicaciones postoperatorias. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de relajación residual postoperatoria en un hospital universitario y su relación con condiciones perioperatorias. Métodos: Se diseñó un registro prospectivo de 4 meses de duración, que incluyó pacientes ASA I-II que intraoperatoriamente recibieran bloqueadores neuromusculares. Se registró la respuesta del abductor pollicis a un estímulo de tren de cuatro mediante aceleromiografía y se midió la temperatura de la eminencia tenar (TOF-Watch SX®.Organon, Ireland) inmediatamente al ingreso a recuperación y a los 30 segundos. Se realizó análisis uni y bivariado para determinar posibles asociaciones con relajación residual postoperatoria, definida como dos respuestas sucesivas al estímulo tren-de-cuatro con una relación T4/T1 <0.90. Resultados: Se reclutaron 102 pacientes, encontrando una prevalencia de relajación residual del 42.2%. Pancuronio fue asociado con un riesgo elevado de TOF < 0.9 al ingreso a recuperación [RR:2,56 (IC95% 1.99-3.30); p = 0.034]. Se evidenció una diferencia significativa en la temperatura tenar de los pacientes que presentaban relajación residual, al compararla con pacientes que recuperaron su función neuromuscular [Grupo evento = 29.9 ± 1.6 (n = 43); Grupo control = 31.1 ±2.2 (n = 59)]. Sin embargo no se logró determinar una atribución directa de relajación residual a esta medición (coeficiente de determinación = 0.08%). Conclusión: Persiste una alta prevalencia de relajación residual postoperatoria en los hospitales universitarios, a pesar del uso reducido de bloqueadores neuromusculares de larga duración. Se hace indispensable encaminar estrategias para incentivar la monitoria neuromuscular y establecer algoritmos que permitan un manejo eficiente de los bloqueadores neuromusculares.
Assuntos
HumanosRESUMO
Introduction: The nCD64 receptor, the soluble triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells (s-TREM-1), and the high mobility group-box 1 protein (HMGB-1) have been proposed as significant mediators in sepsis. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of these markers in patients with suspected infection recently admitted in an emergency department (ED). Materials and methods: All patients who presented to the ED with suspected infection were eligible for enrollment in this study. Baseline clinical data, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) score, APACHE II score, HMGB-1 levels, s-TREM-1 levels, and nCD64 levels were analyzed. The HMGB-1 and sTREM-1 serum concentrations were determined using commercially available ELISA kits, and CD64 on the surface of neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry. Results:. A total of 579 patients with suspected infection as their admission diagnosis were enrolled in this study. The median patient age was 50 years (IQR = 35-68). Morbidity during the 28-day followup period was 11.1% (n=64). The most frequent diagnosis at the time of admission was communityacquired pneumonia (CAP) in 23% (n=133) patients, followed by soft tissue infection in 16.6% (n=96), and urinary tract infection in 15% (n=87). After multivariable analysis, no significant association was identified between any biomarker and 28-day mortality. Conclusion: In the context of a tertiary care hospital emergency department in a Latin-American city, the nCD64 receptor, s-TREM-1, and HMGB-1 biomarkers do not demonstrate prognostic utility in the management of patients with infection. The search continues for more reliable prognostic markers in the early stages of infection.
