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1.
Rev. chil. cir ; 70(4): 373-381, ago. 2018. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-959399

RESUMO

Resumen Las deformidades de la caja torácica se pueden dividir en dos tipos, las que son productos del desarrollo anormal del pecho en el crecimiento y las congénitas que son las secundarias a una malformación estructural del pecho evidente en el nacimiento. Las malformaciones del desarrollo son las más comunes, como por ejemplo pectus excavatum o pectun carinatum. Las menos comunes son las de tipo congénito: síndrome de Poland, displasia espondilotorácica, displasia espondilocostal, síndrome de Jeune y los defectos de la costilla o el esternón. Las deformidades del pecho de tipo congénita se caracterizan por afectar la relación entre la columna vertebral, la caja torácica y los pulmones. La mayoría de estos pacientes desarrollan un disturbio respiratorio progresivo de tipo restrictivo conocido como Síndrome de Insuficiencia Torácica. Este síndrome se define como la deficiencia de la caja torácica para mantener una respiración normal y sostener el crecimiento fisiológico del pulmón. En este artículo discutiremos varias condiciones que afectan el desarrollo y función de la caja torácica.


Chest wall deformities are divided as an abnormal development during the growth or those secondary to a congenital malformation. The developmental type is the most common: pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum. The less common are the congenital types of chest wall abnormalities: Poland's syndrome, Jeune's syndrome, espondylothoracic dysplasia, espondylocostal dysplasia and defects of the ribs or sternum. The congenital type usually affects the relationship between the spine, rib cage and the lungs. Therefore, many of these patients will develop a progressive respiratory disturbance of restrictive type known as Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome. Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is defining as a deficiency of the rib cage to maintain a normal respiration and to sustain the physiological growth of the lungs. In this article will discuss several conditions that will affect the development and function of the chest wall.


Assuntos
Humanos , Osteocondrodisplasias/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Poland/diagnóstico , Tórax/anormalidades , Pectus Carinatum/diagnóstico , Tórax em Funil/diagnóstico , Osteocondrodisplasias/terapia , Síndrome de Poland/terapia , Pectus Carinatum/terapia , Tórax em Funil/terapia
2.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(1): 107-10, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17294009

RESUMO

Previous studies have not found hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Amerindians from Western Venezuela. A survey of 254 Bari and Yukpa natives aged 10-60 years (mean +/- SD age = 35 +/- 5.4 years) from four communities, two Bari and two Yukpa, in this area were studied to assess the prevalence of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA among these indigenous populations. Serum samples were examined initially for anti-HCV by a four generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive samples were then tested using a third generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-3). Viral RNA was investigated in all immunoblot-reactive samples by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Six (2.3%) of 254 natives were positive by ELISA, one (2.2%) of these reactive samples were positive by RIBA, and four (1.5%) were indeterminate. Only two (0.8%) were positive by PCR, corresponding to 1 (2.1%) of 47 inhabitants of a Yukpa community and to 1 (2.2%) of 45 subjects of a Bari community. Iatrogenic is thought to play a role in acquisition of the infection. The findings indicate a HCV focus of low endemicity and are compatible with a low degree of exposures of the natives to the virus. Studies are necessary to assess the risk factors for infection in these Amerindians.


Assuntos
Hepacivirus/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/sangue , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , RNA Viral/análise , Venezuela/epidemiologia
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(1): 107-110, Feb. 2007. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-440633

RESUMO

Previous studies have not found hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Amerindians from Western Venezuela. A survey of 254 Bari and Yukpa natives aged 10-60 years (mean ± SD age = 35 ± 5.4 years) from four communities, two Bari and two Yukpa, in this area were studied to assess the prevalence of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA among these indigenous populations. Serum samples were examined initially for anti-HCV by a four generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive samples were then tested using a third generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-3). Viral RNA was investigated in all immunoblot-reactive samples by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Six (2.3 percent) of 254 natives were positive by ELISA, one (2.2 percent) of these reactive samples were positive by RIBA, and four (1.5 percent) were indeterminate. Only two (0.8 percent) were positive by PCR, corresponding to 1 (2.1 percent) of 47 inhabitants of a Yukpa community and to 1 (2.2 percent) of 45 subjects of a Bari community. Iatrogenic is thought to play a role in acquisition of the infection. The findings indicate a HCV focus of low endemicity and are compatible with a low degree of exposures of the natives to the virus. Studies are necessary to assess the risk factors for infection in these Amerindians.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite C/sangue , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , RNA Viral/análise , Venezuela/epidemiologia
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; Cad. Saúde Pública (Online);19(6): 1583-1591, nov.-dez. 2003. mapas, tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-361209

RESUMO

A lo largo de los últimos veinte años, las hepatitis víricas se han revelado como un importante problema para las comunidades indígenas de la cuenca amazónica y de otros ecosistemas similares del norte y centro de Sudamérica. Los estudios realizados en comunidades de Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Perú y Venezuela han demostrado una alta propensión endémica para la infección por el virus de la hepatitis B, que se asocia con frecuencia a una elevada prevalencia de coinfección con el virus de la hepatitis D entre los portadores crónicos. La circulación de ambos agentes responde a su transmisión horizontal durante la infancia, a través de mecanismos aún poco conocidos. Por el contrario, la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C es aún muy infrecuente entre los indígenas. No existen, por el momento, datos suficientes para evaluar el impacto real que esta endemia pueda tener sobre la salud de esas poblaciones. Considerando que la transmisión de estos agentes podría involucrar mecanismos que quizá no actúen en otras regiones, parece indispensable investigar dichos mecanismos y prevenir cuidadosamente la introducción del virus de la hepatitis C en esas comunidades, ya que las consecuencias para su salud podrían ser muy graves.


