RESUMO
Stable dimers aspartate-aspartate have been studied in aqueous and gas phase through theoretical simulations. The polarizable continuum model (PCM) has been applied to simulate the effect of the hydration on monomers and complexes. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) scheme has been used to inquire into if, in the aqueous phase, individual hydrogen bonds have attractive electrostatic components. In all cases a spontaneous formation of the complexes in the aqueous phase are observed, while in the gas phase a considerable energy barrier must be overcome (between 100.8 to 263.2â kJ mol-1 ). The intermolecular distance at which this barrier is indicates when the hydrogen-bond interactions begin to take importance between the dimers and the corresponding molecular recognition among them. The IQA analysis shows that in aqueous phase, the hydrogen bonds N-Hâ â â O are mainly electrostatic in nature with a certain covalent character which increases linearly with the decrease of internuclear distances Hâ â â O. The Hâ â â H interactions observed are stabilizing and they are mainly quantum in nature.
Assuntos
Ácido Aspártico/química , Teoria Quântica , Ânions/química , Dimerização , Ligação de HidrogênioRESUMO
In the present work an in depth deep electronic study of multicenter XBs (FX)n/NH3 (X = Cl, Br and n = 1-5) is conducted. The ways in which XâââX lateral contacts affect the electrostatic or covalent nature of the XâââN interactions are explored at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level and in the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Calculations show that relatively strong XBs have been found with interaction energies lying between -41 and -90 kJ mol-1 for chlorine complexes, and between -56 and -113 kJ mol-1 for bromine complexes. QTAIM parameters reveal that in these complexes: (i) local (kinetics and potential) energy densities measure the ability that the system has to concentrate electron charge density at the intermolecular XâââN region; (ii) the delocalization indices [δ(A,B)] and the exchange contribution [VEX(X,N)] of the interacting quantum atoms (IQA) scheme, could constitute a quantitative measure of the covalence of these molecular interactions; (iii) both classical electrostatic and quantum exchange show high values, indicating that strong ionic and covalent contributions are not mutually exclusive.
Assuntos
Halogênios/química , Algoritmos , Cinética , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação MolecularRESUMO
High-level quantum chemical calculations are performed to investigate C=Seâ â â Se=C interactions. Bounded structures are found with binding energies between -4 and -7â kJ mol-1 . An energy decomposition analysis shows that dispersion is the more attractive term, and in all cases save one, the electrostatic interaction is attractive despite each selenium atom having a positive σ-hole at the extension of the C=Se bond. The topological analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential and L(r)=-∇2 ρ(r) function, and natural bond orbital analysis reveal that these particular Seâ â â Se contacts can be considered to be quadruple Lewis acid-base interactions.
RESUMO
The nature of F-BrX-R interactions (with X = F, Cl, Br, I and R = -H, -F) has been investigated through theoretical calculation of molecular potential electrostatic (MEP), molecular polarizability, atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis and energetic decomposition analysis (EDA). A detailed analysis of the MEPs reveals that considering only the static electrostatic interactions is not sufficient to explain the nature of these interactions. The molecular polarizabilities of X-R molecules suggest that the deformation capacity of the electronic cloud of the lone pairs of the X atom plays an important role in the stability of these complexes. The topological analysis of the L(r) = -»∇(2)ρ(r) function and the detailed analysis of the atomic quadrupole moments reveal that the BrX interactions are electrostatic in nature. The electron acceptor Br atom causes a polarization of the electronic cloud (electronic induction) on the valence shell of the X atom. Finally, the electrostatic forces and charge transfer play an important role not only in the stabilization of the complex, but also in the determination of the molecular geometry of equilibrium. The dispersive and polarization forces do not influence the equilibrium molecular geometry.
RESUMO
In this paper a theoretical study has been carried out to investigate the nature of the unusual halogen-halogen contacts in the complexes R-X···X-R (with R = -H, -Cl, -F and X = Cl, Br, I). AIM, NBO, and MEP analyses have been used to characterize X···X interactions. Formation of the unusual X···X interactions leads to a significant increase of electron charge density in the bonding region between the two halogen atoms. The geometry and stability of these complexes is mainly due to electrostatic interactions lump(X1) â hole(X2) and lump(X2) â hole(X1) [or equivalently [VS,min(X1) â VS,max(X2) and VS,min(X2) â VS,max(X1)] and the charge transfers LP(X1) â σ*(R-X2) and LP(X2) â σ*(R-X1). In other words, these findings suggest that the electrostatic interactions and the charge transfer play a substantial role in determining the optimal geometry of these complexes, as in conventional halogen bonds, even though the dispersion term is the most important attractive term for all the complexes studied here, save one.
Assuntos
Halogênios/química , Teoria Quântica , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
The decomposition mechanism of vinyl azide (CH2CHN3) has been studied by calculations of the electronic structure. In addition, a study based on the topology of the electron charge density distribution and its Laplacian function, within the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), has been carried out with the aim of comprehending the electron redistribution mechanisms that take place in the formation of vinyl nitrenes. The electronic structure calculations reveal that the decomposition of the s-cis conformer of vinyl azide leads to the formation of ketenimine through a single-step conversion, s-cis-CH2CHN3 â CH2CNH + N2, while the conversion of the s-trans conformer to acetonitrile occurs in two steps, s-trans-CH2CHN3 â cyc-CH2NCH + N2 â CH3CN + N2. The topological analysis of the L(r) function reveals that triplet vinyl nitrene has one lone pair on the valence shell charge concentration (VSCC) of nitrogen and thus could act as a monodentate Lewis base, while singlet vinyl nitrene has two lone pairs on the VSCC of nitrogen and thus could act as a bidentate Lewis base.
