RESUMO
This study was undertaken to assess the capacity of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, one of the most commonly used systems in Brazilian sewage treatment plants, to remove municipal sewage toxicity using different Danio rerio life stages (embryo, embryo-larval, larval, adult), and estrogenicity using in vitro (yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in vivo (vitellogenin induction in D. rerio) assays. Sensitivity of chronic fish assays were compared to the chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia assay. UASB-treated sewage met Brazilian legal limits for BOD and COD removals, but did not remove toxicity, and treated sewage remained extremely toxic to D. rerio larvae and C. dubia, and highly toxic to D. rerio embryos. The 4-day embryo assay had the same sensitivity as the adult acute toxicity assay, and could safely replace it, avoiding the need to sacrifice adult fish. No significant differences were identified in vitellogenin induction among organisms exposed to sewage or control. However, the in vitro test showed that anaerobic treatment increased sample estrogenicity from 27 to 40 ng equivalents of 17-ß estradiol per liter, a result corroborated by the greater induction of vitellogenin in male fish exposed to 5% (2.73 µg/g) and 20% (2.12 µg/g) treated sewage compared to the same concentrations of raw sewage (0.174 µg/g at 5% and 0.188 µg/g at 20%). Thus, UASB reactor should be followed by post-treatment to reduce risks of sewage discharge to receiving waters.
Assuntos
Esgotos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Anaerobiose , Animais , Reatores Biológicos , Brasil , EstronaRESUMO
The aim was to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of bacupari peel (EEB) on biometric measurements, hepatic lipogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese Wistar rats. Chemical analysis of the bacupari peel extract identified 7-epiclusianone as the major constituent (140.02â¯mg/g) followed by morelloflavone (35.86â¯mg/g). Animals treated with high fat diet plus EEB (BHFD) reduced body mass index (BMI), liver weight and hepatosomatic index in relation to the obese control. The food intake was similar between hyperlipid group (HFD) groups with or without EEB. However, the normal control group (AIN-93â¯M) presented higher food intake and lower final weight compared to the obese control (HFD). The PPAR-α, CPT-1a and the ADIPOR2 genes expressions, and the concentration of the PPAR-α and the adiponectin protein level increased in the BHFD group in relation to the obese control. The EEB promoted reduction of the SREBP-1c gene expression and the percentage of hepatic fat and the degree of steatosis in relation to HFD. It was concluded that EEB showed a protective effect on NAFLD, as it promoted a reduction in BMI, induced lipid oxidation, reduced lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis. Moreover, our results suggest an interaction that can lead to an agonist activity of the EEB to the PPAR-α receptor.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Garcinia/química , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Obesidade , PPAR alfa , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The study investigated the effect of extruded sorghum flour (ESF) in a high fat diet (HFD) on biometric measurements and hepatic lipogenesis. Male Wistar rats were fed a normal diet (AIN-93M), HFD, HFD plus ESF replacing 50% cellulose and 100% corn starch (HFDS50), or HFD plus ESF replacing 100% cellulose and 100% corn starch (HFDS100) for eight weeks. ESF reduced the body mass index and liver weight of obese rats. Additionally, ESF reduced hepatic lipogenesis by increasing adiponectin 2 receptor gene expression and gene and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), while reducing the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1. Molecular docking analysis revealed the affinity of ESF compounds (luteolinidin, apigeninidin, 5-methoxy-luteolinidin, and 7-methoxy-apigeninidin) with the PPAR-α receptor. Histological analysis confirmed the decreased grade of hepatic steatosis in obese rats. These data indicate the potential of ESF to reduce metabolic risk of hepatic steatosis associated with lipogenesis and obesity.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fígado Gorduroso/prevenção & controle , Farinha , Lipogênese , Fígado/metabolismo , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Sorghum , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado Gorduroso/genética , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Tamanho do Órgão , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Adiponectina/genética , Receptores de Adiponectina/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Redução de PesoRESUMO
To investigate possible morphological changes to the liver tissue of lambaris, Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), females were exposed to treatments of sublethal concentrations of the insecticide Thiodan(®) for 96 hr. Treatments included three sublethal concentrations of 1.15, 2.3, and 5.6 µg L(-1) of Thiodan(®) and a control group without insecticide. The action of Thiodan(®) at sublethal concentrations did not affect the morphological structure of the liver as a whole, but changes in isolated locations of the hepatic parenchyma were observed. Glycogen depletion, nuclear and cytoplasmic deformation, nuclear and cytoplasmic hypertrophy, hyperemia, and cellular degeneration in liver cells at the different concentrations studied were recorded. These observed changes in the livers were greater in groups exposed to Thiodan(®) in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, there was a change in the diameter of the nuclei and cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the different treatments. The groups exposed to Thiodan(®) also exhibited a larger number of hepatocyte nuclei and a reduction in the amount of cytoplasm. We conclude that for the exposure period and concentrations of Thiodan(®) analyzed, the morphology of hepatic tissue had a cellular adaptive response.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fígado/citologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Characidae , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Fígado/patologiaRESUMO
The ovicidal activity (type 3 effect) of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4 isolated) andPaecilomyces lilacinus (PL1) on Taenia saginata eggs was compared in an experimental trial. T. saginataeggs were fixed onto Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar (2% WA) and fungal isolates, and onto Petridishes without fungus as control. The ovicidal activity of these fungi was evaluated after being incubatedfor 5, 10 and 15 days. From the beginning of the interaction to the end of the trial, both P. chlamydosporia(VC1 and VC4) and P. lilacinus (PL1) fungi demonstrated ovicidal activity (p 0,05) when compared to thecontrol. However, after 15 days of incubation the P. lilacinus fungus showed higher ovicidal activity (effectof type 3) when compared to P. chlamydosporia. This study showed that both fungi P. chlamydosporia (VC1and VC4) and P. lilacinus (PL1) are capable in killing eggs of T. saginata, therefore these fungi might beconsidered as potential candidates for biological control of this cestoda.
