RESUMO

Brazil has become one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. However, there are still few studies evaluating pesticide toxicity integrating local aquatic and terrestrial environments. In addition, there is growing concern about the influence of temperature conditions related with climate change on contaminants toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the elutriate toxicity of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (a.i. abamectin), the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) and their mixture to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis, using model ecosystems (mesocosms). To this end, mesocosms were filled with natural soil and subjected to the following treatments: Control (Milli-Q water), Kraft (10.8 g abamectin ha-1), Score (20 g difenoconazole ha-1), and Kraft + Score (10.8 g abamectin ha-1 + 20 g difenoconazole ha-1). The experiment lasted 18 days, and the applications were made on days 1, 8, and 15; the occurrence of rainfall was simulated on days 1, 8, and 15 after applications and only rainfall simulation on days 4, 11, and 18. The experiment was conducted under two different temperatures: 23 °C and 33 °C. At 23 °C, single Kraft treatment and in combination with Score showed high toxicity to both cladocerans. At 33 °C, elutriate of the Kraft® and mixture treatments were highly toxic to D. similis but not to C. silvestrii. The results indicate that while Kraft had higher toxicity than Score to both cladocerans, this toxicity was counteracted at 33 °C only for the exotic species, D. similis. The results portray the complexity of pesticide toxicity when considering realistic experimental settings including different organisms and temperature treatments.

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The Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) is the most common sardine in Santa Cruz Chan-nel landings, which is located on the Northern coast of Pernambuco state, in Brazil. The species spends part of its life cycle at sea and enters estuaries at strategic times. Its high exploitation and importance to the economy in the municipalities surrounding the channel led us to reflect on the need for investi-gations to promote sustainable fishing and a better understanding of its behavior in that place. In this study, the standard length of the specimens was estimated using generalized additive models for loca-tion, scale, and shape, and the factors that drive the length pattern along the estuary were discussed. It was identified the presence of larger individuals in the rainy season and greater concentration in the Center-South region of the channel. The smaller sardines were concentrated near the outflow of the Botafogo River, an area of secondary channels with greater mangrove coverage. Few adults enter the channel and the vast majority of specimens captured were young. Thus, it would be pertinent to explore specimens that have at least reached sexual maturity, since the capture of young individuals can cause an imbalance of species sustainability.(AU)

A manjuba (Opisthonema oglinum) é a sardinha mais frequente nos desembarques do Canal de Santa Cruz, localizado no litoral norte de Pernambuco, no Brasil. A espécie vive parte de seu ciclo de vida no mar e penetra nos estuários em períodos estratégicos. Sua elevada exploração e relevância para a economia dos municípios no entorno provocaram-nos reflexões acerca da necessidade de investiga-ções que promovam a pesca sustentável e que ampliem a compreensão a respeito da manjuba naquele local. A investigação foi realizada por meio de estimativas do comprimento padrão, com a utilização de modelos aditivos generalizados para locação, escala e forma, e os fatores que impulsionam o padrão de comprimento ao longo do estuário foram discutidos. Identificou-se a presença de indivíduos maio-res no período chuvoso e maior concentração na região centro-sul do canal. Já os de menor tamanho concentraram-se próximo à desembocadura do rio Botafogo, área de canais secundários e com maior cobertura de manguezal. Poucos adultos ingressam no canal, e a grande maioria dos exemplares cap-turados era jovem. Assim, seria pertinente a exploração de exemplares que já completaram ao menos a maturidade sexual, uma vez que a captura de indivíduos jovens pode provocar desequilíbrio na sustentabilidade da espécie.(AU)