Introducción. El receptor CD64, receptor soluble ´desencadenador´ expresado en células mieloides (sTREM-1) y la proteína del grupo Box-1 de alta movilidad (HMGB-1), se han propuesto como mediadores en la sepsis. Objetivo. Evaluar el valor pronóstico de estos marcadores en pacientes con sospecha de infección, recientemente admitidos en un departamento de emergencias. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes que consultaron al hospital con sospecha de infección. Se analizó la base de datos clínica, el puntaje SOFA, el puntaje APACHE II, los niveles de HMGB-1, los niveles de sTREM-1 y los niveles de nCD64. Se determinaron las concentraciones en suero de HMGB-1 y sTREM-1, usando kits de ELISA disponibles comercialmente, y la de CD64 se midió por citometría de flujo. Resultados. Se analizaron 579 pacientes con sospecha de infección al ingreso. La edad media fue de 50 años (rango intercuartílico=35-68), y 11,1 % (n=64) murieron durante el seguimiento de 28 días. El diagnóstico más frecuente en el momento del ingreso fue neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, en 23 % (n=133) de los pacientes, seguida de infección de tejidos blandos, en 16,6 % (n=96), e infección urinaria, en 15 % (n=87). Después de un análisis multivariado, no hubo asociación significativa entre ningún biomarcador y la mortalidad a los 28 días. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que en el contexto de un departamento de emergencias de tercer nivel de una ciudad latinoamericana típica, los tres marcadores evaluados no ofrecieron ninguna ventaja en el pronóstico de infección. La búsqueda de marcadores pronósticos más confiables en estadios tempranos de la infección aún continúa abierta.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteína HMGB1/sangue , Infecções/sangue , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/sangue , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores de IgG/análise , Receptores de IgG/biossíntese , Receptores Imunológicos/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Proteínas HMGB , Hospitalização , Neutrófilos/química , Prognóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The nCD64 receptor, the soluble triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells (s-TREM-1), and the high mobility group-box 1 protein (HMGB-1) have been proposed as significant mediators in sepsis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of these markers in patients with suspected infection recently admitted in an emergency department (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who presented to the ED with suspected infection were eligible for enrollment in this study. Baseline clinical data, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) score, APACHE II score, HMGB-1 levels, s-TREM-1 levels, and nCD64 levels were analyzed. The HMGB-1 and sTREM-1 serum concentrations were determined using commercially available ELISA kits, and CD64 on the surface of neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: . A total of 579 patients with suspected infection as their admission diagnosis were enrolled in this study. The median patient age was 50 years (IQR = 35-68). Morbidity during the 28-day followup period was 11.1% (n=64). The most frequent diagnosis at the time of admission was communityacquired pneumonia (CAP) in 23% (n=133) patients, followed by soft tissue infection in 16.6% (n=96), and urinary tract infection in 15% (n=87). After multivariable analysis, no significant association was identified between any biomarker and 28-day mortality. CONCLUSION: In the context of a tertiary care hospital emergency department in a Latin-American city, the nCD64 receptor, s-TREM-1, and HMGB-1 biomarkers do not demonstrate prognostic utility in the management of patients with infection. The search continues for more reliable prognostic markers in the early stages of infection.
Assuntos
Proteína HMGB1/sangue , Infecções/sangue , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/sangue , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores de IgG/análise , Receptores de IgG/biossíntese , Receptores Imunológicos/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Proteínas HMGB , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos/química , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células MieloidesRESUMO
Se reporta un caso de aracnoiditis tras anestesia subaracnoidea para cesárea que cursa con paraparesia, dolor lumbar e hipertensión arterial. Al paciente se le diagnostica aracnoiditis con criterios clínicos e imaginológicos 8 días después de recibir anestesia subaracnoidea para cesárea. Presenta emergencia hipertensiva, se descarta preeclampsia posparto. Posiblemete esta presentación se relacione con inhibición de centros reguladores medulares. Se trató con dexametasona sistémica. La paciente presenta recuperación completa de sus síntomas en el curso de 10 días, sin recaídas en más de 1 año de seguimiento.
We report a case of arachnoiditis following subarachnoidal anesthesia for Cesarean section, with paraparesis, lumbar pain and arterial hypertension. The patient was diagnosed with arachnoidits on the basis of the clinical and imaging findings eight days after receiving subarachnoidal anesthesia for a C-section. She presented with emergent hypertensive crisis, and post-partum pre-eclampsia is ruled out. This presentation might be related with the inhibition of spinal regulatory centers. She was treated with systemic dexamethasone. The patient was totally symptom-free within 10 days and went on to recover fully and has been well during more than one year of follow-up.
