RESUMO
Maternal anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period might have long-term health effects on both the mother and the developing child. Valerian is a phytotherapeutic agent that is widely used for the treatment of anxiety. This study investigated the effects of valerian treatment in postpartum rats on maternal care, toxicity, and milk composition. Postnatal development, memory, and anxiety behavior in the offspring were also assessed. Postpartum Wistar rats received the valerian (500, 1000, or 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1) by oral gavage. Clinical and biochemical toxicity was evaluated with commercial kits. Maternal behavior was observed daily. Milk composition was analyzed by colorimetric methods. Physical and neuromotor tests were used to analyze postnatal development. Anxiolytic activity was assessed by the elevated plus maze, and memory was evaluated by the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Maternal toxicity and care behavior were not altered by the treatment, while only the highest dose promoted a significant increase of lactose, and the doses 1000 and 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1 promoted a reduction of protein contents in milk. Postnatal development was similar in all offspring. Adult offspring did not display altered anxiety behavior, while long-term memory was impaired in the female adult offspring by maternal treatment with 1000 mg·kg-1·day-1. These results suggested that high doses of valerian had significant effects on important maternal milk components and can cause long-term alterations of offspring memory; thus, treatment with high doses of valerian is not safe for breastfeeding Wistar rat mothers.
Assuntos
Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Valeriana , Animais , Humanos , Memória de Longo Prazo , Leite Humano , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Maternal anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period might have long-term health effects on both the mother and the developing child. Valerian is a phytotherapeutic agent that is widely used for the treatment of anxiety. This study investigated the effects of valerian treatment in postpartum rats on maternal care, toxicity, and milk composition. Postnatal development, memory, and anxiety behavior in the offspring were also assessed. Postpartum Wistar rats received the valerian (500, 1000, or 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1) by oral gavage. Clinical and biochemical toxicity was evaluated with commercial kits. Maternal behavior was observed daily. Milk composition was analyzed by colorimetric methods. Physical and neuromotor tests were used to analyze postnatal development. Anxiolytic activity was assessed by the elevated plus maze, and memory was evaluated by the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Maternal toxicity and care behavior were not altered by the treatment, while only the highest dose promoted a significant increase of lactose, and the doses 1000 and 2000 mg·kg-1·day-1 promoted a reduction of protein contents in milk. Postnatal development was similar in all offspring. Adult offspring did not display altered anxiety behavior, while long-term memory was impaired in the female adult offspring by maternal treatment with 1000 mg·kg-1·day-1. These results suggested that high doses of valerian had significant effects on important maternal milk components and can cause long-term alterations of offspring memory; thus, treatment with high doses of valerian is not safe for breastfeeding Wistar rat mothers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Gravidez , Ratos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Valeriana , Ratos Wistar , Período Pós-Parto , Memória de Longo Prazo , Leite HumanoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nitric oxide (NO) modulates inflammatory reactions, having beneficial or toxic effects depending on the concentration. Its elevation can cause proinflammatory effects amplifying the inflammatory process with the participation of cytokines. Smoking has a negative impact on health and is considered one of the risk factors that influence disease development facilitating inflammatory processes. AIM: To compare the serum concentration of NO and cytokines in smokers at baseline and after 4months of abstinence treatment. METHODS: Blood samples which were collected to obtain the serum, at baseline and after 4months, were stored at -80°C until analysis. NO was measured by the total dose of nitrite determined by the Greiss method. CBA was the used technique to determine the concentration of cytokines in supernatants serum. The initial and final results of NO, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 that remained after 4months treatment were compared. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the data and Spearman test for correlations between NO and other variables. A significance level of p<0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: The analysis of NO observed a significant reduction (p=0.001) of the initial median value of 18.80 (3.55-80.01) µmol/L to 8.10 (2.85-14.97) µmol/L after 4months of treatment. There were no significant differences in cytokines from baseline to the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: The results may not mean harm to the body, but an adaptive process, decreasing the metabolism of abstinents due to the reduction of the use of nicotine.