A atividade ovicida (efeito tipo 3) dos fungos Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolados VC1 e VC4) e Paecilomyceslilacinus (PL1) sobre os ovos de Taenia saginata foi investigada, em condições laboratoriais. Os ovos deT. saginata foram colocados em placas de Petri contendo o meio agar-água 2% (AA 2%) com os isoladosfúngicos e, também, em placas de Petri sem fungos, como controle. A atividade ovicida desses fungos foiavaliada depois de 5, 10 e 15 dias de incubação. Ao final do experimento, os fungos P. chlamydosporia (VC1e VC4) e P. lilacinus (PL1) demonstraram atividade ovicida (p 0,05) quando comparados com o controle.Contudo, aos 15 dias de incubação o fungo P. lilacinus demonstrou maior atividade ovicida (efeito dotipo 3) em relação ao P. chlamydosporia. Este estudo demonstrou que os fungos P. chlamydosporia (VC1 eVC4) e P. lilacinus (PL1) possuem a capacidade de destruir os ovos de T. saginata e, portanto, podem serconsiderados como potenciais candidatos no controle biológico deste cestoda.
RESUMO
The duration of the seminiferous epithelium cycle was estimated in adult maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1811), by applying intratesticular injections with tritiated thymidine. The total duration of the seminiferous epithelium cycle in this species was calculated in 8.99 days. So, taking into account that approximately 4.5 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium are necessary for the whole spermatogenesis process to complete, the production of spermatozoa from one spermatogonia will take about 40.45 days. The duration of the spermiogenesis was calculated to be 12.3 days. The eight stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle were described by the tubular morphology method, which is based either on the form and position of the spermatid nuclei and the occurrence of meiotic divisions. The values of the relative frequency for the pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic phases in this species were 3.5, 0.78 and 4.8 days, respectively. The maned wolf produces about 29 million spermatozoa a day for each testis gram, therefore being classified among the species provided with a high spermatogenetic efficiency.
Assuntos
Canidae/fisiologia , Epitélio Seminífero/fisiologia , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Masculino , Microscopia/métodos , Epitélio Seminífero/ultraestrutura , Células de Sertoli/fisiologia , Células de Sertoli/ultraestrutura , Espermátides/fisiologia , Espermátides/ultraestrutura , Espermatócitos/fisiologia , Espermatócitos/ultraestrutura , Espermatogônias/fisiologia , Espermatogônias/ultraestrutura , Espermatozoides/fisiologia , Espermatozoides/ultraestrutura , Testículo/fisiologiaRESUMO
Foram utilizados dez exemplares de taiassuídeos, sendo cinco queixadas (Tayassu pecari) - três machos e duas fêmeas, jovens, com idade entre seis a oito meses - e cinco catetos (Tayassu tajacu) - quatro machos e uma fêmea, adultos. Após o sacrifício dos animais, seu estômago foi removido, esvaziadas e lavadas as suas cavidades, e colhidas amostras de suas paredes, visando os procedimentos técnicos para análise histoquímica. Os testes histoquímicos permitiram evidenciar a presença de glicosaminoglicanos neutros e radicais ácidos carboxilados, na mucosa dos sacos cegos do estômago. A presença dos radicais vic-glicol (neutros) foi confirmada pelos resultados negativos frente aos corantes Azul de Toluidina (AT) e Alcian Blue (AB), em níveis de pH baixos (AT pH 1,5 e AB pH 0,5). Não foi evidenciada a presença de glicogênio na mucosa do estômago destas espécies. Outrossim, verificou-se que radicais vic-glicol (neutros) estão associados a radicais ácidos carboxilados, nas mucinas, sendo que o teor de radicais neutros foi mais elevado. Eosinófilos, em grande quantidade, distribuem-se por todo o espaço interglandular da mucosa; mastócitos estão presentes, porém em quantidade pouco expressiva.
RESUMO
Para se estudar a correlação entre o sítio de ovulação e o corno uterino de implantação dos embrióes de caprinos mestiços, utilizaram-se fêmeas em diferentes períodos de gestação. Observou-se maior atividade no ovário esquerdo e maior ocupação do corno uterino direito ,mostrando a ocorrÊncia de migração intra-uterina. Porém, não houve correlação entre lado de ovulação e sítio final de implantação.
RESUMO
Para se estudar a correlação entre o sítio de ovulação e o corno uterino de implantação dos embrióes de caprinos mestiços, utilizaram-se fêmeas em diferentes períodos de gestação. Observou-se maior atividade no ovário esquerdo e maior ocupação do corno uterino direito ,mostrando a ocorrÊncia de migração intra-uterina. Porém, não houve correlação entre lado de ovulação e sítio final de implantação.