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High δ 13C in human tissues in Brazil indicate high consumption of C4-based sources due to the consumption of highly processed food and animal protein. The significant positive correlation between the human developed index (HDI) developed by the United Nations Development Program, and fingernail δ 13C at the county level proved to be useful as a new proxy in tracking human nutrition. Regions with higher HDI are those with higher consumption of highly processed food.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to investigate diet patterns among rural and urban populations of the Center-West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil through the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fingernails, recognizing that the extent of market integration is a key driver of food consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the Center-West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil, fingernails were sampled in clusters encompassing a major city, town, and rural village. A total of 2,133 fingernails were analyzed. Fingernails were clipped by donors using fingernail clippers. In the laboratory, samples were cleaned then weighed in small tin capsules before being isotopically analyzed for carbon and nitrogen. RESULTS: The overall mean δ13 C and δ15 N were -19.7 ± 2.8‰ and 10.6 ± 1.1‰, respectively. In the more remote villages, where access to food markets is more challenging, lower δ13 C prevails, suggesting that Brazilian staple foods (rice, beans, and farinha) still dominate. In areas with easier access to food markets, δ13 C values were higher, suggesting a change to a diet based on C4 plants, typical of a Brazilian supermarket diet. The variability among inhabitants in the same location expressed by a significant inverse correlation between δ13 C and δ15 N fingernail values suggested that "market integration" does not affect everyone equally in each community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The nutrition transition has not yet reached some remote villages in these regions of Brazil or that the nutrition transition has not yet reached all residents of these remote villages. On the other hand, in several villages there is a considerable adherence to the supermarket diet or that some residents of these villages are already favoring processed food.

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RESUMO

Pesticides can affect all receiving compartments, especially soils, and their fate and effects may be enhanced by temperature, increasing their risk to ecological functions of soils. In Brazil, the most widely used pesticides are the insecticide Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and the fungicide Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole), which are commonly used in strawberry, often simultaneously as a mixture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of realistic environmental applications, single and in mixtures, for both pesticides to the springtail Folsomia candida and the plant species Allium cepa (onion) and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato). Mesocosms filled with Brazilian natural soil (lattosolo) were dosed with water (control), Kraft (10.8 g a.s/ha), Score (20 g.a.s/ha) and Kraft + Score (10.8 + 20 g a.s./ha). The applications were repeated every 7 days, during 18 days of experiment, and simulating rainfall twice a week. Collembola reproduction tests were conducted with soils from the first (day 1) and last day (day 18) of experiment for each treatment. Plant toxicity tests were carried out in the experimental units. The experiments were run at 23 °C and 33 °C. Kraft, alone and in the binary mixture, showed high toxicity to the springtails in soils from both days 1 and 18, especially at 23 °C where it caused 100% mortality. Score however, was not toxic to the springtails. Plant growth was reduced by Score, but responses varied depending on temperature. This study indicates a high environmental risk of the insecticide Kraft, particularly at lower temperatures (23 °C), and an influence of temperature on pesticide fate and effects.

Assuntos

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Using the goniometric method, it is possible to take measures of extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction of a synovial joint. The aim of this study was to use goniometry to compare flexion and extension of fore and hind limbs of Saanen goats at different ages. Flexion and extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, and carpus joints, as well as of the thigh, stifle, and tarsus joints, were measured using a standard goniometer on 10 six-month-old goats and on 15 three-year-old goats. The range of motion was reduced in all joints of the adult animals compared to that of the younger animals, but the difference was statistically significant only for the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and tarsus. It was noted that the greater muscle volume of adult animals influenced the flexion capacity of limbs (statistically verified for all joints), whereas young animals reached a more complete flexion with smaller angles than in adults. Therefore, we have shown that age affects goniometric measurements of synovial joints in Saanen goats. Such data may be useful in evaluation of joints in other goats.(AU)

