RESUMO
This study verified the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on hemodynamics, heart rate (HR) variability, and muscle morphology in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups and 34 completed the study: i) sham-sedentary (Sham-ST; n=9); ii) sham-RMT (Sham-RMT; n=9); iii) DM-sedentary (DM-ST; n=8); and iv) DM-RMT (DM-RMT; n=8). Hemodynamics were assessed by central cannulation, and R-R intervals were measured by electrocardiogram. In addition, the effects of RMT on the cross-sectional area of the diaphragm, anterior tibial, and soleus muscles were analyzed. The induction of DM by streptozotocin resulted in weight loss, hyperglycemia, reduced blood pressure, and attenuated left ventricular contraction and relaxation (P<0.05). We also observed a decrease in root mean square of successive differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) index and in the cross-sectional area of the muscles assessed, specifically the diaphragm, soleus, and anterior tibial muscles in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Interestingly, RMT led to an increase in RMSSD in rats with DM (P<0.05). The induction of DM produced profound deleterious changes in the diaphragmatic and peripheral muscles, as well as impairments in cardiovascular hemodynamics and autonomic control. Nevertheless, RMT may beneficially attenuate autonomic changes and improve parasympathetic modulation.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Animais , Exercícios Respiratórios , Frequência Cardíaca , Hemodinâmica , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Músculos RespiratóriosRESUMO
This study verified the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on hemodynamics, heart rate (HR) variability, and muscle morphology in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups and 34 completed the study: i) sham-sedentary (Sham-ST; n=9); ii) sham-RMT (Sham-RMT; n=9); iii) DM-sedentary (DM-ST; n=8); and iv) DM-RMT (DM-RMT; n=8). Hemodynamics were assessed by central cannulation, and R-R intervals were measured by electrocardiogram. In addition, the effects of RMT on the cross-sectional area of the diaphragm, anterior tibial, and soleus muscles were analyzed. The induction of DM by streptozotocin resulted in weight loss, hyperglycemia, reduced blood pressure, and attenuated left ventricular contraction and relaxation (P<0.05). We also observed a decrease in root mean square of successive differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) index and in the cross-sectional area of the muscles assessed, specifically the diaphragm, soleus, and anterior tibial muscles in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Interestingly, RMT led to an increase in RMSSD in rats with DM (P<0.05). The induction of DM produced profound deleterious changes in the diaphragmatic and peripheral muscles, as well as impairments in cardiovascular hemodynamics and autonomic control. Nevertheless, RMT may beneficially attenuate autonomic changes and improve parasympathetic modulation.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Músculos Respiratórios , Exercícios Respiratórios , Ratos Wistar , Frequência Cardíaca , HemodinâmicaRESUMO
Intake of soil by children and adults is a major exposure pathway to contaminants including potentially toxic elements (PTEs). However, only the fraction of PTEs released in stomach and intestine are considered as bioaccessible and results from routine analyses of the total PTE content in soils, therefore, are not necessarily related to the degree of bioaccessibility. Experimental methods to determine bioaccessibility usually are time-consuming and relatively complicated in terms of analytical procedures which limits application in first tier assessments. In this study we evaluated the potential suitability of a recently developed single extract method (ISO-17586:2016) using dilute (0.43M) nitric acid (HNO3) to mimic the bioaccessible fraction of PTEs in soils. Results from 204 soils from Portugal, Brazil and the Netherlands including all major soil types and a wide range of PTEs' concentrations showed that the extraction efficiency using 0.43M HNO3 of Ba, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils is related to that of in vitro methods including the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) and Unified BARGE Method (UBM). Also, differences in the degree of bioaccessibility resulting from differences in parent material, geology and climate conditions did not affect the response of the 0.43M HNO3 extraction which is a prerequisite to be able to compare results from different soils. The use of 0.43M HNO3 as a first screening of bioaccessibility therefore offers a robust and representative way to be included in first tier standard soil tests to estimate the oral bioaccessibility. CAPSULE: The single dilute (0.43M) nitric acid extraction can be used in first tier soil risk assessment to assess both geochemical reactivity and oral bioaccessibility of PTEs.