Assuntos
HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for sepsis in an emergency department (ED) population of the cluster of differentiation-64 (CD64) glycoprotein expression on the surface of neutrophils (nCD64), serum levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (s-TREM-1), and high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1). METHODS: Patients with any of the following as admission diagnosis were enrolled: 1) suspected infection, 2) fever, 3) delirium, or 4) acute hypotension of unexplained origin within 24 hours of ED presentation. Levels of nCD64, HMGB-1, and s-TREM-1 were measured within the first 24 hours of the first ED evaluation. Baseline clinical data, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, daily clinical and microbiologic information, and 28-day mortality rate were collected. Because there is not a definitive criterion standard for sepsis, the authors used expert consensus based on clinical, microbiologic, laboratory, and radiologic data collected for each patient during the first 7 days of hospitalization. This expert consensus defined the primary outcome of sepsis, and the primary data analysis was based in the comparison of sepsis versus nonsepsis patients. The cut points to define sensitivity and specificity values, as well as positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs) for the markers related to sepsis diagnosis, were determined using receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curves. The patients in this study were a prespecified nested subsample population of a larger study. RESULTS: Of 631 patients included in the study, 66% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62% to 67%, n = 416) had sepsis according with the expert consensus diagnosis. Among these sepsis patients, SOFA score defined 67% (95% CI = 62% to 71%, n = 277) in severe sepsis and 1% (95% CI = 0.3% to 3%, n = 6) in septic shock. The sensitivities for sepsis diagnosis were CD64, 65.8% (95% CI = 61.1% to 70.3%); HMGB-1, 57.5% (95% CI = 52.7% to 62.3%); and s-TREM-1, 60% (95% CI = 55.2% to 64.7%). The specificities were CD64, 64.6% (95% CI = 57.8% to 70.8%), HMGB-1, 57.8% (95% CI = 51.1% to 64.3%), and s-TREM-1, 59.2% (95% CI = 52.5% to 65.6%). The positive LR (LR+) for CD64 was 1.85 (95% CI = 1.52 to 2.26) and the negative LR (LR-) was 0.52 (95% CI = 0.44 to 0.62]; for HMGB-1 the LR+ was 1.36 (95% CI = 1.14 to 1.63) and LR- was 0.73 (95% CI = 0.62 to 0.86); and for s-TREM-1 the LR+ was 1.47 (95% CI = 1.22 to 1.76) and the LR- was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.57 to 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients suspected of having any infection in the ED, the accuracy of nCD64, s-TREM-1, and HMGB-1 was not significantly sensitive or specific for diagnosis of sepsis.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteína HMGB1/sangue , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/sangue , Receptores de IgG/sangue , Receptores Imunológicos/sangue , Sepse/diagnóstico , APACHE , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Glicoproteínas/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Sepse/sangue , Sepse/epidemiologia , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células MieloidesRESUMO
In order to assess the progress of preventive health programs by measuring the coverage and other health indicators, ENCOPREVENIMSS (Health National Surveys) 2003, 2004 and 2005 were carried out. These surveys were applied nationwide to population affiliated to the Mexican Institute of Social Security, and were representative at a state level. The sampling frame was stratified, with several stages, by clusters, and had a minimum sample of 328 people per program group in each delegation. The applied questionnaires were previously designed and evaluated through a pilot test. They included specific questions for each program component per age group. In 2004, two sections were added, based on validated instruments to evaluate frequency of food intake and physical activity. A total of 79,797 people were surveyed: 117,884 in 2004, and 122,380 in 2005. A third of the population was insured, while the rest was beneficiary; about half the population was between 20 and 59 years old, and the proportion of people older than 60 increased almost 2% from 2003 to 2005. More than 90% of those who claimed to have a paid job were factory workers or employees. More than 90% of the population were assigned to a family physician in all the assessed years. The information obtained from ENCOPREVENIMSS is a valuable tool to conduct institutional policies for public health.