Por meio do método goniométrico é possível tomar medidas de extensão e de flexão, abdução e adução de uma articulação sinovial. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os dados goniométricos dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de cabras da raça Saanen em diferentes idades quando submetidos a movimentos de extensão e flexão. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 10 cabras de seis meses de idade e 15 de três anos para medir os ângulos de flexão e extensão das articulações do ombro, cotovelo e carpo, bem como das articulações da coxa, joelho e do tarso com a utilização de um goniômetro universal. A amplitude de movimento foi reduzida em animais adultos em todas as articulações, mas estatisticamente significativa no ombro, cotovelo, joelho e tarso. Durante as medições verificou-se que o volume maior do músculo de animais adultos influenciou a capacidade de flexão dos membros, estatisticamente mostrado em todas as articulações estudadas. Por outro lado, os animais jovens atingiram flexão mais completa, com ângulos menores do que em adultos. Portanto, houve diferenças entre as idades estatisticamente significativas nos valores goniométricos dos membros torácicos e pélvicos quando esses foram submetidos a movimentos de flexão e extensão. Confirma-se, pois, que a idade interfere nos valores goniométricos das articulações sinoviais dos animais da raça Saanen e esses dados poderão ser utilizados na avaliação articular de caprinos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Using the goniometric method, it is possible to take measures of extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction of a synovial joint. The aim of this study was to use goniometry to compare flexion and extension of fore and hind limbs of Saanen goats at different ages. Flexion and extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, and carpus joints, as well as of the thigh, stifle, and tarsus joints, were measured using a standard goniometer on 10 six-month-old goats and on 15 three-year-old goats. The range of motion was reduced in all joints of the adult animals compared to that of the younger animals, but the difference was statistically significant only for the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and tarsus. It was noted that the greater muscle volume of adult animals influenced the flexion capacity of limbs (statistically verified for all joints), whereas young animals reached a more complete flexion with smaller angles than in adults. Therefore, we have shown that age affects goniometric measurements of synovial joints in Saanen goats. Such data may be useful in evaluation of joints in other goats.

Por meio do método goniométrico é possível tomar medidas de extensão e de flexão, abdução e adução de uma articulação sinovial. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os dados goniométricos dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de cabras da raça Saanen em diferentes idades quando submetidos a movimentos de extensão e flexão. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 10 cabras de seis meses de idade e 15 de três anos para medir os ângulos de flexão e extensão das articulações do ombro, cotovelo e carpo, bem como das articulações da coxa, joelho e do tarso com a utilização de um goniômetro universal. A amplitude de movimento foi reduzida em animais adultos em todas as articulações, mas estatisticamente significativa no ombro, cotovelo, joelho e tarso. Durante as medições verificou-se que o volume maior do músculo de animais adultos influenciou a capacidade de flexão dos membros, estatisticamente mostrado em todas as articulações estudadas. Por outro lado, os animais jovens atingiram flexão mais completa, com ângulos menores do que em adultos. Portanto, houve diferenças entre as idades estatisticamente significativas nos valores goniométricos dos membros torácicos e pélvicos quando esses foram submetidos a movimentos de flexão e extensão. Confirma-se, pois, que a idade interfere nos valores goniométricos das articulações sinoviais dos animais da raça Saanen e esses dados poderão ser utilizados na avaliação articular de caprinos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Caatinga biome covers an area of 844,453km(2) and has enormous endemic biodiversity, with unique characteristics that make it an exclusive Brazilian biome. It falls within the earth's tropical zone and is one of the several important ecoregions of Brazil. This biome undergoes natural lengthy periods of drought that cause losses in crop and livestock productivity, having a severe impact on the population. Due to the vulnerability of this ecosystem to climate change, livestock has emerged as the main livelihood of the rural population, being the precursor of the replacement of native vegetation by grazing areas. This study aimed to measure GHG emissions from two different soil covers: native forest (Caatinga) and pasture in the municipality of São João, Pernambuco State, in the years 2013 and 2014. GHG measurements were taken by using static chamber techniques in both soil covers. According to a previous search, so far, this is the first study measuring GHG emissions using the static chamber in the Caatinga biome. N2O emissions ranged from -1.0 to 4.2mgm(-2)d(-1) and -1.22 to 3.4mgm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively, and they did not significantly differ from each other. Emissions were significantly higher during dry seasons. Carbon dioxide ranged from -1.1 to 14.1 and 1.2 to 15.8gm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively. CO2 emissions were higher in the Caatinga in 2013, and they were significantly influenced by soil temperature, showing an inverse relation. Methane emission ranged from 6.6 to 6.8 and -6.0 to 4.8mgm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively, and was significantly higher only in the Caatinga in the rainy season of 2014. Soil gas fluxes seemed to be influenced by climatic and edaphic conditions as well as by soil cover in the Caatinga biome.

