RESUMO
The use of less lethal weapons aims to mitigate civilian casualties caused by firearm use. However, due to numerous cases in which these weapons caused serious injuries, even lethal injuries, both legislation and the forensic field are interested in characterizing and regulating them better. In the forensic field, there is a lack of strong research about injury patterns of these weapons which makes it difficult to identify the type of weapon employed. In this study, the main objective was to characterize the injury pattern produced by the impact of the 9 mm P.A.K. projectile. A porcine model was used. Four different distances were studied: firm contact, 10 cm, 60 cm and 110 cm, using 3 of the more representative anatomical sites: the head, the hind leg and the ribs. The average measurement of the entrance orifice varied according to the anatomical site, being 6.67 mm wide and 6.25 mm long in the thorax, 7.3 mm wide and 8.8 mm long in the hind legs, and 7.62 mm wide and 7.54 mm long in the head. The variation in width and length measurements was not found to be directly related to the shot distance. The gunshot residues had similar characteristics to those of conventional lead projectiles, however there was more unburned powder deposit near the wounds, with a less dense soot and more dense powder tattoo. Depth varied widely regardless of tissue and firing distance, although loss of penetrating power and injury is observed as one moves away from the target.
Assuntos
Balística Forense , Modelos Animais , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Animais , Suínos , Balística Forense/métodos , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/patologia , Costelas/lesões , Costelas/patologia , Armas de FogoRESUMO
The physical origin of the optical response observed in three-dimensional photonic crystals when the photon wavelength is equal or lower than the lattice parameter still remains unsatisfactorily explained and is the subject of an intense and interesting debate. Herein we demonstrate for the first time that all optical spectra features in this high energy region of photonic crystals arise from electromagnetic resonances within the ordered array, modified by the interplay between these resonances with the opening of diffraction channels, the presence of imperfections and finite size effects. All these four phenomena are taken into account in our theoretical approach to the problem, which allows us to provide a full description of the observed optical response based on fundamental phenomena as well as to attain fair fittings of experimental results.
Assuntos
Manufaturas , Modelos Teóricos , Simulação por Computador , Cristalização , Transferência de Energia , Luz , Espalhamento de RadiaçãoRESUMO
La obesidad se considera un importante factor de riesgo para varias enfermedades tales como hipertensi'on arterial, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad coronaria, ateroesclerosis, hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia. Se estima que en el mundo la prevalencia de obesidad en la población adulta es de 20 a 50 por ciento, según el criterio y la definición empleados. La Asociación colombiana de obesidad y metabolismo (AS-COM), ha desarrollado un trabajo en equipo a lo largo de 1995, encaminado a elaborar recomendaciones generales que sirven como base para un consenso nacional sobre el enfoque y manejo del paciente obeso yno de la obesidad. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es llevar al médico general y al paciente obeso, un concepto científico sobre la definición, patogenesis, etiología, clasificación y diagnostico de la obesidad, además de proporcionarle una guía práctica sobre su correcto manejo médico.