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Brasil , Humanos , Países Baixos , Ácido Nítrico/química , Portugal , Medição de Risco/métodos , Extração em Fase SólidaRESUMO
Ovarian hormone loss is associated with a shift in fat distribution to intra-abdomin al adipose tissue (intra-AAT) depots and with lipid metabolism disorders, which predisposes individuals to developing insulin resistance. Resistance training (RT) prevents increases in intra-AAT after ovarian hormone loss. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. We investigated the effects of ovariectomy and RT on gene expression related to lipogenesis and fat oxidation in the intra-AAT of ovariectomized rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6/group) were divided into the groups: sham-sedentary, ovariectomized-sedentary, sham-RT and ovariectomized-RT. RT groups performed a 10-week climbing program on a ladder with progressive overload. Intra-AAT was subjected to morphometric and mRNA analysis. Ovariectomized-sedentary group had larger adipocytes and higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lower expression of the oxidative carnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-1). RT counteracted OVX-induced increases in PPAR-γ and SCD-1 and decreased SREBP-1c. ACC and HSL were downregulated in ovariectomized-RT compared with the ovariectomized-sedentary group. Ovariectomized-RT group had the highest CPT-1 gene expression. Adipocyte size decreased in ovariectomized-RT group. Results suggest that RT reduces intra-AAT adipocyte size in ovariectomized rats by suppressing intra-AAT fatty acid synthesis and enhancing fatty acid ß-oxidation.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Lipogênese , Menopausa/metabolismo , Treinamento Resistido , Adipócitos/citologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Tamanho Celular , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Lipogênese/genética , Modelos Animais , Ovariectomia , Oxirredução , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Aerobic training (AT) decreases dyspnoea and exercise-induced bronchospasm, and improves aerobic capacity and quality of life; however, the mechanisms for such benefits remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the AT effects in a chronic model of allergic lung inflammation in mice after the establishment of airway inflammation and remodelling. Mice were divided into the control group, AT group, ovalbumin (OVA) group or OVA+AT group and exposed to saline or OVA. AT was started on day 28 for 60 min five times per week for 4 weeks. Respiratory mechanics, specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG(1), collagen and elastic fibres deposition, smooth muscle thickness, epithelial mucus, and peribronchial density of eosinophils, CD3+ and CD4+, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, interferon-gamma, IL-2, IL-1ra, IL-10, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and Foxp3 were evaluated. The OVA group showed an increase in IgE and IgG(1), eosinophils, CD3+, CD4+, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, NF-kappaB, collagen and elastic, mucus synthesis, smooth muscle thickness and lung tissue resistance and elastance. The OVA+AT group demonstrated an increase of IgE and IgG(1), and reduction of eosinophils, CD3+, CD4+, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, NF-kappaB, airway remodelling, mucus synthesis, smooth muscle thickness and tissue resistance and elastance compared with the OVA group (p<0.05). The OVA+AT group also showed an increase in IL-10 and IL-1ra (p<0.05), independently of Foxp3. AT reversed airway inflammation and remodelling and T-helper cell 2 response, and improved respiratory mechanics. These results seem to occur due to an increase in the expression of IL-10 and IL-1ra and a decrease of NF-kappaB.
