RESUMO
The liver has multiple functions that change throughout ontogeny. South American camelids (SAC) have unique characteristics related to adaptation to extreme environments and metabolism. However, the process of hepatic cell differentiation has not been studied in any SAC. We study the patterns of cell differentiation and proliferation in the liver of the alpaca at different times of the ontogeny, excluding the hematopoietic components. Immunohistochemical techniques were performed in 66 specimens, including embryos, fetuses, neonates and adults. Supplementary analyses were performed by lectinhistochemistry. The hepatocytic differentiation was performed by the identification of Hepatocyte (Clone: ââOCH1ES Dako®). It began in the specimens of 1.8-2.5 cm of crown to rump length (CRL), from Days 25-29 (ovulation = Day 0), continued during gestation and intensified towards its end. The cholangiocytic differentiation was performed by the identification of cytokeratin 7 (CK7, Dako®). It was manifested at the final of gestation (specimens of 28.4 cm CRL, from Day 223 onwards). Parenchymal cells underwent a process of gradual differentiation (differentiation of hepatocytes preceded that of cholangiocytes). Cell proliferation was observed along gestation using the nuclear proliferation antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. Hepatic organogenesis in the alpacas shares similar differentiation and proliferation mechanisms with other altricial, but phylogenetically distant, species.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Camelídeos Americanos/embriologia , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado/embriologia , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Los desequilibrios entre la carga de enfermedades crónicas y la insuficiente respuesta del sistema de salud, agudizan las desigualdades en cobertura así como el acceso efectivo a los servicios. La Secretaría de Salud, integró grupos de trabajo para diseñar una estrategia que contribuya a la solución de esta problemática a través de la optimización y distribución de las funciones de enfermería. Objetivo: Explicar la Estrategia Integral para la Ampliación del Rol de Enfermería, con el fin de establecer la política de formación de recursos humanos e incorporar este nuevo rol al sistema público de salud en México. Metodología: Este documento describe cómo se realizó la Estrategia, su proceso de desarrollo y los componentes que la integran; así como el Marco Mexicano de Competencias para la Ampliación del Rol de Enfermería. Resultados: Se identificaron las acciones necesarias para la implementación de la Estrategia y se clasificaron en tres componentes: Laboral, Educativo/formación y Legal/normativo; así como los ejes transversales de Abogacía y Difusión. Discusión: Las estrategias para fortalecer el modelo de prestación de servicios de salud a nivel comunitario no han cambiado en muchos años. La implementación de la Estrategia proyecta la transformación hacia un modelo resolutivo donde los recursos humanos se desplieguen a la comunidad activamente. Conclusiones: La Estrategia busca adaptar la composición de la fuerza laboral en el Primer Nivel de Atención y optimizar su desempeño, para contribuir a mejorar la respuesta a las necesidades progresivas de salud.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Disparities between the burdens resulting from chronic illnesses and the corresponding responses by the health systems increase the inequalities in terms of coverture and effective access to the health services. In response to this situation, the Secretaría de Salud de México integrated diverse groups to work with the aim of designing strategies which can contribute to finding solutions to this problematic through the optimization and distribution of the nursing functions. Objective: To Inform on the Nursing Role Enhancement Integral Strategy in order to establish corresponding policies related to human resources formation, and incorporate this new role into the health public system in Mexico. Methodology: This document informs on how this Strategy was designed, its development process, and the components which integrate it, all within the Mexican Framework on Competencies to the Enhancement of the Nursing Role. Results: The needed actions to implement this Strategy were identified and further classified into three components: Work-related, Education-formation-related, and Legal-normative-related. Advocacy and Diffusion were determined as the transversal axes. Discussion: Strategies to strengthen the health service provision model in a community level have not changed in many years. The implementation of the Strategy, matter of this document, projects a transformation towards a resolutive model in that human resources are actively deployed into the community. Conclusions: This Strategy seeks adapting the composition of the primary healthcare working force and optimizing its performance in order to better address the health needs of the community.