RESUMO

The ovine cervix is irregularly shaped, making it a challenge to pass through it during artificial insemination. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the cervix of Santa Ines breed, comparing the phases of the estrous cycle. A total of 112 uteri were collected from non-pregnant ewes and silicone was injected into the lumen of the cervix in order to obtain a cast of the cervical canal. Mean length of the cervix was 41.33 ± 16.38 mm and the most frequent cervical ostium type found was the duck-beak (46%). Two rings were the minimum and seven were the maximum found in the cervix, with means of 4.70 ± 1.05 rings. Morphometric data from each cervical ring indicates that the inner circumference tapers in the middle portion and then becomes to enlarge again. No significant difference (p> 0.05) was found when comparing the luteal and follicular phases, or the types of cervix regarding to the values of the diameter of the folds, height, inside circumference, midpoint between the folds and distance from the opening to the folds. Under the studied conditions, we concluded that the development of semen applicator should take into account the morphometric limits found, although the morphology and morphometry of the ovine cervix is quite varied, with no standard patterns for the species, even when comparing the luteal and follicular phases.

A cérvice ovina tem formato irregular, tornando um desafio transpassá-la durante a inseminação artificial. Logo, este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever as características morfológicas da cérvice de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, comparando-se as fases do ciclo estral. Foram coletados 112 úteros de ovelhas adultas não gestantes e silicone foi injetado no lúmen da cérvice obtendo-se um molde do canal cervical.  O comprimento médio foi de 41,33± 16,38 mm e o tipo de óstio cervical mais frequente foi o bico-de-pato (46%). O número mínimo de anéis encontrados nas cérvices foi de dois e o máximo de sete, com média de 4,70 ± 1,05 anéis. A morfometria de cada anel cervical indica que a circunferência interna se afunila na porção média e em seguida torna a aumentar. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) quando se compararam as fases luteínica e folicular e entre os tipos de cérvice quanto ao diâmetro das dobras, altura das dobras, circunferência interna, ponto médio entre as dobras e distância do orifício para as dobras. Nas condições estudadas, concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de um aplicador de sêmen deve levar em consideração os limites morfométricos encontrados, embora a morfologia e morfometria da cérvice da espécie ovina seja bastante variada, não havendo uma forma padrão para a espécie, inclusive quando são comparadas as fases luteínica e folicular.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The ovine cervix is irregularly shaped, making it a challenge to pass through it during artificial insemination. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the cervix of Santa Ines breed, comparing the phases of the estrous cycle. A total of 112 uteri were collected from non-pregnant ewes and silicone was injected into the lumen of the cervix in order to obtain a cast of the cervical canal. Mean length of the cervix was 41.33 ± 16.38 mm and the most frequent cervical ostium type found was the duck-beak (46%). Two rings were the minimum and seven were the maximum found in the cervix, with means of 4.70 ± 1.05 rings. Morphometric data from each cervical ring indicates that the inner circumference tapers in the middle portion and then becomes to enlarge again. No significant difference (p> 0.05) was found when comparing the luteal and follicular phases, or the types of cervix regarding to the values of the diameter of the folds, height, inside circumference, midpoint between the folds and distance from the opening to the folds. Under the studied conditions, we concluded that the development of semen applicator should take into account the morphometric limits found, although the morphology and morphometry of the ovine cervix is quite varied, with no standard patterns for the species, even when comparing the luteal and follicular phases.(AU)