Assuntos
Citocinas/sangue , Inflamação/sangue , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Inflamação/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We had previously shown that neonatal leptin treatment programs thyroid function in adulthood. As both thyroid hormones (TH) and leptin increased thermogenesis, it was interesting to evaluate the effect of cold exposure on the thyroid function of neonate rats treated with leptin. Pups were divided into two groups: Lep, injected with leptin (8 mug/100 g/BW, s.c.) for the first 10 days of lactation and control (C), injected with saline. When they were 30 days old, the groups were subdivided into two subgroups: LepC and CC, which were exposed to 8 degrees C for 12 h and compared with C and Lep groups, maintained at 25 +/- 1 degrees C. Serum leptin, TH, and TSH were measured by RIA. Type I liver deiodinase (D1) and mitochondrial alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) activities were assayed by the release of (125)I from (125)I-reverse and colorimetric method respectively. Leptin receptor (OB-Rb) was evaluated by western blot. Lep group had hyperleptinemia (+22%) and lower free tri-iodothyronine (FT(3); -33%). Cold exposure increased TH both in LepC and CC groups compared with respective controls free thyroxine (FT(4):+63 and +39%; FT(3):+75 and +40%). Liver D1 activity was lower in Lep (-22%) and increased with cold exposure (LepC +51% and CC +22%). The mGPD activity was lower in Lep (-34%) and increased (fourfold) when this group is cold exposed. Hypothalamic and thyroidal OB-Rb receptors were lower in Lep group (-47 and -36% respectively) and they were restored to normal levels after cold exposure. Leptin-programmed rats had higher TH response after cold exposure. OB-Rb had a fast response to cold exposure normalizing the lower levels observed in the leptin-programmed animals and may contribute to the higher TH cold responses.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais Recém-Nascidos/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Leptina/administração & dosagem , Receptores para Leptina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores para Leptina/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Western Blotting , Temperatura Corporal , Peso Corporal , Esquema de Medicação , Ingestão de Alimentos , Glicerolfosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Hormônios/sangue , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Iodeto Peroxidase/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Leptina/farmacologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/enzimologia , Concentração Osmolar , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangueRESUMO
Hormones and malnutrition can imprint several changes in the beginning of life that programs homeostatic changes in the adulthood. We analyzed the thyroid function in 21, 30, 60 and 150 days old animals that were injected with leptin on the first 10 days of life, to determine whether this corresponds to a critical period for the establishment of the hormonal imprinting in the programming of the thyroid function. Pups were divided, within 24 hours of birth, into two groups: Lep group, which was injected once daily with 8 microg/100 g B.W. of recombinant mouse leptin for the first 10 days of lactation, and C-control group that received the same volume of saline. Lep group had higher leptin concentration at days 30 (+6 x , p<0.001) and 150 (+108%, p<0.05) than the controls. These animals had lower serum TT4 (-13%; p<0.05) and TT3 (-17.3%; p<0.002) at 30 days and higher serum TT4 and FT4 concentrations at 150 days (+17.5% and +10%, p<0.05 %, respectively, p<0.05) with lower serum TSH concentrations at 60 (-38.5%, p<0.05) and 150 days (-46%, p<0.05). These animals had also lower hepatic mitochondrial alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) activity at 21 (-22.5%; p<0.05), 30 (-50.4%; p<0.05) and 150 days (-40%; p<0.05) than the controls. These data show that the leptin injection in the beginning of lactation cause a hypothyroidism on the offspring as soon as 30 days of age and this alteration may be the imprinted factor for the programming of a higher thyroid function at the adulthood.
