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Background: Children with special health care needs including Down Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome experience difficulties in receiving dental treatment. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Silver Fluoride (SF) are a minimally invasive treatments options to arrest dental caries without sedation; local or general anaesthesia (GA). Aim: Evaluation of Brazilian's parents' acceptance of the use of SF in CSHCN. Methods: After receiving education on SF, 100 Parents of CSHCN completed a questionnaire concerning their acceptance of SF, in different dental situation. Result: Majority of parents (74,5%) agreed to the use of SF for their children. SF was more acceptable on posterior teeth (74,5%) when compared to its use on anterior teeth (43,1%). Parents accepted to use SF in order: to reduce infection and pain (82,4%); to avoid dental injection (72,5%) and treatment under GA (84,3%). The Majority of parents accepted the properties of SF (82,4%) and Silver (80,4%). Conclusion: Silver Fluoride was accepted as a treatment option for caries, by Brazilian parents of CSHCN. SF should be considered as a treatment option for caries limited to dentine for CSHCN, taking into consideration the individual needs and opinions with regard to aesthetics and exposure to fluoride and silver.
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This study demonstrates the effect of a single high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session on the redox status of rat ovaries with excess adiposity. Forty Wistar female rats (mean (±s.e.m.) weight 94.40 ± 13.40 g) were divided into two groups and fed either a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 62 days. At the end of this period, the rats were subjected to a single HIIT session and were killed 24 h after exercise. Both groups subjected to exercise (SDex and HFDex) generated a significantly higher antioxidant environment by presenting a higher thiol content, which represents a lower oxidation rate of GSH than their respective controls (SD and HFD). The percentage of morphologically normal primary follicles decreased, whereas that of antral follicles increased, in the SDex group. In addition, the HFD group had a higher percentage of degenerated antral follicles than the SD and SDex groups. Cells immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin were seen in the cortical stroma and thecal layer enclosing late secondary and tertiary follicles in all groups. Moreover, heme oxygenase and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp19A1) labelling was seen in all antral follicles. Progesterone concentrations were significantly higher in the HFDex than SDex group. In conclusion, this study indicates that a single session of HIIT may result in an improvement in ovary redox status because of metabolic muscle activity by inducing physiological adaptation after exercise in a paracrine manner.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Ovário/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Feminino , Oxirredução , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of the ST1-SCCmecIV lineage has been associated with community-acquired (CA) infections in North America and Australia. In Brazil, multi-drug resistant ST1-SCCmecIV MRSA has emerged in hospital-associated (HA) diseases in Rio de Janeiro. To understand these epidemiological differences, genomic and phylogenetic analyses were performed. In addition, virulence assays were done for representative CA - and HA-MRSA strains. Despite the conservation of the virulence repertoire, some genes were missing in Brazilian ST1-SCCmecIV including lukSF-PV, fnbB, and several superantigen-encoded genes. Additionally, CA-MRSA lost the splDE while HA-MRSA strains conserved the complete operon. Most of these variable genes were located in mobile genetic elements (MGE). However, conservation and maintenance of MGEs were often observed despite the absence of their associated virulence markers. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed the occurrence of more than one entrance of ST1 strains in Rio de Janeiro. The tree shape and chronology allowed us to infer that the hospital-associated ST1-SCCmecIV from Brazil and the community-acquired USA400 from North America are not closely related and that they might have originated from different MSSA strains that independently acquired SCCmecIV cassettes. As expected, representatives of ST1 strains from Brazil showed lower cytotoxicity and a greater ability to survive inside human host cells. We suggest that Brazilian ST1-SCCmecIV strains have adapted to the hospital setting by reducing virulence and gaining the ability to persist and survive inside host cells. Possibly, these evolutionary strategies may balance the biologic cost of retaining multiple antibiotic resistance genes.
