RESUMO
Leucaena leucocephala is a worldwide plant used as forage; however, its use in animal production has been limited because of the presence of a toxic nonprotein amino acid, L-mimosine. L-mimosine exhibits negative effects not only in ruminants but also in monogastric animals; however, there is little information available on the effect of this amino acid in monogastric species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the general toxicity of L-mimosine in rats, as well as its effects on the endocrine and reproductive systems. L-mimosine was extracted from seeds of L. leucocephala that were administered orally by gavage to adult Wistar rats at different doses of 25, 40 and 60 mg/kg body weight/day for 28 days. The following parameters were evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, serum enzymes, histopathology (liver, kidney, thyroid, thymus, and spleen), serum hormones (testosterone, corticosterone, T3 and T4) and sexual behavior. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals, but histopathology revealed consistent lesions in the thyroids. Additionally, rats exposed to L-mimosine presented low serum levels of testosterone, decreased mount numbers and increased mount intervals. Therefore, our study reinforces the assumption that L-mimosine has goitrogenic potential and causes impairment in male reproductive performance.
Assuntos
Fabaceae , Mimosina , Animais , Genitália , Mimosina/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Glândula TireoideRESUMO
A Leucaena leucocephala, popularmente conhecida no nosso país como leucena, é uma planta difundida por todo o mundo e utilizada como forrageira por apresentar vários nutrientes; no entanto, seu uso é limitado, uma vez que possui uma fitotoxina cuja natureza química é de um aminoácido não proteico denominado de mimosina. Em ruminantes, principalmente em bovinos, esta substância causa efeitos tóxicos como alopecia, anorexia, redução no ganho de peso ou perda de peso, salivação excessiva, lesões esofágicas, aumento da tireoide e queda nas concentrações de hormônios tireoidianos. Em monogástricos também tem sido descrita toxicidade evidenciada por alterações como alopecia e diminuição do ganho de peso; porém, os efeitos sobre estes animais ainda não foram bem estudados. Assim, nesta pesquisa objetivou-se inicialmente desenvolver procedimentos químicos para a extração de mimosina das sementes da L.leucocephala e, a partir disto, realizar estudos biológicos, em ratos, para avaliar a toxicidade geral desse aminoácido bem como seus efeitos nos sistemas imune, endócrino e reprodutor. Na extração da mimosina, obteve-se o rendimento de 2,3%. Realizou-se a administração da fitotoxina, por via oral, a ratos Wistar adultos, nas doses de 25, 40 e 60mg/Kg p.v./dia, durante um período de 28 dias. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia (fígado, rins, tireoide, timo e baço), peso relativo de órgãos (rins, fígado, timo, baço e testículos), imunidade celular por meio da atividade de macrófagos intraperitoneais, imunidade humoral por meio do título de anticorpos anti-SRBC e /"plaque forming cell/", dosagem de hormônios séricos (testosterona, corticosterona, T3 e T4) e comportamento sexual. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo revelaram que, embora não fossem detectadas alterações clínicas que indicassem toxicidade, e/ou diminuição no consumo de ração e do ganho de peso, nos animais expostos às diferentes doses de mimosina, estes apresentaram lesões consistentes na tireoide. Além disto, observou-se diminuição da testosterona sérica dos ratos que receberam 60mg/Kg de mimosina. Ainda, nas doses de 40 e 60mg/Kg, verificou-se, por meio da avaliação do comportamento sexual, a diminuição no número de montas, bem como o aumento do intervalo entre elas; e nestas maiores doses os ratos também apresentaram aumento da intensidade de fagocitose de macrófagos intraperitoneais. Portanto, os estudos aqui realizados permitem sugerir que a mimosina, nas baixas doses aqui empregadas, não possui efeitos imunotóxicos; porém apresenta potencial bociogênico em ratos e provavelmente atua como desregulador endócrino
Leucaena leucocephala is a worldwide plant used as forage; however its use in animal production has been limited since it has a phytotoxin denominated mimosine. It is known that this substance cause toxicity as alopecia, anorexia, reduced weight gain or weight loss, excessive salivation, esophageal lesions, thyroid enlargement and low thyroid hormones in ruminants, mainly in bovines. On the other hand, toxic effects of mimosine have not well studied in monogastric, but alopecia and low weight gain already was also reported. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate in rats the general toxicity of this amino acid as well as its effects on immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. In the first step of the study, it was extracted from seeds of L.leucocephala 2.3% of mimosine that was administrated orally to adult Wistar rats at different doses of 25, 40 and 60mg/kg body weight/ day, for 28 days. It was evaluated the following parameters: weight gain, feed intake, serum enzymes, histopathology (liver, kidney, thyroid, thymus and spleen), relative organs weight (kidney, liver, thymus, spleen and testicles), cellular and humoral immunity, serum hormones (testosterone, corticosterone, T3 and T4) and sexual behavior. No clinical sings of toxicity was observed in animals, but histopathology reveled consistent lesions in the thyroids. Additionally, rats that received 60mg/kg of mimosine presented low serum levels of testosterone, and in rats treated with both doses of mimosine, 40 and 60mg/Kg, it was verified increase in phagocytosis intensity of intraperitoneal macrophages, decrease mounts number and increase in mounts interval. Therefore, our study permits to suggest that although low doses of mimosine does not have immunotoxic effects in rats, it has goitrogenic potential and probably acts as an endocrine disrupter
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Mimosina/toxicidade , Ratos Wistar/metabolismo , Fabaceae/toxicidadeRESUMO
The effects of mimosine (MI), which is an amino acid that is derived from Leucaena leucocephala, were evaluated on the growth of ascitic Ehrlich tumors, and the effects of the combination treatment of MI and cyclophosphamide (CY) on tumor growth were also assessed. Mice were divided into groups that received the following treatments over the course of 20 days: phosphate buffer solution (CO), MI, Ehrlich cells (E), E plus CY (EC), E plus MI (EM) and E plus MI and CY (EMC). No signs of toxicity were detected in the mice from the MI group. The mice from the EMC group showed reductions in body weights when compared with those from the E group. The animals from the EC, EM and EMC groups showed reductions in ascitic volume compared with those from the E group. The mice from the EMC group showed reductions in total cell numbers of ascitic fluid compared with those from the E, EC and EM groups. The combination of MI and CY was the most effective treatment for Ehrlich tumor ascites.