RESUMO Introdução: Os desequilíbrios entre a carga de doenças crónicas e a resposta insuficiente do sistema de saúde, agudizam as desigualdades na cobertura e acesso efetivo aos serviços. O Secretaría de Salud integrou grupos de trabalho para traçar uma estratégia que contribua para a solução desta problemática, através da otimização e distribuição de funções de enfermagem. Objetivo: Explicar a Estratégia Integral para a Ampliação do Papel de Enfermagem, para estabelecer a política de formação de recursos humanos e incorporar este novo rolo ao sistema público de saúde no México. Metodologia: Este documento descreve como se realizou a Estratégia, seu processo de desenvolvimento e os componentes que a compõem, bem como o Quadro Mexicano de Competências para a Ampliação do Papel de Enfermagem. Resultados: Foram identificadas as ações necessárias para a implementação da Estratégia e classificaram-se em três componentes: Trabalhista, Educacional/formativo e Jurídica/normativo; bem como os eixos transversais de Advocacia e Difusão. Discussão: As estratégias para fortalecer o modelo de prestação de serviços de saúde a nível comunitário não cambiou em muitos anos. A implementação da Estratégia projeta a transformação para um modelo de resolução onde os recursos humanos ativamente direcionam-se à comunidade. Conclusões: A Estratégia busca adaptar a composição da força laboral no Primeiro Nível de Atenção e otimizar seu desempenho, para contribuir a melhorar a resposta às necessidades progressivas de saúde.
RESUMO
Coccidioides is a primary pathogenic fungus, which infects humans through highly infectious arthroconidia, causing substantial morbidity including life-threatening disseminated infections. Due to the low infectious dose, laboratory personnel might become infected during diagnostic procedures. Accordingly, coccidioidomycosis is reported as the most frequent laboratory-acquired systemic mycosis worldwide. This risk is aggravated in non-endemic countries, where the diagnosis may not be suspected. We report on an inadvertent exposure of 44 persons to Coccidioides posadasii in a clinical microbiology laboratory in Chile, the measures of containment after rapid diagnosis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the lessons learnt in a non-endemic setting.
Assuntos
Coccidioides/isolamento & purificação , Coccidioidomicose/epidemiologia , Infecção Laboratorial/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Coccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Coccidioidomicose/microbiologia , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Infecção Laboratorial/diagnóstico , Infecção Laboratorial/microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
The breeding of South American camelids is the main economic activity of the high Andean region of South America and it, is potentially, the most profitable resource in of the Puna environmental conditions of the Puna. The duration of the gestation in alpaca is 339.7 ± 12 days. The objective of the present work was to macroscopically and microscopically describe the ontogenic development of the splanchnic cavities of the alpaca and to determine the gestational time in which the post-cranial ossification centers are observed in the embryos/fetuses of this species, from day 21 to 107 of gestation. The documentation of normal ontogenic development, which is vacant for this period, is of the utmost importance to understand the consequences of the alterations at the different gestational times, as well as for the estimation of the gestational age in the case of abortions. Forty-seven alpaca specimens of both sexes, at different times of their gestational development, collected during slaughter at local slaughterhouses of the Department of Huancavelica, Peru, were evaluated. Specimens were assigned to seven groups according to their morphological characteristics. The embryogenesis in the alpaca was characterized by a series of changes comparable to those occurring in other mammals with similar gestational periods. Despite these similarities, species differences were found in some organs as stomach, which are observed too in adult individuals.