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Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Evolução Molecular , Genoma Bacteriano , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Teorema de Bayes , Genômica , Genótipo , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/classificação , Filogenia , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for the efficient assembly of viral or multimeric proteins into virus-like particles (VLP) or other macro structures. RESULTS: Protein monomers were assembled by eliminating calcium ions through precipitation. The model protein, rotavirus VP6, assembled into stable, long nanotubes with better quality than the assemblies obtained directly from cell culture. Nanotube length was directly proportional to the initial concentration of VP6 monomers, in accordance with the classic nucleation theory of capsid assembly. The quality of the obtained assemblies was confirmed when the nanotubes were functionalized with metals, yielding unique nanobiomaterials. Assembly efficiency was improved in comparison with other previously proposed methods. CONCLUSIONS: The novel method presented here is simpler and faster than other reported methods for the assembly and disassembly of viral proteins, a step needed for most applications.
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Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Rotavirus/metabolismo , Cálcio/química , Precipitação Química , Nanotubos/química , Multimerização ProteicaRESUMO
Dialysate calcium concentration (d[Ca]) might have a cardiovascular impact in patients on haemodialysis (HD) since a higher d[Ca] determines better hemodynamic tolerability. We have assessed the influence of d[Ca] on global longitudinal strain (GLS) by two-dimensional echocardiography using speckle-tracking imaging before and in the last hour of HD. This is an observational crossover study using d[Ca] 1.75 mmol/L and 1.25 mmol/L. Ultrafiltration was the same between interventions; patients aged 44 ± 13 years (N = 19). The 1.75 mmol/L d[Ca] was associated with lighter drop of blood pressure. Post HD serum total calcium was higher with d[Ca] 1.75 than with 1.25 mmol/L (11.5 ± 0.8 vs. 9.1 ± 0.5 mg/dL, respectively, p < 0.01). In almost all segments strain values were significantly worse in the peak HD with 1.75 mmol/L d[Ca] than with 1.25 mmol/L d[Ca]. GLS decreased from -19.8 ± 3.7% at baseline to -17.3 ± 2.9% and -16.1 ± 2.6% with 1.25 d[Ca] and 1.75 d[Ca] mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05 for both d[Ca] vs. baseline and 1.25 d[Ca] vs. 1.75 d[Ca] mmol/L). Factors associated with a worse GLS included transferrin, C-reactive protein, weight lost, and post dialysis serum total calcium. We concluded that d[Ca] of 1.75 mmol/L was associated with higher post dialysis serum calcium, which contributed to a worse ventricular performance. Whether this finding would lead to myocardial stunning needs further investigation.
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Cálcio , Diálise/métodos , Soluções para Hemodiálise/química , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/análise , Cálcio/farmacologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although chronic kidney disease is associated with other bone disorders, osteoporosis can be found in this context, and it is defined based on bone mineral density (BMD), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. As CKD progresses, the percentage of normal BMD decreases, whereas that of osteopenia/osteoporosis increases, mostly due to hip involvement, particularly in patients with reduced renal function. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the features of bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with assorted kidney diseases and hypothesized that low BMD, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), would be more prevalent as kidney function decreased and would correlate with biomarkers of mineral and bone disease. METHODS: DXA obtained from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, clinical, demographic, and biochemical data at the time of image acquisition were recorded. Data from 1172 patients were included in this study (81.3% women, 79.9% white, and 8.1% diabetic). RESULTS: Osteopenia and osteoporosis in at least one site (total hip or spine) were found in 32.7% and 20.0% of patients, respectively. As CKD progressed, the percentage of patients with normal BMD decreased, whereas the percentage of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased, which was mostly due to the total hip involvement, particularly in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Older age and hyperparathyroidism were independent risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis at the total hip; female gender, older age, and higher iCa were independently associated with the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis at the spine. With eGFR > 90 ml/min as reference, the odds ratios for osteoporosis/osteopenia at the hip were 1.51 (95% CI 1.01-2.24) and 1.91 (95% CI 1.13-3.20) for patients with eGFR 30-60 and 15-30 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. No CKD stage was significantly associated with the risk of osteoporosis/osteopenia at the spine. CONCLUSION: Our results highlighted that low BMD in patients with CKD is associated with age and hyperparathyroidism, and affects predominantly the hip.
