RESUMO
From 1 July 1987 to 31 December 1988, 30% of 247 rabid dogs in Hermosillo, Mexico had a positive history of rabies vaccination. Serosurveys suggested that inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine (INACT-SMBV) and inactivated tissue culture vaccine (INACT-TC) used before and during the epizootic were poor immunogens. Prospective studies showed that only about one-third of dogs vaccinated with INACT-SMBV were seropositive 5 weeks after vaccination. Lack of vaccine potency was the most likely cause of poor immunogenicity. Rabies vaccines should be evaluated periodically by measuring antibody responses in animals. In some circumstances, minimum seroconversion rates and antibody titres in vaccinated animals may be better measures of immunogenicity than relative potency.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia , Raiva/veterinária , Animais , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Cães , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/imunologia , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagemRESUMO
To assess the role of parasites in causing diarrhea in Peace Corps volunteers in Guatemala, 115 stool specimens from a case-control investigation (48 case [diarrhea] and 26 control episodes) were examined. A potentially pathogenic protozoan that could account for diarrheal illness was found for only 12% of the case episodes.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diarreia/parasitologia , Feminino , Órgãos Governamentais , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Protozoários/epidemiologia , Infecções por Protozoários/parasitologiaRESUMO
From 1 July 1987 to 31 December 1988, a total of 317 animals (91% of which were dogs) were confirmed to have rabies in Hermosillo, Mexico. The median age of rabid dogs was 1 year, 69% were male, and 98% were owned. The epizootic started in the southern areas of the city, rapidly involved the entire city, and persisted mainly in lower socioeconomic status areas. The area of the city and mean household size were significant predictor variables for the population density of rabid dogs around household clusters (Poisson linear regression, P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, resp). Approximately 2.5% of city residents were bitten by dogs in 1987, with the rate of reported dog bite injuries being positively correlated with mean household size and the proportion of households that owned dogs. Visits to the city health centre for evaluation of possible exposures to rabies increased by 135% after the start of the epizootic; approximately 273 per 100,000 city residents were administered a full or partial course of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in 1987. Children were at greatest risk for exposures to rabies, accounting for 60% of all reported animal bite injuries evaluated at the health centre. Also they were more likely than older persons to have received bite injuries to the head, face, and neck (odds ratio = 21.6, 95% confidence interval = 5.4, 186.5).
PIP: Almost all cases of human rabies result from bites by rabid dogs. Controlling dog rabies is therefore crucial for humans. 317 animals, 91% of which were dogs, were confirmed to have rabies in Hermosillo, Mexico, from July 1, 1987, to December 31, 1988. The dogs were of median age 1 year, 69% were male, and 98% were owned. The epizootic started in the southern areas of the city, spread quickly through the city, and persisted largely in lower socioeconomic status areas. Approximately 2.5% of city residents were bitten by dogs in 1987, with the rate of reported dog bite injuries positively correlated with mean household size and the proportion of households which owned dogs. Visits to the city health center for evaluation of possible exposures to rabies increased by 135% after the start of the epizootic over which approximately 273 per 100,000 city residents were administered a full or partial course of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in 1987. Comprising 60% of all reported animal bite injuries evaluated at the center, children were at greatest risk for exposures to rabies. Children were also more likely than older people to have received bite injuries to the head, face, and neck.
Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Animais , Mordeduras e Picadas/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Intervalos de Confiança , Coleta de Dados , Cães , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Raiva/etiologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The primary purpose of the annual report on rabies surveillance is to assist local and state public health officials in the planning of rabies control programs and to guide health professionals in evaluating the need for rabies postexposure prophylaxis in patients who are exposed to animals that may be rabid. In 1988, a total of 4,724 cases of animal rabies were reported by 47 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, similar to the total (4,729) for 1987. No human cases of rabies were reported. The South Atlantic, South Central, North Central, and Middle Atlantic states reported 81% of the cases. Pennsylvania, Texas, California, Maryland, and Virginia each reported over 300 rabid animals. Delaware (61 cases), New Mexico (15), Alaska (34), Connecticut (8), and South Carolina (127) each reported an increase in animal rabies cases greater than or equal to 100% in 1988 compared with 1987. Smaller but significant increases also were reported from Florida (66% increase), Pennsylvania (68%), and Georgia (40%). Eighty-eight percent of rabies cases were in wild animals, and 12% were in domestic animals. Skunks, raccoons, and bats accounted for 82% of all rabid animals. Cats became the most commonly reported domestic species for the first time since reporting to CDC began in 1960. The most effective methods of reducing the number of people exposed to rabies are to educate the public to avoid unfamiliar, especially wild, animals and to vaccinate susceptible pets against rabies. Rabies vaccination programs should target cats as well as dogs. Two cases of imported canine rabies emphasized the need to educate travelers of the risk of canine rabies in developing countries. Caution should be used when pets are imported from these countries.