RESUMO

Wildfires continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildfires has to go beyond fire-fighting, governments in countries with fire-prone ecosystems have begun to recognize the multiple perspectives of landscape burning and the need to engage with local communities and their practices. In this perspective, we outline the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela, two countries where fire management has been highly contested, but where there have been recent advances in fire management approaches. Success of these new initiatives have been measured by the reduction in wildfire extent through prescribed burning, and the opening of a dialogue on fire management between government agencies and local communities. Yet, it is clear that further developments in community participation need to take place in order to avoid the appropriation of local knowledge systems by institutions, and to better reflect more equitable fire governance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The use of fire by cattle ranchers is a major source of conflict between conservationists and local communities in tropical savannas. We evaluate the role of traditional pastoral management in wildfire prevention in two protected areas within the Brazilian savanna. Fine-grain field data from transect walks and interviews were combined with geospatial data at landscape scale to compare fire regimes in community-managed areas with those in government-managed areas. Local pastoral management creates seasonal mosaic patterns of burnings performed for productive activities and for deliberate landscape management, i.e. to protect fire-sensitive vegetation and avoid wildfires. Whereas government-managed areas were affected by large biennial late dry season wildfires, community-managed areas with a regular fire regime suffered less damage. These systems are under threat and poorly understood by researchers and environmental managers. In order to improve fire management in tropical savannas, greater understanding of pastoral management practices and their spatiotemporal dimensions is required.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do artigo é analisar as transformações observadas nos sistemas indígenas de manejo dos recursos naturais no Alto Rio Negro, Noroeste Amazônico, devido à urbanização intensa e acelerada de algumas localidades e aos processos migratórios ocorridos nas últimas décadas. Nossos dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas etnográficas e agroeconômicas, associadas ao Sistema de Informação Geográficas para análise de população, direitos fundiários e paisagens na área periurbana de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, a principal cidade da região. As comunidades indígenas utilizam um território tradicional, onde se articulam diversos tipos de direitos fundiários sobre os recursos naturais, desde o uso individual exclusivo até a propriedade comum. Na região periurbana, a propriedade privada da terra se tornou dominante. No entanto, por causa da escassez crescente dos recursos naturais ao redor da cidade, as famílias migrantes negociam seus direitos fundiários no âmbito de uma rede social extensa, criando assim uma estratégia multilocal. Esta pode ser entendida como manifestação da adaptabilidade dos sistemas tradicionais de manejo dos recursos naturais.

We analyse the transformations in indigenous resource management due to urbanization and migratory flows in the Upper Rio Negro, Northwest Amazon. Data were obtained from ethnographic and agro-economic research, combined with a GIS analysis of population, land tenure and landscape distribution in the peri-urban zone of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, the main town of the region. Each indigenous community is associated with a traditional territory, within which are articulated many kinds of resource use rights, ranging from individual exclusive ownership to common property. In the peri-urban area, private ownership has become the main land-use right. Due to the increasing scarcity of available resources around São Gabriel, newly arrived indigenous families have to negotiate land-use rights within their large kinship networks and to resort to a multilocal strategy. This multilocal land-use system may be seen as an expression of the adaptation of traditional natural resources management.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We analyse the transformations in indigenous resource management due to urbanization and migratory flows in the Upper Rio Negro, Northwest Amazon. Data were obtained from ethnographic and agro-economic research, combined with a GIS analysis of population, land tenure and landscape distribution in the peri-urban zone of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, the main town of the region. Each indigenous community is associated with a traditional territory, within which are articulated many kinds of resource use rights, ranging from individual exclusive ownership to common property. In the peri-urban area, private ownership has become the main land-use right. Due to the increasing scarcity of available resources around São Gabriel, newly arrived indigenous families have to negotiate land-use rights within their large kinship networks and to resort to a multilocal strategy. This multilocal land-use system may be seen as an expression of the adaptation of traditional natural resources management.

O objetivo do artigo é analisar as transformações observadas nos sistemas indígenas de manejo dos recursos naturais no Alto Rio Negro, Noroeste Amazônico, devido à urbanização intensa e acelerada de algumas localidades e aos processos migratórios ocorridos nas últimas décadas. Nossos dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisas etnográficas e agroeconômicas, associadas ao Sistema de Informação Geográficas para análise de população, direitos fundiários e paisagens na área periurbana de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, a principal cidade da região. As comunidades indígenas utilizam um território tradicional, onde se articulam diversos tipos de direitos fundiários sobre os recursos naturais, desde o uso individual exclusivo até a propriedade comum. Na região periurbana, a propriedade privada da terra se tornou dominante. No entanto, por causa da escassez crescente dos recursos naturais ao redor da cidade, as famílias migrantes negociam seus direitos fundiários no âmbito de uma rede social extensa, criando assim uma estratégia multilocal. Esta pode ser entendida como manifestação da adaptabilidade dos sistemas tradicionais de manejo dos recursos naturais.