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Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/etiologia , Articulação do Quadril/fisiopatologia , Vértebras Lombares/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Idoso , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/fisiopatologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/etiologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Poultry litter is widely used as fertilizer in soils and can be a relevant source of heavy metals for agricultural environments. In this study, poultry litter fertilization of long-term (< 1-30 years) was evaluated in tropical soils. Our main goal was to investigate the occurrence of temporal variation in the available fraction of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Mn) in soils, in addition to their environmental loads through new indexes for risk assessment. The highest mean concentrations in poultry litter were the following: 525 mg kg-1 for Mn, 146 mg kg-1 for Zn, and 94.4 mg kg-1 for Cu. For soils, concentrations were higher for the same heavy metals: Mn (906 mg kg-1), Zn (111 mg kg-1), and Cu (26.3 mg kg-1). Significant accumulation (p < 0.05) in fertilized soils was observed for Cu, Cr, and Zn. The high estimates of poultry litter input based on geological background (LIGB) for Cu, Cr, and Zn coincided with the accumulation observed in soils, confirming the effectiveness of the index. The risk of biogeochemical transfer based on fertilized soils (LIFS) decreased for Cu, Cr, and Zn between 10 and 30 years of soil fertilization. For Mn, a very high LIFS was estimated in all long-term fertilized soils. The proposed indices, based on heavy metal concentration, can be used in risk assessments to guide future studies that analyze other environmental matrices possibly impacted by manure and poultry litter fertilization.
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Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Fertilizantes/análise , Esterco/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Solo/química , Agricultura , Animais , Brasil , Aves Domésticas , Medição de Risco , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
Results from bone biopsy and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) were compared in 31 CKD patients. There was an agreement mainly for cortical compartment that may represent a perspective on the fracture risk assessment. HR-pQCT also provided some clues on the turnover status, which warrants further studies. INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at high risk of bone disease. Although bone biopsy is considered the best method to evaluate bone disease, it is expensive and not always available. Here we have compared, for the first time, data obtained from bone biopsy and HR-pQCT in a sample of CKD patients on dialysis. METHODS: HR-pQCT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed in 31 CKD patients (30 on dialysis). Biopsies were analyzed by quantitative histomorphometry, and classified according to TMV. RESULTS: We have found an inverse correlation between radius cortical density measured by HR-pQCT, with serum, as well as histomorphometric bone remodeling markers. Trabecular density and BV/TV measured through HR-pQCT in the distal radius correlated with trabecular and mineralized trabecular bone volume. Trabecular number, separation, and thickness obtained from HR-pQCT and from bone biopsy correlated with each other. Patients with cortical porosity on bone histomorphometry presented lower cortical density at the distal radius. Cortical density at radius was higher while bone alkaline phosphatase was lower in patients with low turnover. Combined, these parameters could identify the turnover status better than individually. CONCLUSIONS: There was an agreement between HR-pQCT and bone biopsy parameters, particularly in cortical compartment, which may point to a new perspective on the fracture risk assessment for CKD patients. Besides classical bone resorption markers, HR-pQCT provided some clues on the turnover status by measurements of cortical density at radius, although the significance of this finding warrants further studies.
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Osteoporose/etiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Adulto , Biópsia , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoporose/patologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Rádio (Anatomia)/patologia , Rádio (Anatomia)/fisiopatologia , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tíbia/patologia , Tíbia/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Abstract The diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is often a challenge to clinicians, especially due to the low sensitivity and long turnaround time of the classic diagnostic methods. In recent years, studies involving a variety of non-culture-based diagnostic tests have been published in the literature. We performed a systematic review by selecting studies evaluating non-culture-based diagnostic methods for progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. We searched for articles evaluating detection of antibody, antigens, as well as DNA-based diagnostic methods. A comprehensive PUBMED, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library search was performed between the years 1956 and 2016. Case reports, review articles, non-human models and series involving less than 10 patients were excluded. We found 278 articles and after initial review 18 articles were included: (12) involved antigen detection methods, (4) molecular methods, and (2) antibody detection methods. Here we demonstrate that the pursuit of new technologies is ultimately required for the early and accurate diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. In particular, urinary antigen detection was the most accurate tool when compared with other diagnostic techniques.