Assuntos
Asma/prevenção & controle , Asma/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Remodelação das Vias Aéreas , Análise de Variância , Animais , Asma/imunologia , Complexo CD3/metabolismo , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , OvalbuminaRESUMO
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial to the development and maintenance of healthy tissue and are mainly involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of skeletal muscle. This study evaluated the effects of chronic allergic airway inflammation (CAAI), induced by ovalbumin, and aerobic training in the MMPs activity in mouse diaphragm muscle. Thirty mice were divided into 6 groups: 1) control; 2) ovalbumin; 3) treadmill trained at 50% of maximum speed; 4) ovalbumin and trained at 50%; 5) trained at 75%; 6) ovalbumin and trained at 75%. CAAI did not alter MMPs activities in diaphragm muscle. Nevertheless, both treadmill aerobic trainings, associated with CAAI increased the MMP-2 and -1 activities. Furthermore, MMP-9 was not detected in any group. Together, these findings suggest an ECM remodeling in diaphragm muscle of asthmatic mice submitted to physical training. This result may be useful for a better understanding of functional significance of changes in the MMPs activity in response to physical training in asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/reabilitação , Diafragma/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Asma/enzimologia , Asma/fisiopatologia , Diafragma/enzimologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , OvalbuminaRESUMO
From 1986 to 2002, we examined the chromosomal composition of 916 patients attended by two genetic counseling services in the city of Pelotas, in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, to determine the genetic causes of their disturbances. Patterns of G-banding using trypsin and Giemsa (GTG) and C-banding using barium and Giemsa (CBG) were studied using phytohemagglutinin M-stimulated lymphocytes cultured from peripheral blood. Among the patients, 110 had Down's syndrome, 7 had Edward's syndrome, 4 had Patau's syndrome, 29 had Turner's syndrome, 5 had Klinefelter's syndrome, and 3 had "cri-du-chat" syndrome. Abnormal chromosomes were observed in 29.3% of the patients. Most of these (56.3%) were numerical abnormalities, with the remaining being structural variants.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Bandeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Aconselhamento Genético , Brasil , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Cariotipagem/métodos , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Masculino , Fito-HemaglutininasRESUMO
Trisomy 13 is a clinically severe entity; 85% of the patients do not survive beyond one year, and most children die before completing six months of age. We report a female child, 28 months old, white, the fourth child of a non-consanguineous couple, who presented trisomy 13. The child was born at term, from a vaginal delivery, weighing 2600 g. At birth, she was cyanotic, icteric, spastic, and cried weakly. The initial clinical examination detected polydactyly in the left hand, congenital clubfoot and convex soles, ocular hypertelorism, a low nasal bridge, numerous hemangiomas distributed throughout the body, cardiomegaly, and perimembranous inter-ventricular communication. There was no cleft lip or palate. On physical examination at 18 months old, the child weighed 6,900 g, had a cephalic perimeter of 41 cm, a thoracic perimeter of 43 cm and was 76 cm tall. At 28 months, she weighed 10,760 g and was 88.5 cm tall. Neuropsychomotor development retardation was evident from birth and, according to the psychologist and the social assistant of APAE (Handicapped Parents and Friends Association) in Canguçu, Rio Grande do Sul, there was a noticeable improvement after physiotherapy and recreational sessions.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas , Cromossomos Humanos Par 13 , Trissomia , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/reabilitação , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Fenótipo , Síndrome , Trissomia/genéticaRESUMO
Trisomy 13 is a clinically severe entity; 85% of the patients do not survive beyond one year, and most children die before completing six months of age. We report a female child, 28 months old, white, the fourth child of a non-consanguineous couple, who presented trisomy 13. The child was born at term, from a vaginal delivery, weighing 2600 g. At birth, she was cyanotic, icteric, spastic, and cried weakly. The initial clinical examination detected polydactyly in the left hand, congenital clubfoot and convex soles, ocular hypertelorism, a low nasal bridge, numerous hemangiomas distributed throughout the body, cardiomegaly, and perimembranous inter-ventricular communication. There was no cleft lip or palate. On physical examination at 18 months old, the child weighed 6,900 g, had a cephalic perimeter of 41 cm, a thoracic perimeter of 43 cm and was 76 cm tall. At 28 months, she weighed 10,760 g and was 88.5 cm tall. Neuropsychomotor development retardation was evident from birth and, according to the psychologist and the social assistant of APAE (Handicapped Parents and Friends Association) in Cangucu, Rio Grande do Sul, there was a noticeable improvement after physiotherapy and recreational sessions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Anormalidades Múltiplas , Cromossomos Humanos Par 13 , Trissomia , Anormalidades Múltiplas , Fenótipo , SíndromeRESUMO