A cérvice ovina tem formato irregular, tornando um desafio transpassá-la durante a inseminação artificial. Logo, este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever as características morfológicas da cérvice de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, comparando-se as fases do ciclo estral. Foram coletados 112 úteros de ovelhas adultas não gestantes e silicone foi injetado no lúmen da cérvice obtendo-se um molde do canal cervical.  O comprimento médio foi de 41,33± 16,38 mm e o tipo de óstio cervical mais frequente foi o bico-de-pato (46%). O número mínimo de anéis encontrados nas cérvices foi de dois e o máximo de sete, com média de 4,70 ± 1,05 anéis. A morfometria de cada anel cervical indica que a circunferência interna se afunila na porção média e em seguida torna a aumentar. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) quando se compararam as fases luteínica e folicular e entre os tipos de cérvice quanto ao diâmetro das dobras, altura das dobras, circunferência interna, ponto médio entre as dobras e distância do orifício para as dobras. Nas condições estudadas, concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de um aplicador de sêmen deve levar em consideração os limites morfométricos encontrados, embora a morfologia e morfometria da cérvice da espécie ovina seja bastante variada, não havendo uma forma padrão para a espécie, inclusive quando são comparadas as fases luteínica e folicular.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The ovine cervix is irregularly shaped, making it a challenge to pass through it during artificial insemination. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the cervix of Santa Ines breed, comparing the phases of the estrous cycle. A total of 112 uteri were collected from non-pregnant ewes and silicone was injected into the lumen of the cervix in order to obtain a cast of the cervical canal. Mean length of the cervix was 41.33 ± 16.38 mm and the most frequent cervical ostium type found was the duck-beak (46%). Two rings were the minimum and seven were the maximum found in the cervix, with means of 4.70 ± 1.05 rings. Morphometric data from each cervical ring indicates that the inner circumference tapers in the middle portion and then becomes to enlarge again. No significant difference (p> 0.05) was found when comparing the luteal and follicular phases, or the types of cervix regarding to the values of the diameter of the folds, height, inside circumference, midpoint between the folds and distance from the opening to the folds. Under the studied conditions, we concluded that the development of semen applicator should take into account the morphometric limits found, although the morphology and morphometry of the ovine cervix is quite varied, with no standard patterns for the species, even when comparing the luteal and follicular phases.

A cérvice ovina tem formato irregular, tornando um desafio transpassá-la durante a inseminação artificial. Logo, este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever as características morfológicas da cérvice de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, comparando-se as fases do ciclo estral. Foram coletados 112 úteros de ovelhas adultas não gestantes e silicone foi injetado no lúmen da cérvice obtendo-se um molde do canal cervical. O comprimento médio foi de 41,33± 16,38 mm e o tipo de óstio cervical mais frequente foi o bico-de-pato (46%). O número mínimo de anéis encontrados nas cérvices foi de dois e o máximo de sete, com média de 4,70 ± 1,05 anéis. A morfometria de cada anel cervical indica que a circunferência interna se afunila na porção média e em seguida torna a aumentar. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) quando se compararam as fases luteínica e folicular e entre os tipos de cérvice quanto ao diâmetro das dobras, altura das dobras, circunferência interna, ponto médio entre as dobras e distância do orifício para as dobras. Nas condições estudadas, concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de um aplicador de sêmen deve levar em consideração os limites morfométricos encontrados, embora a morfologia e morfometria da cérvice da espécie ovina seja bastante variada, não havendo uma forma padrão para a espécie, inclusive quando são comparadas as fases luteínica e folicular.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction of a factor of allocation of financial resources, based on the population's health needs. METHODS: Quantitative study with data collected from public databases referring to the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2010. Variables which reflected epidemiological, demographic, socio-economic and educational processes were selected in order to create a factor of allocation which highlighted the health needs of the population. The data sources were: SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) Department of Computer Science, Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Information System on Public Health Budgets, National Treasury and data from the Pernambuco Health Secretariat between 2000 and 2010. Pearson's coefficient was used to assess linear correlation and the factor of allocation was calculated using analysis by artificial neural networks. The quartiles of the municipalities were defined according to their health needs. RESULTS: The distribution shown here highlights that all the coastal region, a good part of the Mata Norte and Mata Sul regions and the Agreste Setentrional and Agreste Central regions are in Quartile 1, that which has the largest number of municipalities. The Agreste Meridional region had municipalities in all of the quartiles. In the Pajeú/Moxotó region, many of the municipalities were in Quartile 1. Similar distribution was verified in the Sertão Central region. In the Araripe region, the majority of the municipalities were in Quartiles 3 or 4 and the São Francisco region was divided between Quartiles 1, 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: The factor of allocation grouped together municipalities of Pernambuco according to variables related to public health needs and separated those with extreme needs, requiring greater financial support, from those with lesser needs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Descrever a construção de fator de alocação de recursos financeiros com base na necessidade em saúde da população. MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo, com dados coletados em bases de domínio público, referentes ao estado de Pernambuco nos anos entre 2000 e 2010. Foram selecionadas variáveis que refletissem os indicadores epidemiológicos, demográficos, socioeconômicos e educacionais para compor um fator de alocação que apontasse as necessidades de saúde da população. As fontes pesquisadas foram: Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde, Tesouro Nacional e dados da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco de 2000 a 2010, de acordo com a disponibilidade da informação mais recente. Foi realizada a correlação linear de Pearson e, para o cálculo do fator de alocação, a análise pelas Redes Neurais Artificiais. Os quartis dos municípios foram definidos segundo as necessidades em saúde. RESULTADOS: A distribuição apresentada aponta a Região Litorânea e boa parte da Região da Mata Norte e Sul e do Agreste Setentrional e Central situados no Quartil 1, este com o maior número de municípios. O Agreste Meridional teve municípios em todos os quartis. Na Região do Pajeú/Moxotó, grande parte dos municípios esteve no Quartil 1. Semelhante distribuição foi verificada no Sertão Central. No Araripe, a maioria dos municípios esteve nos Quartis 3 ou 4 e a Região do São Francisco ficou dividida entre os Quartis 1, 2 e 3. CONCLUSÕES: O fator de alocação agregou os municípios pernambucanos, por agrupar variáveis que são relacionadas com as necessidades em saúde da população, e separou os que possuem extremas necessidades de maior aporte financeiro daqueles que precisam com menor intensidade.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction of a factor of allocation of financial resources, based on the population's health needs. METHODS: Quantitative study with data collected from public databases referring to the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2010. Variables which reflected epidemiological, demographic, socio-economic and educational processes were selected in order to create a factor of allocation which highlighted the health needs of the population. The data sources were: SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) Department of Computer Science, Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Information System on Public Health Budgets, National Treasury and data from the Pernambuco Health Secretariat between 2000 and 2010. Pearson's coefficient was used to assess linear correlation and the factor of allocation was calculated using analysis by artificial neural networks. The quartiles of the municipalities were defined according to their health needs. RESULTS: The distribution shown here highlights that all the coastal region, a good part of the Mata Norte and Mata Sul regions and the Agreste Setentrional and Agreste Central regions are in Quartile 1, that which has the largest number of municipalities. The Agreste Meridional region had municipalities in all of the quartiles. In the Pajeú/Moxotó region, many of the municipalities were in Quartile 1. Similar distribution was verified in the Sertão Central region. In the Araripe region, the majority of the municipalities were in Quartiles 3 or 4 and the São Francisco region was divided between Quartiles 1, 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: The factor of allocation grouped together municipalities of Pernambuco according to variables related to public health needs and separated those with extreme needs, requiring greater financial support, from those with lesser needs.