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Humanos , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/métodos , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is often a challenge to clinicians, especially due to the low sensitivity and long turnaround time of the classic diagnostic methods. In recent years, studies involving a variety of non-culture-based diagnostic tests have been published in the literature. We performed a systematic review by selecting studies evaluating non-culture-based diagnostic methods for progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. We searched for articles evaluating detection of antibody, antigens, as well as DNA-based diagnostic methods. A comprehensive PUBMED, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library search was performed between the years 1956 and 2016. Case reports, review articles, non-human models and series involving less than 10 patients were excluded. We found 278 articles and after initial review 18 articles were included: (12) involved antigen detection methods, (4) molecular methods, and (2) antibody detection methods. Here we demonstrate that the pursuit of new technologies is ultimately required for the early and accurate diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. In particular, urinary antigen detection was the most accurate tool when compared with other diagnostic techniques.
Assuntos
Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/métodos , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeAssuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Bordetella pertussis/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/diagnóstico , Coqueluche/diagnóstico , Brasil , Portador Sadio , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/microbiologia , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseAssuntos
Bordetella pertussis/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/diagnóstico , Coqueluche/diagnóstico , Brasil , Portador Sadio , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
O tratamento das doenças autoimunes sofreu grande avanço nos últimos anos. A artrite reumatoide, de etiologia desconhecida, porém com uma desregulação do sistema imunológico relacionada à sua eclosão e evolução, é hoje passível de tratamento, visando à remissão tanto clínica quanto das lesões estruturais. Além dos anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos utilizados para alívio dos sintomas, várias outras drogas, rotuladas de modificadoras do curso da doença (DMCDs), que visam controlar este distúrbio imunológico expresso pela atividade de diversos mediadores inflamatórios, estão contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e do prognóstico dos pacientes.
Autoimmune diseases, as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had a strong development in their treatment last years. Over the past years, the knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanism of RA has advanced dramatically, with the development of new classes of drugs and the implementation of different strategies of treatment and follow-up. Beside this new drugs, the associated use of the anti-inflammatory drugs, corticoids, sintetic or traditionals disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs allow control or suppress the disease activity giving a better quality of life and prognosis to the patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Artrite Reumatoide/terapia , Terapia Biológica , /uso terapêutico , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Fadiga/etiologia , Fator Reumatoide , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos Cíclicos/imunologia , Indução de Remissão , Sistema ImunitárioRESUMO
Punta Lara Natural Reserve shelters the relict of the Southernmost riparian forest in the world, where the flora is threatened by the anthropic expansion and by the introduction of exotic species. In this area the ferns and lycophytes grow in particular environments as marshland, grassland and marginal forest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity of ferns and lycophytes that inhabit in Punta Lara Natural Reserve. Field trips were conducted from 2006 to 2009 and local herbaria and specific bibliography were also revised. As a result of our study twenty four taxa of ferns and lycophytes were recognized. Their habit was mainly terrestrial (70%), fewer aquatic (17%) and epiphytic (13%). Five native taxa were scarcely recorded whereas two native species previously documented were not found. We assume that the main threats on ferns and lycophytes populations in Punta Lara Reserve are: removal for comercialization, invasion by exotic species and climatic fluctuations (drought periods). Keys for taxa identification are given and strategies for the conservation of threatened taxa are proposed.