Assuntos
Leptina/farmacologia , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Gliceraldeído-3-Fosfato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Ratos , Glândula Tireoide/fisiologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangueRESUMO
We have shown that protein restriction during lactation is associated with higher levels of serum and milk tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) with lower serum thyroxine (T(4)), suggesting an increased T(4) to T(3) conversion. To investigate this hypothesis, the activity of type 1 (D1) and/or type 2 (D2) iodothyronine deiodinases was evaluated on days 4, 12 and 21 of lactation in several tIssues of dams fed an 8% protein-restricted (PR) diet and controls fed a 23% protein diet. Serum TSH, T(3) and T(4) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Deiodinase activity was determined by the release of (125)I from (125)I-reverse T(3), under specific conditions for D1 or D2. PR dams had a transitory reduction in liver D1 activity (P<0.05) on day 12, and a small increase in thyroid D1 on day 12 followed by a small decrease on day 21. However, thyroid D2 activity was higher than controls (P<0.05) during the whole of the lactation period. Mammary gland D1 and D2 activities were lower on day 4 of lactation in PR dams (P<0.05), and D2 was higher on day 21 (P<0.05). Potentially, a lower conversion of T(3) to di-iodothyronine in the mammary glands of PR dams at the beginning of lactation may serve to provide more T(3) through the milk. Brown adipose tIssue (BAT) D2 activity was higher (P<0.05) in PR dams during all periods of lactation. PR dams showed higher skeletal muscle D1 activity only at the end of lactation, but no changes in D2 activity. Higher pituitary D1 and D2 activities in the PR group (P<0.05) at the end of lactation could have contributed to the lower serum TSH. These data suggest that the higher thyroid and BAT D2 activity during the whole of lactation and skeletal muscle D1 activity at the end of lactation may contribute to the higher serum T(3) in PR dams.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Iodeto Peroxidase/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Lactação/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/enzimologia , Animais , Feminino , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Glândula Tireoide/enzimologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangueRESUMO
For this study, we have determined the effects of neonatal leptin treatment on the evolution of body weight. Experiment 1: pups were divided into two groups: LepF - injected with leptin (8 micro g/100 g of body weight) for the first 10 days of lactation and control (C) - receiving saline. Experiment 2: pups were divided into two groups: LepL - injected with the same leptin concentration of experiment one for the last 10 days of lactation, and C, which received saline. Body weight and food intake were monitored until age 150 days, after which leptin concentrations were measured by ELISA. The LepF group had a significant increase in body weight (p < 0.05) from day 98 onward, in food intake (p < 0.05) from day 74 onward, and higher serum leptin concentration compared to the control (108 %, p < 0.05). The LepL group had a significant increase in body weight (p < 0.05) from day 113 onward, in food intake from day 121 onward (p < 0.001), and higher serum leptin concentration compared to controls (6.9 %, p < 0.05). These results suggest that both periods of lactation constituted a critical window for body weight and food intake programming, but the effects are more marked when the leptin is injected within the first ten days.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leptina/farmacologia , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Algoritmos , Animais , Feminino , Lactação/fisiologia , Leptina/sangue , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Some studies have shown that the mother's nutritional condition may influence offspring's endocrine function through metabolic imprinting. Recently, we showed that the kind of maternal malnutrition during lactation affects adult body weight of the offspring and it is related to milk composition. We studied lactating rats fed an 8 % protein-restricted diet (PR), a control 23 % protein diet (C), and an energy-restricted diet group (ER). After weaning, all animals received a normal diet until they were 180 days of age. At this time, the animals received a single i. p. injection of (131)I and were sacrificed 2 h after the injection. Total triiodothyronine (TT3) and total thyroxin (TT4) serum concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The PR group had significantly a higher thyroid (131)I uptake, TT3 serum concentration and in TT4 serum concentration, compared to the controls. The ER group had only significantly higher TT3 serum concentration. These results showed that thyroid function regulation in adulthood may depend on maternal nutritional condition during lactation. Probably, PR group had a high thyroid function, whereas the ER group only had an increase in the deiodination of T4. The hyperthyroidism in the PR group could explain the low body weight observed in those animals.