RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Norovirus (NoV) are RNA viruses highly contagious, stable in the environment, genetically variable, and the most common cause of viral sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This is the first study carried out in Concepcion, Chile, to investigate the presence of NoV as an etiologic agent of viral diarrheas in hospitalized children. Objective. To detect the presence and genogroup of NoV in children with diarrhea and to compare it with rotavirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one year descriptive, prospective study in children 0-14 years old. A single diarrheic stool sample per patient was analyzed for the presence of NoV, RV and AdV. Clinical data were unknown at the moment of sampling. Real time RT-PCR with Taqman™ probes for NoV and the immunocromatography VIKIA™ kit for RoV /AV detection were used. RESULTS: Infection for NoV (25.5%) was significantly higher than for RV (15.9%) and AdV (6.2%). It was even greater in infants younger than 2yr. old (n: 103): NoV 34%, RV 17.5%, AdV 7.8%. Children 2-4 yr. old had 11.8% infection of NoV and RV. Children older than 4, only had 12% RV and 4% AdV. Children hospitalized for diarrhea (n: 92) had: 21.7% of both NoV and RV, and 7.6% AdV; whereas children hospitalized for other causes (n: 53) had 32.1% NoV,5.7% RV and 3.8% AV. The proportion of infection due to NoV was significantly higher in males (31.5%) than in females (19.4%). The average frequency during the year was higher for NoV (30.3%) than for RV (14.7%) except in summer. CONCLUSION: The presence of NoV was higher than RV in children with diarrhea. NoV infection showed defined characteristics regarding age, gender, seasonal occurrence and nosocomial transmission that are important epidemiological features.
Assuntos
Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adenoviridae/genética , Adolescente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/virologia , Infecção Hospitalar/virologia , Diarreia/virologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Norovirus/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , RNA Viral/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Rotavirus/genéticaRESUMO
Introduction: Norovirus (NoV) are RNA viruses highly contagious, stable in the environment, genetically variable, and the most common cause of viral sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This is the first study carried out in Concepcion, Chile, to investigate the presence of NoV as an etiologic agent of viral diarrheas in hospitalized children. Objective. To detect the presence and genogroup of NoV in children with diarrhea and to compare it with rotavirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV). Material and Methods: A one year descriptive, prospective study in children 0-14 years old. A single diarrheic stool sample per patient was analyzed for the presence of NoV, RV and AdV. Clinical data were unknown at the moment of sampling. Real time RT-PCR with Taqman™ probes for NoV and the immunocromatography VIKIA™ kit for RoV /AV detection were used. Results: Infection for NoV (25.5%) was significantly higher than for RV (15.9%) and AdV (6.2%). It was even greater in infants younger than 2yr. old (n: 103): NoV 34%, RV 17.5%, AdV 7.8%. Children 2-4 yr. old had 11.8% infection of NoV and RV. Children older than 4, only had 12% RV and 4% AdV. Children hospitalized for diarrhea (n: 92) had: 21.7% of both NoV and RV, and 7.6% AdV; whereas children hospitalized for other causes (n: 53) had 32.1% NoV,5.7% RV and 3.8% AV. The proportion of infection due to NoV was significantly higher in males (31.5%) than in females (19.4%). The average frequency during the year was higher for NoV (30.3%) than for RV (14.7%) except in summer. Conclusion: The presence of NoV was higher than RV in children with diarrhea. NoV infection showed defined characteristics regarding age, gender, seasonal occurrence and nosocomial transmission that are important epidemiological features.