Assuntos
Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the coverage and impacts of the vaccination component in Integrated Health Programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a descriptive study of secondary data analysis was carried out. We analyzed data generated by the Universal Vaccination Program (PROVAC) since 1991, the data compiled in the 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA) and the 2005 National Survey of Coverage of Integrated Health Programs (ENCOPREVENIMSS), as well as the IMSS Annual Epidemiological Gazettes since 1973. RESULTS: the coverage of the basic schemes of the Extended Immunization Program (PAI) in children from one to four years old increased from 46.0% in 1990 to 92.5% in 1992 and 98.2% in 2005. The coverage with booster doses was substantially lower, ranging between 57.0% and 97.3% depending on the type of vaccine and the number of doses. The coverage also varied, although to a lesser extent, among public healthcare institutions. In relation to the impact of the Universal Vaccination Program and the PREVENIMSS strategy among IMSS affiliates, we distinguished at least three situations: (1) illnesses in which a drop in incidence predates the Universal Vaccination Program: tuberculous meningitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus; (2) illnesses in which the drop in incidence is clearly related to the program: measles, rubella, mumps, and meningitis due to H. influenzae b. (3) illnesses for which the impact has not yet been assessed: hepatitis B. In addition to a drop in the incidence of immunopreventable diseases, we observed changes in the age distribution of cases. CONCLUSIONS: the PREVENIMSS strategy has not interfered with, and in some case has helped to consolidate the achievements of the Universal Vaccination Program. The results of this investigation point to the need to modernize the current system of evaluating coverage and expanding vaccination schemes with booster doses.
Assuntos
Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , México , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Serviços Preventivos de SaúdeRESUMO
Presenta un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes que fueron atendidos en el S.C.S. Angamarca, provincia de Cotopaxi durante el año de 1996. Fueron revisadas 132 historias clínicas, con el fin de determinar la incidencia con relación a la edad, sexo, cuadro clínico y patología más frecuentemente asociada a la neumonía. Se pudo apreciar que la sintomatología más frecuente que presentaron los pacientes en la primera consulta fueron: dificultad respiratoria, tiraje intercostal, aleteo nasal, cianosis, fiebre y dificultad para la alimentación. Se pudo determinar también que la patología asociada con mayor frecuencia a los cuadros neumónicos fue la desnutrición...
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Centros de Saúde , Pneumonia , Equador , PediatriaRESUMO
Introducción. El síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal (SCPS) es un trastorno hidroelectrolítico en pacientes con lesión cerebral, clasificado en ocasiones en forma errónea como síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética (SSIHAD), ya que ambos presentan hiponatremias; sin embargo, sus manifestaciones clínicas y tratamiento son diferentes. Existen pocos informes de este síndrome en pacientes pediátricos. Caso clínico. Lactante de 9 meses con diagnóstico de astrocitoma pilocítico del nervio óptico, que en el cuarto día de postoperado presento deterioro neurológico, choque hipovolémico, hiponatremia, uresis y natriuresis aumentadas. Se descartó alteracion endocrina y renal. El tratamiento fue con reposición de líquidos y sodio. Conclusión. Se discute la importancia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad, así como las características clínicas con relación a las informadas en la literatura
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Astrocitoma/complicações , Astrocitoma/cirurgia , Fator Natriurético Atrial , Hidratação , Nervo Óptico/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Óptico/cirurgia , Pediatria , Síndrome de Secreção Inadequada de HAD/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Secreção Inadequada de HAD/terapia , Solução Salina Hipertônica/administração & dosagem , Solução Salina Hipertônica/uso terapêutico , Soluções Hipertônicas/administração & dosagem , Soluções Hipertônicas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción. La ascitis necrosante es una enfermedad infecciosa grave de los tejidos blandos y potencialmente fatal. Múltiples agentes etiológicos pueden ser los culpables de esta temible enfermedad, entre los que destaca Streptococcus pyogenes. Caso clínico. Femenino de 14 años de edad, previamente sana, con un cuadro de fascitis necrosante con rápida evolución hacia la necrosis de todos los músculos de la pierna y síndrome compartamental, con grave afección multisistémica llegando a síndrome de insuficencia respiratoria aguda. Después de realizar amputación supracondilea izquierda, la niña evolucionó favorablemente. Conclusiones. La intervención quirúrgica temprana con dermofasciotomías extensas y por compartimentos, la selección correcta de antibióticos y el manejo de sostén en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos serán factores determinantes en el pronóstico de los pacientes que sufran esta enfermedad. En los últimos años ha existido un resurgimiento de enfermedades graves, potencialmente fatales por S. pyogenes invasor, como en el caso que se presenta
