RESUMO

La práctica de la urología ya no es como previamente se concebía. Hace muchos años se pensaba que el modelo de aprendizaje quirúrgico era "lea, vea, ayude, haga y enseñe"; estrategia que permitió formar a grandes, talentosos y hábiles cirujanos,[1] sin embargo, ya no es de esta manera. La cirugía mínimamente invasiva y la robótica ha permitido reconocer que se requiere una curva de aprendizaje previo a operar un paciente real. De aquí que un número importante de "horas de vuelo" sean necesarias para adquirir un grupo de habilidades y destrezas para la competencia en un área.[2] De igual manera, la cirugía es una profesión que depende de la adquisición y aplicación de habilidades psicomotoras, cuya limitación de obtenerlas, se traducirá en consecuencias negativas para su entrenamiento y finalmente para el paciente.

The practice of urology is no longer as it was previously conceived. Many years ago it was thought that the surgical learning model was "read, see, help, do and teach"; a strategy that trained great, talented and skilled surgeons,[1] however, it is no longer this way. Minimally invasive surgery and robotics have made it possible to recognize that a learning curve is required prior to operating on a real patient. Hence, a significant number of "flight hours" are necessary to acquire a set of skills and abilities for competence in an area.[2] Similarly, surgery is a profession that depends on the acquisition and application of psychomotor skills, the limitation of which, if not obtained, will result in negative consequences for your training and ultimately for the patient.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors for failure of endoscopic ureteric stenting in patients with malignant ureteric obstruction. METHODS: We performed a search strategy in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), the Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde database (LILACS), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. We included patients with malignant ureteric obstruction, who had a JJ catheter insertion. The studies reported the percentage of failure and risk factors, e.g. bladder invasion or deformity of the trigone, hydronephrosis, renal failure, previous radiotherapy, age, obstruction aetiology, and patient's health status. We performed a meta-analysis using R software ('meta' and 'metafor' libraries). RESULTS: We included nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, with 761 patients and an average age of 60.5 years. The studies assessed the time to failure during the first 30 days. The reported failure rate was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21-45%; I2 = 88%). Regarding risk factors for failure, bladder invasion or deformity of the trigone had a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.8 (95% CI 1.28-8.5; I2 = 97.4%); severe hydronephrosis had a HR of 3.92 (95% CI 0.32-7.52; I2 = 93.9%); and age <65 years had a HR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.8-0.9; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high probability of failure for endoscopic urinary decompression in patients with malignant ureteric obstruction. Factors such as bladder invasion or deformity of the trigone and age >65 years had an increased risk of failure.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an adjustable sling compared with an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in patients with severe urinary incontinence (SUI) postprostatectomy (PP). METHODS: This review was carried out following the Cochrane Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) declaration. We searched Medline, Embase, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases. Studies with patients older than 18 years of age with SUI PP who underwent sling or AUS intervention and had been monitored for longer than 12 months were included. RESULTS: Seven studies were included, yielding a sample size of 420. Pads were reportedly dry or improved in 70% of the sling group compared with 74% in the AUS group. The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, Short Form (IIQ-7) was the most frequently used scale and showed improvement, with a score of 82.8% in the AUS group compared with 86.1% in the sling group. When comparing interventions with nonintervention, relative risks (RRs) of 35.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.17-174.35) and 45.14 (95% CI: 11.09-183.70) were found for the adjustable sling and AUS, respectively, which were statistically significant. No significant differences were found when AUS versus adjustable sling were compared, with an RR of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.09-6.56). We found a low risk of bias in most studies. CONCLUSIONS: Both interventions can reduce incontinence and improve the quality of life of patients with SUI PP. The published literature is substantially limited as no randomized clinical trials are available, no consensus has been reached regarding the definition of severity of incontinence, and considerable heterogeneity exists across the outcome variables measured.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal trauma. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing PDE5 inhibitors versus placebo were carried out for clinical trials conducted between 1980 and 2014 that evaluated male patients older than 18 years, diagnosed with spinal cord trauma and erectile dysfunction. We designed a search strategy for Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE and other electronic sources. Two investigators independently and blindly screened the studies for inclusion. A random effect meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Six studies involving 963 patients were included. Male patients over 18 years with ED attributable or subsequent to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) were included from these studies. In 4 of these studies, patients were randomized to the treatment group receiving sildenafil and the comparison group was placebo. Out of the remaining 2 trials, one compared tadalafil against the placebo and the other vardenafil versus placebo. The improvement on SCIs with PDE5 inhibitors was found to be large (standardized mean difference 0.71; 95% CI 0.39-1.03), with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 74.4%). CONCLUSIONS: PDE5 inhibitors are effective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction secondary to SCI.

Assuntos