Introducción: Los norovirus (NoV) son virus ARN altamente contagiosos, resistentes, variables genéticamente y una de las etiologías más frecuente de gastroenteritis viral esporádica mundial. Este es el primer trabajo en Concepción, Chile, de búsqueda de NoV como etiología viral de diarreas en niños hospitalizados. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia y genogrupo de NoV en niños con diarrea y compararla con la frecuencia de rotavirus (RV) y adenovirus (AdV). Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de un año, en niños de 0-14 años ingresados por diarrea aguda o que la adquirieron dentro del hospital. La muestra de deposiciones diarreica se tomó una sola vez por paciente. Las fichas clínicas se analizaron al finalizar el estudio etiológico. Para la detección de NoV se utilizó RPC-TR a en tiempo real con sondas Taqman® y para detección de RV/AdV, el kit VIKIA® de inmunocromatografia. Resultados: La infección por NoV (25,5%) fue significativamente más frecuente que por RV (15,9%) y AdV (6,2%). La mayor presencia de infección fue en pacientes bajo2 años de edad (n: 103): NoV 34,0%, RV 17,5%, AdV 7,8%. La detección en niños hospitalizados por diarrea fue: NoV y RV 21,7% cada uno; AdV 7,6%. En niños con diarrea nosocomial hospitalizados por otras causas se detectó NoV en 32,1%, RV en 5,7% y AdV en 3,8%. La presencia de NoV fue significativamente mayor en varones (31,5%) que en niñas (19,4%). El promedio de diarreas durante el año fue mayor para NoV (30,3%) que para RV(14,7%), excepto en verano. Discusión y Conclusión: La presencia de NoV fue mayor que la de RoV en niños con diarrea y con una tendencia nosocomial que podría deberse a las características del virus que favorece infecciones de ambiente confinado, como hospitales, asilos y cruceros. La infección por NoV presentó características definidas, en edad, género, ocurrencia estacional y relevancia nosocomial, que aportan datos epidemiológicos importantes.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adenoviridae/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/virologia , Infecção Hospitalar/virologia , Diarreia/virologia , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Norovirus/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , RNA Viral/sangue , Rotavirus/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify the genetic determinants of obesity using univariate and bivariate models in a genome scan. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We evaluated the genetic and environmental effects and performed a genome-wide linkage analysis of obesity-related traits in 478 subjects from 105 Mexican-American nuclear families ascertained through a proband with documented coronary artery disease. The available obesity traits include BMI, body surface area (BSA), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and trunk fat mass as percentage of body weight. Heritability estimates and multipoint linkage analysis were performed using a variance components procedure implemented in SOLAR software. RESULTS: The heritability estimates were 0.62 for BMI, 0.73 for BSA, 0.40 for WHR, and 0.38 for trunk fat mass as percentage of body weight. Using a bivariate genetic model, we observed significant genetic correlations between BMI and other obesity-related traits (all p < 0.01). Evidence for univariate linkage was observed at 252 to approximately 267 cM on chromosome 2 for three obesity-related traits (except for WHR) and at 163 to approximately 167 cM on chromosome 5 for BMI and BSA, with the maximum logarithm of the odds ratio score of 3.12 (empirical p value, 0.002) for BSA on chromosome 2. Use of the bivariate linkage model yielded an additional peak (logarithm of the odds ratio = 3.25, empirical p value, 0.002) at 25 cM on chromosome 7 for the pair of BMI and BSA. DISCUSSION: The evidence for linkage on chromosomes 2q36-37 and 5q36 is supported both by univariate and bivariate analysis, and an additional linkage peak at 7p15 was identified by the bivariate model. This suggests that use of the bivariate model provides additional information to identify linkage of genes responsible for obesity-related traits.
Assuntos
Análise de Variância , Ligação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Obesidade/genética , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 5/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 7/genética , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), a subclinical measure of atherosclerosis, is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke. CIMT is also an important predictor of clinical cardiovascular events. To systematically identify the genetic determinants of CIMT, we performed a genome-wide scan using data from 91 2-generation Mexican American families ascertained via a parent with CAD diagnosed. METHODS: CIMT was measured in 274 adult offspring (mean age, 34.6 years) using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound; 413 subjects, including adult offspring and their parents, were genotyped using Marshfield screen set 12 (380 microsatellite markers at approximately 10-cM interval). Heritability was estimated using the variance component approach implemented in SOLAR. Linkage analyses were performed using both the sib-pair regression approach and the variance component approach. RESULTS: The estimated heritability was 0.68, 0.45, and 0.40 for unadjusted, gender- and age-adjusted, and multivariate-adjusted CIMT, respectively. The strongest evidence of linkage was found on chromosome 2 at D2S2944 (logarithm of the odds [LOD]=3.08). Other suggestive linkages were also found on chromosome 6 at D6S1022 to D6S2410 (LOD=2.21) and chromosome 13 at D13S796 to D13S895 (LOD=1.34). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that there is a strong genetic effect on CIMT in these Mexican American CAD families. The linkage peak on chromosome 2 suggests that there is a gene (or genes) at this chromosome location influencing CIMT.