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Biodiversidade , Gleiquênias/classificação , Argentina , Conservação dos Recursos NaturaisRESUMO
Diversity of ferns and lycophytes from Reserva Natural Punta Lara, Buenos Aires , Argentina. Punta Lara Natural Reserve shelters the relict of the Southernmost riparian forest in the world, where the flora is threatened by the anthropic expansion and by the introduction of exotic species. In this area the ferns and lycophytes grow in particular environments as marshland, grassland and marginal forest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity of ferns and lycophytes that inhabit in Punta Lara Natural Reserve. Field trips were conducted from 2006 to 2009 and local herbaria and specific bibliography were also revised. As a result of our study twenty four taxa of ferns and lycophytes were recognized. Their habit was mainly terrestrial (70%), fewer aquatic (17%) and epiphytic (13%). Five native taxa were scarcely recorded whereas two native species previously documented were not found. We assume that the main threats on ferns and lycophytes populations in Punta Lara Reserve are: removal for comercialization, invasion by exotic species and climatic fluctuations (drought periods). Keys for taxa identification are given and strategies for the conservation of threatened taxa are proposed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1037-1046. Epub 2011 September 01.
Hasta el año 1987 el número de helechos y licofitas citados para la Reserva Punta Lara era de 30, incluyendo taxa específicos e infraespecíficos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la diversidad de los helechos y licofitas que crecen en esta reserva, donde se halla el relicto más austral de las selvas en galería. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se realizaron viajes de campo durante los años 2006-2009 y se consultaron herbarios locales así como bibliografía especializada. Como resultado del estudio se determinaron 24 taxa de helechos y licofitas, de hábito predominantemente terrestre (70%); pocas acuáticas (17%) y epífitas (13%); dos especies exóticas, mientras que otras dos especies nativas citadas previamente no fueron halladas. Cinco taxa fueron registrados con escasa frecuencia. Se infiere que las principales causas de amenaza para las poblaciones de licofitas y helechos en la Reserva Natural Punta Lara son la extracción para su comercialización, la introducción de plantas exóticas y las fluctuaciones climáticas (periodos de sequía). Se presenta una clave de identificación de los taxa registrados y se plantean futuras estrategias de conservación de las especies consideradas vulnerables.
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Biodiversidade , Gleiquênias/classificação , Argentina , Conservação dos Recursos NaturaisRESUMO
Se investigaron los efectos hemodinámicos del azul de metileno (AM) antes de administrar una dosis única (1,5 mg/kg, IV) de veneno total (VT) de Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Doce ratas machos adultas fueron subdivididas en dos grupos: grupo I, 6 ratas tratadas con VT y grupo II, 6 ratas tratadas con solución AM al 2% (dosis única: 2 mg/kg, IV), 40 min después, se administró VT, como en el grupo I. Previamente, cada rata fue anestesiada con una mezcla de azaperona:ketamina. Se canuló la arteria y vena femoral para el registro de presión arterial directa y administración de soluciones, respectivamente. La frecuencia cardiaca (FC) se estimó usando registros electrocardiográficos. Se midió presión arterial media (PAM) y FC antes y después de administrar las soluciones (5; 10; 20 y 30 minutos post-administración). El efecto del VT y del VT+AM sobre las variables, se analizó por ANOVA para muestras seriadas en el tiempo. Los resultados demuestran caída de PAM (87,0 ± 8,4 a 31,8 ± 3,6 mmHg) y FC (260,0 ± 12,7 a 170,0 ± 10,0 lat/min) en grupo I, a 5 min de la administración del VT. Los valores descendieron durante 10 min, hasta la muerte de los animales. El grupo II no mostró cambios significativos (P>0,05) en PAM y FC post-AM durante 40 min. Seguidamente se inyectó VT y la PAM cayó de 73,0 ± 6,6 a 27,0 ± 2,8 mmHg y FC de 360,0 ± 9,9 a 180,0 ± 9,0 l/min, similar (P>0,05) al grupo I. Transcurridos 10 min, hubo recuperación de variables, alcanzando a los 30 min valores de 72,6 ± 7,9 mmHg y 360 ± 11 lat/min, respectivamente, con sobrevivencia del 100% a las 24h. Considerando que AM inhibe la guanilato ciclasa soluble, el blanco celular del oxido nítrico (ON), VT pudiera activar al ON, siendo éste parcialmente responsable de los cambios hemodinámicos observados. Azul de metileno podría representar una potencial herramienta terapéutica útil en el shock circulatorio inducido por una dosis letal de VT.