OBJETIVO: Describir la construcción de factor de asignación de recursos financieros basándose en la necesidad en la salud de la población. MÉTODOS: Estudio cuantitativo, con datos colectados en bases de dominio público, referentes al estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, en los años entre 2000 y 2010. Se seleccionaron variables que reflejasen los indicadores epidemiológicos, demográficos, socioeconómicos y educacionales para componer un factor de asignación que señale las necesidades de salud de la población. Las fuentes investigadas fueron: Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud, el Atlas de Desarrollo Humano en Brasil, el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Presupuestos Públicos en Salud, el Tesoro Nacional y datos de la Secretaria Estatal de Salud de Pernambuco de 2000 a 2010, de acuerdo con la disponibilidad de la información más reciente. Se realizó la correlación linear de Pearson y para el cálculo del Factor de Asignación, el análisis por las redes neurales artificiales. Los cuartiles de los municipios fueron definidos según las necesidades en salud. RESULTADOS: La distribución presentada sitúa la Región Costera y buena parte de la Región de la Selva Norte y Sur y del Agreste Septentrional y Central, en el Cuartil 1, con el mayor número de municipios. El Agreste Meridional tuvo municipios en todos los cuartiles. En la Región de los ríos Pajeú/Moxotó, gran parte de los municipios estuvo en el Cuartil 1. Se verificó distribución semejante en el Sertón Central. En el Araripe, la mayoría de los municipios estuvo en los Cuartiles 3 o 4, y la Región de Sao Francisco se dividió entre los Cuartiles 1, 2 y 3. CONCLUSIONES: El factor de Asignación agregó los municipios pernambucanos, por agrupar variables que son relacionadas con las necesidades en salud de la población y separó los que poseen extremas necesidades de mayor aporte financiero de aquellos que lo precisan con menor intensidad.