Assuntos
Camelídeos Americanos/embriologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Masculino , Osteogênese , Gravidez , Estômago/embriologiaRESUMO
The most diverse and species-rich class of the phylum Porifera is Demospongiae. In recent years, the systematics of this clade, which contains more than 7000 species, has developed rapidly in light of new studies combining molecular and morphological observations. We add more than 500 new, nearly complete 18S sequences (an increase of more than 200%) in an attempt to further enhance understanding of the phylogeny of Demospongiae. Our study specifically targets representation of type species and genera that have never been sampled for any molecular data in an effort to accelerate progress in classifying this diverse lineage. Our analyses recover four highly supported subclasses of Demospongiae: Keratosa, Myxospongiae, Haploscleromorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. Within Keratosa, neither Dendroceratida, nor its two families, Darwinellidae and Dictyodendrillidae, are monophyletic and Dictyoceratida is divided into two lineages, one predominantly composed of Dysideidae and the second containing the remaining families (Irciniidae, Spongiidae, Thorectidae, and Verticillitidae). Within Myxospongiae, we find Chondrosida to be paraphyletic with respect to the Verongida. We amend the latter to include species of the genus Chondrosia and erect a new order Chondrillida to contain remaining taxa from Chondrosida, which we now discard. Even with increased taxon sampling of Haploscleromorpha, our analyses are consistent with previous studies; however, Haliclona species are interspersed in even more clades. Haploscleromorpha contains five highly supported clades, each more diverse than previously recognized, and current families are mostly polyphyletic. In addition, we reassign Janulum spinispiculum to Haploscleromorpha and resurrect Reniera filholi as Janulum filholi comb. nov. Within the large clade Heteroscleromorpha, we confirmed 12 recently identified clades based on alternative data, as well as a sister-group relationship between the freshwater Spongillida and the family Vetulinidae. We transfer Stylissa flabelliformis to the genus Scopalina within the family Scopalinidae, which is of uncertain position. Our analyses uncover a large, strongly supported clade containing all heteroscleromorphs other than Spongillida, Vetulinidae, and Scopalinidae. Within this clade, there is a major division separating Axinellidae, Biemnida, Tetractinellida, Bubaridae, Stelligeridae, Raspailiidae, and some species of Petromica, Topsentia, and Axinyssa from Agelasida, Polymastiidae, Placospongiidae, Clionaidae, Spirastrellidae, Tethyidae, Poecilosclerida, Halichondriidae, Suberitidae, and Trachycladus. Among numerous results: (1) Spirophorina and its family Tetillidae are paraphyletic with respect to a strongly supported Astrophorina within Tetractinellida; (2) Agelasida is the earliest diverging lineage within the second clade listed above; and (3) Merlia and Desmacella appear to be the earliest diverging lineages of Poecilosclerida.
Assuntos
DNA Ribossômico/genética , Filogenia , Poríferos/classificação , Poríferos/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Biologia Computacional , Florida , Funções Verossimilhança , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Panamá , Polinésia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
El vitiligo inflamatorio es un trastorno melanocitopénico adquirido, de baja frecuencia con características clínicas e histológicas propias. Ocurre en ambos sexos, a cualquier edad. Su fisiopatogenia parece involucrar mecanismos autoinmunes. En su evolución es frecuente la desaparición del componente inflamatorio que resulta en una mácula hipopigmentada clásica; a ello debe anticiparse también nuestra elección terapéutica. Se describe un paciente con vitiligo inflamatorio de resolución espontánea, junto a una revisión crítica de la bibliografía. Se discute si representa una variante de vitiligo vulgar o una entidad independiente.
Inflammatory vitiligo is a low frequency melanocytopenic acquired entity with clinical and histological features of it 's own. It occurs in both sexes at any age. Fisiopathogenesis may involve autoimmune mechanisms. It's evolution most commonly ends up in a classic hypopigmented maculae, therefore our therapeutic choice has to be oriented to this outcome. A patient with inflammatory vitiligo is described along a critical review of the literature. It is discussed if it represents a variant of common vitiligo or an independent entity.