RESUMO
In this work we investigate the nature of the Cl···N interactions in complexes formed between substituted ammonium [NHn(X3-n) (with n = 0, 1, 2, 3 and X = -CH3, -F] as Lewis bases and F-Cl molecule as Lewis acid. They have been chosen as a study case due to the wide range of variation of their binding energies, BEs. Møller-Plesset [MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p)] calculations show that the BEs for this set of complexes lie in the range from 1.27 kcal/mol (in F-Cl···NF3) to 27.62 kcal/mol [in F-Cl···N(CH3)3]. The intermolecular distribution of the electronic charge density and their L(r) = -»∇(2)ρ(r) function have been investigated within the framework of the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory. The intermolecular interaction energy decomposition has also been analyzed using the reduced variational space (RVS) method. The topological analysis of the L(r) function reveals that the local topological properties measured at the (3,+1) critical point [in L(r) topology] are good descriptors of the strength of the halogen bonding interactions. The results obtained from energy decomposition analysis indicate that electrostatic interactions play a key role in these halogen bonding interactions. These results allow us to establish that, when the halogen atom is bonded to a group with high electron-withdrawing capacity, the electrostatic interaction between the electron cloud of the Lewis base and the halogen atom unprotected nucleus of the Lewis acid produces the formation and determines the geometry of the halogen bonded complexes. In addition, a good linear relationship has been established between: the natural logarithm of the BEs and the electrostatic interaction energy between electron charge distribution of N atom and nucleus of Cl atom, denoted as V e-n(N,Cl) within the AIM theory.
RESUMO
In this work, halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) complexes were studied with the aim of analyzing the variation of the total electronic energy density H(r b ) with the interaction strengthening. The calculations were performed at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of approximation. To explain the nature of such interactions, the atoms in molecules theory (AIM) in conjunction with reduced variational space self-consistent field (RVS) energy decomposition analysis were carried out. Based on the local virial theorem, an equation to decompose the total electronic energy density H(r b ) in two energy densities, (-G(r b )) and 1/4∇(2)ρ(r b ), was derived. These energy densities were linked with the RVS interaction energy components. Through the connection between both decomposition schemes, it was possible to conclude that the decrease in H(r b ) with the interaction strengthening observed in the HB as well as the XB complexes, is mainly due to the increase in the attractive electrostatic part of the interaction energy and in lesser extent to the increase in its covalent character, as is commonly considered.
Assuntos
Elétrons , Halogênios/química , Hidrogênio/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Teoria Quântica , Eletricidade Estática , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
In this work, the intermolecular distribution of the electronic charge density in the aromatic hydrogen/halogen bonds is studied within the framework of the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory and the molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) analysis. The study is carried out in nine complexes formed between benzene and simple lineal molecules, where hydrogen, fluorine and chlorine atoms act as bridge atoms. All the results are obtained at MP2 level theory using cc-pVTZ basis set. Attention is focused on topological features observed at the intermolecular region such as bond, ring and cage critical points of the electron density, as well as the bond path, the gradient of the density maps, molecular graphs and interatomic surfaces. The strength of the interaction increases in the following order: F[Symbol: see text]pi < Cl[Symbol: see text]pi < H[Symbol: see text]pi. Our results show that the fluorine atom has the capability to interact with the pi-cloud to form an aromatic halogen bond, as long as the donor group is highly electron withdrawing. The Laplacian topology allows us to state that the halogen atoms can act as nucleophiles as well as electrophiles, showing clearly their dual character.
Assuntos
Benzeno/química , Halogênios/química , Modelos Moleculares , Sítios de Ligação , Elétrons , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
In the present work, experiments on electron density changes in the adsorption process of alkenes on acidic zeolites, in the framework of atoms in molecules theory (AIM), were carried out. Electron densities were obtained at MP2 and B3LYP levels using a 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. This study explores the energetic and the electron density redistributions associated with O-H...pi interactions. The main purpose of this work is to provide an answer to the following questions: (a) Which and how large are the changes induced on the molecular electron distribution by the formation of adsorbed alkenes? (b) Can a reasonable estimate of the adsorption energy of alkenes on the active site of zeolite be solely calculated from an analysis of the electron densities? We have used topological parameters to determine the strength and nature of the interactions in the active site of the zeolite. All the results derived from the electron density analysis show that the stabilization of the adsorbed alkenes follows the order isobutene > trans-2-butene congruent with 1-butene congruent with propene > ethene, reflecting the order of basicity of C=C bonds, i.e., (C(ter)=C(prim)) > (C(sec)=C(sec)) congruent with (C(prim)=C(sec)) > (C(prim)=C(prim)). In addition, we have found a useful set of topological parameters that are good for estimating the adsorption energy in adsorbed alkenes.