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Amputação Cirúrgica , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Desbridamento , Desbridamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Fasciite/etiologia , Fasciite/mortalidade , Fasciite/patologia , Fasciite/cirurgia , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pyogenes/patogenicidade , Transplante Autólogo/reabilitação , Transplante AutólogoRESUMO
Introducción. Objetivo. determinar la utilidad de dos esquemas de tratamiento de hipokalemia grave con infusión de KCl a dosis de 0.5 y 1.5 mEq/kg/hora intravenosa (IV) en niños críticamente enfermos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) del Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional de enero de 1993 a enero de 1994. Se incluyeron niños de 1 mes a 16 años de edad que ameritaron ingreso a la UTIP y que durante algún momento de su evolución desarrollaron hipokalemia grave (potasio sérico igual o menor de 2.5 mEq/L). Fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a dos grupos, el grupo 1 al cual se le administró KCl a 0.5 mEq/kg/hora IV hasta la obtención de potasio de potasio sérico igual o mayor a 3 mEq/L con un máximo de 2 infusiones. En el grupo 2 se administró KCl a 1.5 mEq/kg/hora hasta la obtención de potasio sérico igual o mayor de 3 mEq/L. Se determinaron previo a cada infusión: gasometría arterial, glucosa semicuatitativa en sangre, registro del estado de gravedad de acuerdo a la esacala de falla orgánica múltiple (FOM), diagnóstico, edad, sexo, potasio sérico basal y del mismo modo, al término de cada infusión se registró glucosa semicuantitativa en sangre y gasometría arterial. El análisis consistió en medidas de tendencias central (promedio y mediana), para la descripción de variables; se realizó la comparación de las características basales entre los grupos con "U" de Mann-Whitney y prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar la influencia de las características basales en la respuesta al tratamiento se realizó correlación de Pearson y Spearman. Resultados. Se estudiaron 37 pacientes, 17 del grupo 1 y 20 del grupo 2. El promedio de edad para ambos grupos fue de 6.37 años con una desviación estándar de 5.51 con distribución normal (sesgo 0.5, curtosis 2). En ambos grupos predominó el sexo masculino. El estado de gravedad de acuerdo a la escala de FOM fue una mediana de 12 puntos....
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Cuidados Críticos , Hipopotassemia/terapia , Infusões Intravenosas , Cloreto de Potássio/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Potássio/sangue , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Expone que se trata de una enfermedad cuyo factor etiológico primario no es conocido, pero su proceso gnosológico está plenamente individualizado, y por lo tanto con características clínicas y radiológicas bien definidas. El proceso, que en sí es autolimitado, presentaandose en niños menores de 14 años en los cuales el objetivo del tratamiento será conseguir una cadera morfológicamente normal. Se trata de un proceso isquémico aséptico, parcial o total de la epifisis femoral superior.
Assuntos
Criança , Cabeça do Fêmur , Cirurgia Geral , Isquemia , Doença de Legg-Calve-Perthes/classificação , Doença de Legg-Calve-Perthes/fisiopatologia , Doença de Legg-Calve-Perthes/terapiaRESUMO
Expone un breve tratado y revisión sobre algunas perspectivas actuales en la ética biomédica y, en particular, sobre la eutanasia. Etimológicamente significa "buena muerte", sin embargo, se trata de conceptos más profundos. Entendemos por eutanasia, la muerte infringida consciente o no, que sufre gravemente o por su condición de disminuído, llevadas a cabo por personal sanitario, porque se considera irracional que prosiga una vida ya no digna de ser vivida. Se realiza un breve análisis histórico y sus repercusiones en el mundo actual.
Assuntos
Humanos , Bioética , Eutanásia/classificação , Eutanásia/históriaRESUMO
Expone que el desarrollo psicomotriz en relación al crecimiento físico es gradual y notable en la época preescolar; entre los 0 a 5 años sus características se han dividido en cinco grandes áreas con fin de estudio, siendo susceptible de medirse. El desarrollo está influenciado por factores genéticos y factores ambientales así como por una serie de factores negativos o de riesgo que lo modifican hacia una desventaja. Factores que son motivo del estudio. De estos factores la asfixia perinatal parece ser el más frecuente relacionado con el retraso en el desarrollo, aunque es evidente que no siempre se acompaña de sintomatología neurológica. Se ha visto también que hay una falla en el diagnóstico al nacimiento, pasando por alto factores que se relacionan a retraso, por lo que muchos de los niños se refieren tardíamente a pesar de seguimientos médicos continuos...