RESUMO
Con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de dermatofitos en lesiones sospechosas de micosis y evaluar su suceptiblidad in vitro frente a Clotrimazol (CLZ), Itraconazol (ITZ), Griseofulvina (GRI), Fluconazol (FCZ) y Terbinafina (TBF), se recolectaron 175 muestras (piel, pelo y uñas) y datos epidemiológicos de cada paciente. El diagnóstico micológico se realizó mediante: un examen directo con KOH al 20 porciento y cultivo en agar Sabouraud y Lactrimel, incubados a 25° y 37° por 21 días. La suceptibilidad in vitro se realizó por el método de microdilución en caldo según recomendaciones NCCLS (documento M38-P), determinándose CIM50 y CIM90. El examen directo fue positivo en el 73,7 porciento (n=129) de las muestras y el cultivo en 66,3 porciento (n=116), aumentando a un 80,6 porciento(n=141) al usar ambas técnicas. Los agentes aislados correspondieron a Trichophyton rubrum (81 porciento), T.mentagrophytes (14,7 porciento) y Microsporum canis (4,3 porciento). En 110 cepas, la CIM50 para FCZ fue 0,25mg/mL y 0,03mg/mL para GRI, ITZ, CLZ y TBF. La CIM90 de FCZ fue 2,0mg/mL, 0,12mg/mL para ITZ y 0,06mg/mL para CLZ, GRI y TBF. En general, los antifúngicos probados fueron activos frente a las cepas aisladas, excepto 2 cepas que mostraron CIM elevadas para ITZ.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antifúngicos , Arthrodermataceae , ChileRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fungi are important causal agents of nosocomial infections, that usually have high mortality rates. AIM: To evaluate the species distribution and susceptibility patterns of deep yeast infections in a General Hospital and to correlate those results with patient survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty one strains (from five pediatric and 16 from adult patients) were studied. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AST) to Amphotericin B (Anfb), Fluorocytosine (5FC), Fluconazole (FZ) and Itraconazole (IZ) was performed according to the EUCAST document. Clinical data of patients was obtained and survival to the infection was recorded. RESULTS: C. albicans was isolated in 11 samples (52%), C. parapsilosis in three samples (14%), C. glabrata in two samples (9%), C. tropicalis in one sample (5%) and C. neoformans in four samples (19%). Twenty three percent of fungi were recovered at the Surgical Intensive Care Unit. The MICs ranged between 0.25 and 0.5 microgram/mL for Anfb; between 0.25 and 16 micrograms/ml for SFC, between 0.12 and 32 micrograms/mL for FZ and 0.015 and 0.5 microgram/mL for IZ. No association between antifungal susceptibility and patient survival was observed. CONCLUSIONS: C. albicans continues to be the most frequently isolated yeast, however, non-albicans species are an emergent group causing nosocomial infections. Surgical procedures are the main source of fungal infections in this sample.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Adulto , Candida/classificação , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase/mortalidade , Criança , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
We studied the internalization and intracellular distribution of [3H] GABA in rat anterior pituitary cells. Electron microscopic autoradiography of anterior pituitary fragments or dispersed pituitary cells incubated with [3H] GABA showed that lactotrophs and, to a lesser extent, somatotrophs were the only cells that contained radioactive grains. Grain density analysis performed on dispersed pituitary cells after a pulse-chase experiment (10 min pulse and then change to a medium without radioactive GABA for various periods up to 2 h) revealed that GABA internalized by lactotrophs was distributed in various intracellular membranous organelles. Of the cell compartments examined, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and secretory granules had different time-dependent labeling patterns. The highest grain density values were associated with plasma membrane (at the first chase time) and the Golgi apparatus. Mitochondria and secretory granules also showed significant grain density values. A similar pattern of distribution was observed when fragments of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas were incubated with [3H] GABA. These results provide morphological data on the cellular specificity and intracellular distribution of GABA in anterior pituitary cells.
Assuntos
Microscopia Eletrônica , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Adeno-Hipófise/ultraestrutura , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animais , Autorradiografia , Compartimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Compartimento Celular/fisiologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Prolactina/metabolismo , Prolactinoma/metabolismo , Prolactinoma/patologia , Prolactinoma/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Trítio , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacologiaRESUMO
The effect of glutamate (GLUT) and its ionotropic receptor agonists on K(+)-evoked GABA release from the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) was investigated in diestrus, ovariectomized, ovariectomized-estrogenized female rats and intact male rats. GLUT and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) increased K(+)-evoked GABA release from the NIL in all the experimental groups. This stimulatory effect of NMDA was blocked by specific NMDA receptor antagonists but not by non-NMDA receptor antagonists. However, kainate did not modify evoked GABA release from the NIL in any of these groups. Neither GLUT nor NMDA modified nitric oxide synthase activity. These results indicate that GLUT, acting through NMDA receptors, stimulates evoked GABA release from the NIL of female and male rats. This effect is not influenced by gonadal status and does not appear to be mediated by nitric oxide production.