Assuntos
Hepatite Crônica/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Hepatite Viral Humana
5.
J Gen Virol ; 84(Pt 8): 2083-2087, 2003 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12867638

RESUMO

The precore mutation G(1896)-->A occurs frequently in anti-HBe-positive carriers of HBsAg with T(1858) in the stem of the encapsidation signal. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype F, considered an Amerindian genotype, subdivides into two clades and the precore mutation occurs in Central American F strains. To investigate the relationship between substitutions at position 1858 and these clades, the precore and small S genes of 48 strains of HBV genotype F were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Isolates of one clade, formed mainly of Central American strains, all had T(1858) and Thr(45) in the S gene, whereas in the other clade, formed mainly of South American strains and one strain from Polynesia, all had C(1858) and Leu(45). The latter strain was related to strains from Venezuela and Colombia, supporting an Amerindian contribution to the Polynesian population. The position of the Polynesian strain in the phylogenetic tree indicates that the two clades have resulted from an early split, showing a high degree of genetic stability of the stem of the HBsAg encapsidation signal.


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Antígenos do Núcleo do Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Mutação , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , América Central , Genótipo , Antígenos do Núcleo do Vírus da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Polinésia , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do Sul
6.
Cad Saude Publica ; 19(6): 1583-91, 2003.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14999325

RESUMO

On the last twenty years, viral hepatitis has emerged as a serious problem in almost all the Amerindian communities studied in the Amazon Basin and in other Amazon-related ecological systems from the North and Center of South America. Studies performed on communities from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela have shown a high endemicity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection all over the region, which is frequently associated to a high prevalence of infection by hepatitis D virus among the chronic HBV carriers. Circulation of both agents responds mainly to horizontal virus transmission during childhood through mechanisms that are not fully understood. By contrast, infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is present in all the urban areas of South America, is still very uncommon among them. At the moment, there is not data enough to evaluate properly the true incidence that such endemicity may have on the health of the populations affected. Since viral transmission might be operated by mechanisms that could not be acting in other areas of the World, it seems essential to investigate such mechanisms and to prevent the introduction of HCV into these populations, which consequences for health could be very serious.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepatite D Crônica/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite/análise , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/análise , Hepatite B Crônica/transmissão , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepatite C Crônica/transmissão , Hepatite D Crônica/transmissão , Humanos , Prevalência , América do Sul/epidemiologia
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 5(3): 144-151, mar. 1999. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-244128

RESUMO

De 1992 a 1996 se realizó, en Bolivia, un estudio seroepidemiológico con el fin de adquirir una primera visión de conjunto sobre las prevalencias de las infecciones por virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), C (VHC), D (VHD) y E (VHE) en distintas poblaciones de Bolivia. Sobre la base de los datos obtenidos en otros lugares de América Latina, se prestó atención especial al estudio de las comunidades autóctonas de la región amazónica. En las zonas rurales del altiplano andino, la infección por VHB presentó una prevalencia general que correspondería a una situación de endemia media o baja (11,2 por cien) y no se encontró ningún portador de anticuerpos contra VHC o VHD. En dos poblaciones de alto riesgo de la ciudad de Cochabamba (niños sin hogar y trabajadoras del sexo), la prevelencia de infección por VHB fue similar (11,6 por cien) y podría considerarse baja en comparación con la de otras poblaciones análogas de núcleos urbanos en América Latina. La correspondiente al VHC (un caso positivo, 0,5 por cien) sería parecida a la descrita en esas mismas poblaciones, si bien el escaso número de muestras estudiadas no permite extraer conclusiones más firmes. En concordancia con observaciones anteriores de comunidades similares de zonas tropicales de Suramérica, en las poblaciones autóctonas de la Amazonia boliviana la infección por VHB es sumamente endémica (prevalencia general de 74,0 por cien), pero no se ha detectado la circulación de VHC. Se sabe que la transmisión de VHB es horizontal y tiene lugar desde edades muy tempranas, pero se desconocen los mecanismos de esa actividad. La tasa muy baja de individuos positivos al HbsAg (1,6 por cien), la ausencia de ADN vírico en las muestras con reactividad aislada a anti-HBc y la alta prevalencia de anti-HBs entre los individuos que presentan marcadores de infección natural (92,4 por cien) excluyen la participación de la transmisión vertical en el mantenimiento de la endemia. Hasta el momento, no se ha documentado ningún brote de infección por VHD en estas comunidades, pero la alta endemia de infección por VHB alerta sobre el riesgo de posibles brotes en el futuro. Los resultados obtenidos con las pruebas de anticuerpos contra VHE sugieren que este virus circula ampliamente en Bolivia. Se recomienda vacunar contra VHB en las poblaciones endémicas como medida de corto plazo y buscar activamente en todo el país brotes y casos esporádicos de hepatitis E


Assuntos
Vírus Delta da Hepatite , Vírus da Hepatite B , Estudos Transversais , Vírus da Hepatite E , Hepacivirus , Bolívia
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