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RESUMO

A case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for maternal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2001-2005. Cases were 75 maternal obstetric deaths in Recife, identified from the Mortality Information System, investigated and analyzed by an expert committee on maternal mortality. Controls, selected from the Information System on Live Births using systematic sampling, were 300 women living in Recife whose last pregnancy occurred during the same period and ended in live births. Increased risk of maternal death was associated with use of the public health system (OR = 4.47; 95%CI: 1.87-10.29), age > 35 years (OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 1.59-5.92), < 4 years of schooling (OR = 4.95; 95%CI: 2.43-10.08), cesarean section (OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 1.77-5.29), and lack of prenatal care or fewer than four prenatal visits (OR = 9.78; 95%CI: 5.52-17.34). The results confirm social inequalities in maternal mortality in Recife and indicate the need to improve healthcare for women during the prenatal period, delivery, and postpartum.

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RESUMO

Este estudo de caso-controle analisou fatores de risco para mortalidade materna no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, no período de 2001-2005. Os casos foram 75 óbitos maternos obstétricos, identificados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, investigados e analisados pelo Comitê de Mortalidade Materna. Os controles, selecionados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, pela amostra sistemática, foram 300 mulheres residentes no Recife cuja última gravidez ocorreu no mesmo período e não resultou em óbito. O risco de morte foi mais elevado para as usuárias do SUS (OR = 4,47; IC95 por cento: 1,87-10,29), com idade > 35 anos (OR = 3,06; IC95 por cento: 1,59-5,92), < 4 anos de estudo (OR = 4,95; IC95 por cento: 2,43-10,08), que tiveram parto cesáreo (OR = 3,06; IC95 por cento: 1,77-5,29) e para aquelas que não realizaram pré-natal ou tiveram menos de 4 consultas (OR = 9,78; IC95 por cento: 5,52-17,34). Os resultados reafirmam as desigualdades sociais na determinação de mortalidade materna no Recife. Além disso, indicam a necessidade de aprimorar a assistência à saúde da gestante durante o pré-natal, parto e puerpério.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for maternal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2001-2005. Cases were 75 maternal obstetric deaths in Recife, identified from the Mortality Information System, investigated and analyzed by an expert committee on maternal mortality. Controls, selected from the Information System on Live Births using systematic sampling, were 300 women living in Recife whose last pregnancy occurred during the same period and ended in live births. Increased risk of maternal death was associated with use of the public health system (OR = 4.47; 95 percentCI: 1.87-10.29), age > 35 years (OR = 3.06; 95 percentCI: 1.59-5.92), < 4 years of schooling (OR = 4.95; 95 percentCI: 2.43-10.08), cesarean section (OR = 3.06; 95 percentCI: 1.77-5.29), and lack of prenatal care or fewer than four prenatal visits (OR = 9.78; 95 percentCI: 5.52-17.34). The results confirm social inequalities in maternal mortality in Recife and indicate the need to improve healthcare for women during the prenatal period, delivery, and postpartum.

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RESUMO

A distinção morfológica externa entre jovens de Selene vomer e Selene brownii (Carangidae) foi estudada por meio de análise multivariada. O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a existência de características morfológicas externas adequadas para separação entre essas duas espécies, que não a presença de espinhos na segunda nadadeira dorsal e nadadeiras pélvicas. Essas nadadeiras podem estar ausentes em peixes jovens de pequeno porte ou serem quebradas durante as atividades de manuseio e operações de pesca. Uma amostra de 389 espécimes foi coletada da praia de Caiçara do Norte (RN), litoral nordeste do Brasil, em 2001. Cada indivíduo foi digitalizado e cada imagem transformada em uma matriz numérica utilizando Scion Image e o programa FANTOMAS. Um programa em linguagem C foi criado para calcular 16 distâncias Euclideanas posicionadas em 9 marcos anatômicos homólogos e plotadas as imagens. Os resultados da análise discriminante revelaram que as duas espécies de Selene podem ser claramente separadas executando-se morfometrias e efetuando-se medições diagonalmente orientadas em relação aos eixos antero-posteriores do corpo dos peixes.