Assuntos
Estradiol/farmacologia , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , Neuro-Hipófise/fisiologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/fisiologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , 2-Amino-5-fosfonovalerato/farmacologia , Animais , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Feminino , Masculino , Ovariectomia , Neuro-Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/farmacologia , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The computer program WHONET generates a common database to analyze local or general antimicrobial resistance of bacteria. A surveillance of agents causing urinary tract infections in Chile has been performed using this program. AIM: To report the results after 12 months of urinary tract infection agent surveillance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since November, 1997, a surveillance of in vitro antimicrobial resistance, using agar diffusion techniques, has been performed in 20 to 40 bacterial strains per month, isolated from 11 hospitals in the country. Results have been analyzed using WHONET program. RESULTS: In first 12 months, 3144 strains, 1625 coming from outpatients, have been studied. Seventy four percent of isolated strains were E coli, 19% were other enterobacteria, 4.1% were non fermenting bacilli and 2.1% were Gram (+) cocci. Sixty five percent of E coli strains were resistant to ampicillin, 11% to cefazolin, 2.5% to cefuroxime, 19% to ceftriaxone, 9% to ceftazidime, 4.2% to gentamicin 1.3% to amikacin, 5.6% to ciprofloxacin, 8.4% to grepafloxacin, 4.3% to nitrofurantoin and 43% to trimeproprim/sulphamethoxazole. Eighty two percent of other enterobacteria strains were resistant to ampicillin, 45.5% to cefazolin, 33.5% to cefuroxime, 26.6% to ceftriaxone, 21.5% to ceftazidime, 30.3% to gentamicin 17.2% to amikacin, 21% to ciprofloxacin, 16.3% to grepafloxacin, 48.2% to nitrofurantoin and 44.6% to trimeproprim/sulphamethoxazole. There were differences in betalactamic resistance among hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Noteworthy is the high resistance rates to third generation cephalosporins, evidenced when the new cutoff values for E coli and Klebsiella spp are used. This national surveillance provides updated information on antimicrobial resistance of agents causing urinary tract infections.
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Chile , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Vigilância da PopulaçãoRESUMO
The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the regulation of dopamine (DA) concentration in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), posterior and anterior pituitary of ovariectomized (OVX) estrogenized rats was studied using passive immunization against VIP with a specific antiserum (a-VIP). Chronic estradiol administration decreased DA concentration in MBH, and in posterior and anterior pituitary, compared to OVX control rats. DA tissue concentration increased following a-VIP administration to control and estrogenized OVX rats. In vitro study of VIP and a-VIP on DA release from MBH in chronically estrogenized OVX rats showed that estrogens decreased DA evoked-release from MBH;a-VIP increased DA evoked-release from MBH of control OVX and estrogenized rats. VIP decreased DA evoked-release from MBH of OVX rats, but had no effect on estrogenized rats. VIP decreased DA tissue concentration in MBH of OVX control but not of estrogenized rats. It is suggested that VIP decreases DA synthesis and release from hypothalamic neurons in female rats, and that VIP partially mediates the inhibitory effect of long-term estrogen administration on DA release from MBH.