From 1986 to 2002, we examined the chromosomal composition of 916 patients attended by two genetic counseling services in the city of Pelotas, in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, to determine the genetic causes of their disturbances. Patterns of G-banding using trypsin and Giemsa (GTG) and C-banding using barium and Giemsa (CBG) were studied using phytohemagglutinin M-stimulated lymphocytes cultured from peripheral blood. Among the patients, 110 had Down's syndrome, 7 had Edward's syndrome, 4 had Patau's syndrome, 29 had Turner's syndrome, 5 had Klinefelter's syndrome, and 3 had [quot ]cri-du-chat[quot ] syndrome. Abnormal chromosomes were observed in 29.3% of the patients. Most of these (56.3%) were numerical abnormalities, with the remaining being structural variants.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Bandeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Aconselhamento Genético , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Brasil , Cariotipagem/métodos , Fito-Hemaglutininas , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genéticaRESUMO
The present study aims to be a contribution to the Nursing student and the nurse's daily use of the Nursing process; the investigation method used was qualitative, applying semi-structured research tools; the data obtained were confronted with theoretical references and were put together in themes. The results show that the Nursing students and the nurses recognize the true value of the Nursing process, although they are not so sure about its practical use, and for them the Nursing schools should have the responsibility of promoting discussions in order to establish the theoretical references that would support the Nursing process. In other words, the schools should define one or more Nursing Theories and/or Conceptual References and its following methodologic definitions to be used on teaching the Nursing process.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Processo de Enfermagem , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/psicologia , Estudantes de Enfermagem/psicologia , Educação em Enfermagem/métodos , Humanos , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem/educação , Teoria de Enfermagem , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The relationship between the interruption of the human pyramidal tract and its attendant clinical manifestations has been a matter of concern to neurologists and neurosurgeons for over a century. We presently report three cases of unilateral pyramidal tract ischemic lesions within the cerebral hemispheres who presented with a contralateral pure spastic hemiplegia syndrome. In none could we find any disturbance in the somatosensitive evoked potentials of the four limbs. The review of some cases on record since the time of Charcot and Erb has made it clear that the pyramidal syndrome is a valid clinical concept which should be qualified according to the particular animal species one is referring to. In man, it manifests itself by paresis, hyperactive muscular reflexes, spasticity and Babinski sign. Based on this evidence we propose the idea of a "differential control" exerted by the pyramidal tract upon the segmental neuronal pool as its key mode of normal functioning.
Assuntos
Infarto Cerebral/etiologia , Hemiplegia/etiologia , Tratos Piramidais , Adulto , Idoso , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças da Medula Espinal/complicações , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Säo apresentados dois casos de hemiparesia atáxica devidos a infarto no território da artéria cerebral média, visualizados por tomografia conputadorizada. Säo feitas revisöes sucintas da literatura sobre as relaçöes cérebro-cerebelares humanas e sobre a hemiparesia atáxica, e é postulado que as vias corticonucleares e as corticoespinhais (piramidais), com origem na regiäo pré-motora do cérebro humano, representam os principais efetores supra-segmentares de contingente quantitativamente preponderante da eferência funcional do cerebelo humano. Nesse sentido, o córtex pré-central e suas vias relacionadas parecem ser a via comum para a passagem da atividade fisiológica gerada nos níveis basonucleares e cerebelares
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ataxia Cerebelar/etiologia , Infarto Cerebral/complicações , Hemiplegia/etiologia , Ataxia Cerebelar/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Sao apresentados dois casos de hemiparesia ataxica devidos a infarto no territorio da arteria cerebral media, visualizados por tomografia computadorizada. Sao feitas revisoes sucintas da literatura sobre as relacoes cerebrocerebelares humanas e sobre a hemiparesia ataxica, e e postulado que as vias corticonucleares e as corticoespinhais (piramidais), com origem na regiao pre-motora do cerebro humano, representam os principais efetores supra-segmentares de contigente quantitativamente preponderante da eferencia funcioinal do cerebro humano. Nesse sentido, o cortex pre-central e suas vias relacionadas parecem ser a via comum para a passagem da atividade fisiologica gerada nos niveis basonucleares e cerebelares.