The effects of pre treatment with methylene blue (MB) on the cardiovascular effect caused by the administration of total venom (TV) of Crotalus durissus cumanensis was studied in adult rats, allocated into two groups: group I, six rats treated with TV (single dose: 1.5 mg/kg, IV) and group II, six rats treated with a 2% solution of methylene blue (single dose: 2 mg/kg, IV) and forty min later, TV was injected as in group I. Before the onset of the experiments, each rat was anesthetized with azaperone:ketamine. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated to record blood pressure (mean arterial pressure: MAP) and to infuse solutions, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was estimated by electrocardiography. MAP and HR were measured before and after the treatments (5, 10, 20 and 30 min). Differences between treatments were estimated by repeated measures ANOVA. A sudden (5min) reduction in MAP (from 87.0 ± 8.4 to 31.8 ± 3.6mmHg) and HR (from 260.0 ± 12.7 to 170.0 ± 10.0 lat/min) was observed in group I. This reduction was steadily during the first 10 min, followed by death in all treated rats. Rats in group II did not exhibit significant (P>0.05) changes in MAP and HR after the administration of methylene blue. Forty min later, TV was injected causing a reduction in MAP (73.0 ± 6.6 to 27.0 ± 2.8mmHg) and HR (360.0 ± 9.9 to 180.0 ± 9.0 l/min). After 10 min, the MAP and HR returned to baseline levels, reaching 72.6 ± 7.9 mmHg and 360.0 ± 11.0 lat/min, respectively, with a 100% survival at 24h. Methylene blue inhibits soluble guanylate cyclase, the cellular target of nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, the possibility exists that this venom might activate the production and release of NO, contributing to the observed hypotension and bradycardia. Since MB restored these haemodynamic variables and avoided the venom-evoked death at 24 hours, it might be a potential useful therapeutic tool to control the shock caused by this total venom.
RESUMO
El cloranfenicol ha sido prohibido en animales para consumo humano; sin embargo, recientemente varios laboratorios de control en países desarrollados han detectado residuos de dicho antibiótico en alimentos de origen animal procedentes de Sur América. En Venezuela, la prohibición data desde 1988, pero recientemente se han detectado residuos de este fármaco en hígado y riñón de bovinos, y en leche de larga duración para consumo humano, por lo que se sospecha que se está comercializando en forma ilegal; así se planteó como objetivo, evidenciar la presencia de residuos de cloranfenicol en riñones de cerdos. Se tomaron en forma aleatoria muestras de riñón de cerdos de tres plantas beneficiadoras (n: 150 muestras), en el período agosto a diciembre del 2004, y que fueron posteriormente llevadas al laboratorio para su procesamiento y análisis según el método ELISA-RIDASCREEN® con un límite de detección: 12,5 ng/kg, para evidenciar su presencia y cuantificar niveles de cloranfenicol. Los resultados evidenciaron residuos de cloranfenicol en el 17% de las muestras de cerdos con niveles que oscilan entre 13,6-42,9 ng/kg. Tales resultados evidencian así una violación en las normas internacionales y nacionales de prohibición en el uso de este antibiótico, lo cual podría determinar graves problemas en salud pública, dadas las reacciones adversas que este agente ocasiona en humanos.
Chloramphenicol has been banned for animal consumption but recently several control laboratories in developed countries have identified residues in food of animal origin from South America. In Venezuela, the ban dates back to 1988, but have recently been detected drug residues in bovine liver and kidney, and long-life milk for human consumption, it is suspected that is being marketed illegally in the antibiotic thus arises as an objective, evidence the presence of residues of chloramphenicol in pig kidneys for human consumption. Samples of pig kidney benefiting from three floors (n: 150 samples) were taken in random, from August to December 2004 and taken to the laboratory for processing and analysis using the method RIDASCREEN®-ELISA (detection limit 12.5ng/kg), to demonstrate the presence and quantify levels of chloramphenicol. The results showed residues of chloramphenicol in 17% of samples from pigs (13.6-42.9ng/kg).These results show a violation of national and international laws banning the use of this antibiotic, which could lead to serious problems in public health because of the adverse reactions this agent causes in humans.