Assuntos
Dopamina/metabolismo , Estrogênios/fisiologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Ovariectomia , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Hipotálamo Médio/metabolismo , Imunização Passiva , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Neuro-Hipófise/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/imunologiaRESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans (C.n.) presenta 2 variedades que agrupan 4 serotipos. C.N. var, neoformans (serotipos A-D) y C.n. var gattii (serotipos B-C). Dado que la variedad gattii no ha sido descrita en Chile, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar diferentes variedades de cepas clínicas y deyecciones de aves mediante la utilización del medio cultivo CGB (agar canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol). Se consideró positiva para la variedad gattii, el viraje de color del medio de amarillo-verdoso (pH 5,8) a azul intenso (pH 7,0). Se analizaron 18 cepas de C. neoformans: 9 de deyecciones de aves (Jardín Zoológico) y 9 clínicas (LCR, sangre, piel), previamente confirmadas por pruebas bioquímicas y morfológicas. Se sembraron en medio CGB y fueron incubadas a 25ºC por 5 días. Todas las cepas estudiadas correspondieron a C. neoformans var. neoformans. Hasta este momento no se ha identificado la var. gattii y se mantendrá la vigilancia futura al respecto
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Aves/parasitologia , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Algoritmos , Doenças das Aves , Meios de Cultura , Eucalyptus/parasitologia , GlicinaRESUMO
Cryptococcus neoformans (C.n.) presenta 2 variedades que agrupan 4 serotipos. C.N. var, neoformans (serotipos A-D) y C.n. var gattii (serotipos B-C). Dado que la variedad gattii no ha sido descrita en Chile, el propósito de este estudio fue determinar diferentes variedades de cepas clínicas y deyecciones de aves mediante la utilización del medio cultivo CGB (agar canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol). Se consideró positiva para la variedad gattii, el viraje de color del medio de amarillo-verdoso (pH 5,8) a azul intenso (pH 7,0). Se analizaron 18 cepas de C. neoformans: 9 de deyecciones de aves (Jardín Zoológico) y 9 clínicas (LCR, sangre, piel), previamente confirmadas por pruebas bioquímicas y morfológicas. Se sembraron en medio CGB y fueron incubadas a 25ºC por 5 días. Todas las cepas estudiadas correspondieron a C. neoformans var. neoformans. Hasta este momento no se ha identificado la var. gattii y se mantendrá la vigilancia futura al respecto (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Aves/parasitologia , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves , Meios de Cultura , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Glicina/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Eucalyptus/parasitologiaRESUMO
We have studied the in vitro effects of neurokinin A (NKA) on anterior pituitary GABA concentration and GABA release from the mediobasal hypothalamus and the neurointermediate lobe of male and ovariectomized female (OVX) rats. NKA significantly decreased the anterior pituitary GABA concentration, while the presence of a specific anti-NKA serum in the incubation medium increased the GABA concentration in this gland. By contrast, NKA did not modify basal or K(+)-evoked GABA release from the mediobasal hypothalamus of male or OVX rats. However, NKA decreased basal and K(+)-evoked GABA release from the neurointermediate lobe. Since GABA inhibits both prolactin (PRL) secretion from the anterior pituitary and the release of several putative PRL-releasing factors from the neurointermediate lobe, the decrease in anterior pituitary GABA concentration and the reduction in tubero-hypophyseal GABAergic activity induced by NKA may contribute to the stimulatory effect of this peptide on PRL secretion.
Assuntos
Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo Médio/fisiologia , Neurocinina A/farmacologia , Adeno-Hipófise/fisiologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Hipotálamo Médio/efeitos dos fármacos , Soros Imunes , Técnicas In Vitro , Cinética , Masculino , Neurocinina A/imunologia , Ovariectomia , Adeno-Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Nuclear grade is considered a valuable prognostic factor in mammary carcinomas. Since the histological diagnosis of most of these tumors is made by "non expert" pathologists, it was considered interesting to find out the reproducibility of general pathologists to define the nuclear grade. In order to do this, a series of 15 mammary carcinomas, 10 of them randomly selected and 5 because they were considered difficult to classify for nuclear grade, were examined separately by 10 general pathologists. In a first round of observation, each one of them graded the cases according to their own criteria as used routinely, and for a second round they followed a written guide. An analysis of variance was applied to the data and no significant differences were found between observers, neither in the randomly selected cases nor in the total series. The written guide, surprisingly, instead of lowering the differences, increased them. Analysis of the individual performance of observers showed two of them having a great variation between both rounds of observation, and this was considered to influence the results of the whole group. Interobserver performance to discriminate high grade tumors (G3) from the rest, showed a good correlation in all the participants. These results allow us to conclude that in this series, examined by general pathologists, an acceptable reproducibility was observed, specially when high risk tumors were being identified.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Núcleo Celular/patologia , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Con el objeto de evitar los episodios de colangitis luego de la portoenteroanastomosis de Kasai, se han desarrollado diferentes tipos de válvulas intestinales. El motivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad de la válvula intestinal mucosa simple en el conducto bilioentérico en un grupo de niños con atresia de vías biliares y tratados entre 1990 y 1993 con la intervención de Kasai sin derivación externa, 16 enfermos consecutivos fueron incluidos en un protocolo prospectivo y randomizado. Los paciente fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo 1, pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai (n=10) y grupo 2 pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai mas válvula mucosa yeyunal. En ambos grupos analizamos la edad de interveción flujo biliar episodios de colangitis , función hepática y evolución clínica.En este estudio no encontramos diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados, por lo cual creemos que la válvula no aporta beneficios ni perjuicios en cuanto a la prevención de las colangitis
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar , PediatriaRESUMO
Con el objeto de evitar los episodios de colangitis luego de la portoenteroanastomosis de Kasai, se han desarrollado diferentes tipos de válvulas intestinales. El motivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad de la válvula intestinal mucosa simple en el conducto bilioentérico en un grupo de niños con atresia de vías biliares y tratados entre 1990 y 1993 con la intervención de Kasai sin derivación externa, 16 enfermos consecutivos fueron incluidos en un protocolo prospectivo y randomizado. Los paciente fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo 1, pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai (n=10) y grupo 2 pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai mas válvula mucosa yeyunal. En ambos grupos analizamos la edad de interveción flujo biliar episodios de colangitis , función hepática y evolución clínica.En este estudio no encontramos diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados, por lo cual creemos que la válvula no aporta beneficios ni perjuicios en cuanto a la prevención de las colangitis
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar , PediatriaRESUMO
Nitric oxide synthase-containing cells were visualized in the anterior pituitary gland by immunocytochemistry. Consequently, we began an evaluation of the possible role of NO in the control of anterior pituitary function. Prolactin is normally under inhibitory hypothalamic control, and in vitro the gland secretes large quantities of the hormone. When hemipituitaries were incubated for 30 min in the presence of sodium nitroprusside, a releaser of NO, prolactin release was inhibited. This suppression was completely blocked by the scavenger of NO, hemoglobin. Analogs of arginine, such as NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA, where NG is the terminal guanidino nitrogen) and nitroarginine methyl ester, inhibit NO synthase. Incubation of hemipituitaries with either of these compounds significantly increased prolactin release. Since in other tissues most of the actions of NO are mediated by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase with the formation of cyclic GMP, we evaluated the effects of cyclic GMP on prolactin release. Cyclic GMP (10 mM) produced an approximately 40% reduction in prolactin release. Prolactin release in vivo and in vitro can be stimulated by several peptides, which include vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P. Consequently, we evaluated the possible role of NO in these stimulations by incubating the glands in the presence of either of these peptides alone or in combination with NMMA. In the case of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, the significant stimulation of prolactin release was augmented by NMMA to give an additive effect. In the case of substance P, there was a smaller but significant release of prolactin that was not significantly augmented by NMMA. We conclude that NO has little effect on the stimulatory action of these two peptides on prolactin release. Dopamine (0.1 microM), an inhibitor of prolactin release, reduced prolactin release, and this inhibitory action was significantly blocked by either hemoglobin (20 micrograms/ml) or NMMA and was completely blocked by 1 mM nitroarginine methyl ester. Atrial natriuretic factor at 1 microM also reduced prolactin release, and its action was completely blocked by NMMA. In contrast to these results with prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured in the same medium in which the effect of nitroprusside was tested on prolactin release, there was no effect of nitroprusside, hemoglobin, or the combination of nitroprusside and hemoglobin on luteinizing hormone release. Therefore, in contrast to its inhibitory action on prolactin release NO had no effect on luteinizing hormone release. Immunocytochemical studies by others have shown that NO synthase is present in the folliculostellate cells and also the gonadotrophs of the pituitary gland. We conclude that NO produced by either of these cell types may diffuse to the lactotropes, where it can inhibit prolactin release. NO appears to play little role in the prolactin-releasing action of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P, but mediates the prolactin-inhibiting activity of dopamine and atrial natriuretic factor.