RESUMO
El amitraz es una formamidina usada como ectoparasiticida en Medicina Veterinaria. Su toxicidad intravenosa y oral ha sido reportada, aunque su prescripción se fundamenta en aplicaciones tópicas. Esta investigación evaluó los efectos cronotrópicos y dromotrópicos de la aplicación tópica de amitraz (12% v/v; 4mL/L) en ratas anestesiadas con pentobarbital sódico y en perros conscientes. Se usaron 16 ratas y 12 perros, los cuales se sometieron a un electrocardiograma (ECG) control. Subsecuentemente, a 16 ratas se les aplicó amitraz en baño de inmersión por 2 min y a 12 perros se les aplicó baños de aspersión. Posteriormente, se registraron dos ECGs consecutivos cada 30 min, durante 1 h. Como indicadores de cronotropismo y dromotropismo, se usaron la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y el intervalo P-R, respectivamente. La FC en ratas fue reducida (control: 265,7±12,1 lat/min vs amitraz: 234, 4±13,8 lat/min) a los 30 min del baño con amitraz, alcanzando diferencias significativas (P<0,05), a los 60 min (225,0±13,6 lat/min). Se prolongó el intervalo P-R (control: 54,3±2,0 mseg vs amitraz: 67,9±2,4 mseg) (P<0,05) a los 30 min y 60 min (72,1±2,8 mseg), respectivamente. En contraste, no se observaron cambios significativos en la FC e intervalo P-R en perros. Los efectos cronotrópicos y dromotrópicos negativos observados en ratas, podrían reflejar una acción agonista a2-adrenérgica presináptica en el sistema nervioso central, con la consecuente reducción del tono simpático, sin descartar una acción parasimpaticomimética. Posiblemente, la absorción cutánea del amitraz en caninos, sería incapaz de desarrollar estos efectos. En caninos sin premedicación, pudieran desarrollarse respuestas autonómicas reflejas capaces de regular un posible efecto del amitraz sobre las variables estudiadas. Las dosis terapéuticas de amitraz, no produjeron cambios en el ECG de caninos aparentemente sanos. Se requieren experimentos adicionales para esclarecer si dosis superiores en aplicación tópica actúan en forma similar en perros con lesiones de piel producidas por ácaros o garrapatas.
Amitraz is a diamidine molecule widely used as an ectoparasiticide in Veterinary Medicine. Although amitraz is prescribed as a topical treatment, its toxicity has been reported in oral and intravenous administration. This investigation assessed the potential chronotropic and dromotropic effects of topical amitraz (12% v/v; 4mL/L) in anesthetized rats and conscious dogs. Sixteen rats and twelve dogs were used. Before treatment, body surface was moistened with water and all animals were subjected to a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG). Subsequently, amitraz was applied to rats (n=16) as an immersion bath for 2 min, or as a spray application to dogs (n=12), respectively. Two consecutive ECGs were recorded at 30 min interval for 1 h. The heart rate (HR) and the P-R intervals were calculated to estimate chronotropism and dromotropism, respectively. The HR of rats was reduced (control: 265.7±12.1 beats/min vs amitraz: 234.4±13.8 beats/min) at 30 min after amitraz application, reaching a significant (P<0,05) value at 60 min (225.0±13.6 beats/min). The P-R interval was significantly (P<0.05) prolonged at 30 min (control: 54.3±2.0 msec vs amitraz: 67.9±2.4 msec) and 60 min (72.1±2.8 msec), respectively. In contrast, no significant changes in HR and P-R interval were found in dogs treated with amitraz. The negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects observed in rats may reflect the activation of pre-synaptic a2-adrenoceptors in the central nervous system and a reduction in the sympathetic outflow, without excluding a potential parasympatomimetic effect. The lack of these effects in dogs might be related either to reduced skin absorption or to a potential autonomic regulatory reflex in conscious dogs. The therapeutic dose of amitraz used herein did not modify the ECG in apparently healthy dogs. Further experiments are required to establish the effects of higher topical doses in dogs suffering from skin diseases related to mites or ticks infestations.