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Brazil reported 18,282 suspected congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) cases up to 2018 and accounts for 61.4% of the total reported Zika cases in the Americas in the period. To detect high-risk areas for children with CZS in the city of Rio de Janeiro, we used cluster detection and thematic maps. We analyzed data using a Poisson model in Satscan 10.1.3 software. We also analyzed the records of children with CZS from 2015 to 2016 to describe the clinical and epidemiological maternal and child profile, as well as live births in 2016 and the social development index (SDI) by neighborhood. In 2015 and 2016, the incidence rates of CZS were 8.84 and 46.96 per 100,000 live births in the city, respectively. Severe congenital findings such as microcephaly and brain damage, osteoarticular impairment, ocular abnormalities, and hearing loss were observed in 47 children. The spatial distribution of CZS was concentrated in the north and west zones in heterogeneous neighborhoods. The neighborhoods with the highest occurrence of CZS cases were found to have the worst SDIs. Stascan detected three spatial clusters in the north zone, where the SDI is lower. The clusters presented high relative risks for CZS (7.86, 1.46, and 2.08), although they were not statistically significant. Our findings highlight a higher occurrence of CZS in areas with less favorable socioeconomic conditions.

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Transgender women (TW) are a key population in the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dissemination, although little is known about their perceptions of HIV risk. In this embedded, nested, mixed-methods study, we assessed factors associated with condomless sexual intercourse among TW and explored their risk perceptions and vulnerabilities regarding HIV exposure. The first phase involved a cross-sectional study, followed by qualitative interviews. Condomless sexual intercourse during their last sexual encounter was reported by 37.3% of participants, and 16.1% previously tested positive for HIV. Age older than 21 years, single status, and being a sex worker were protective factors for condomless intercourse. Otherwise, TW who reported a past sexual partner with a known sexually transmitted infection and those aware of post-exposure prophylaxis had a greater risk of condomless sexual intercourse (p < 0.05) during their most recent encounter. The qualitative interviews revealed that, despite TW being aware of their risk of contracting HIV, their vulnerabilities overlapped their risk perception, making them trivialize or ignore the risk. This study will help to understand the HIV dynamics among TW and contribute to further health research, education, policymaking, and planning associated with specific health strategies to promote the sexual health of TW.

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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer screening is a cost-effective method responsible for reducing cervical cancer-related mortality by 70% in countries that have achieved high coverage through nationwide screening strategies. However, there are disparities in access to screening. In Ecuador, although cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women, only 58.4% of women of reproductive age have ever been screened for cervical cancer. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative study was performed to understand the current barriers to screening and to identify strategies that could increase uptake in Azuay province, Ecuador. Seven focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with under-screened women and health professionals (HPs). The FGDs were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was done using the socio-ecological framework to categorize and analyse the data. RESULTS: Overall, 28 women and 27 HPs participated in the study. The two groups perceived different barriers to cervical cancer screening. The HPs considered barriers to be mainly at the policy level (lack of a structured screening plan; lack of health promotion) and the individual level (lack of risk perception; personal beliefs). The women identified barriers mainly at organizational level, such as long waiting times, lack of access to health centres, and inadequate patient-physician communication. Both groups mentioned facilitators at policy level, such as national campaigns promoting cervical cancer screening, and at community and individual level, including health literacy and women's empowerment. CONCLUSIONS: The women considered access to health services the main barrier to screening, while the HPs identified a lack of investment in screening programmes and cultural patterns at the community level as major obstacles. To take an integrated approach to cervical cancer prevention, the perspectives of both groups should be taken into account. Additionally, new strategies and technologies, such as self-administered human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and community participation, should be implemented to increase access to cervical cancer screening.

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RESUMO O Programa Saúde na Escola tem como meta a construção de escolas saudáveis. Estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa com intenção de identificar e compreender como se comportam, no esforço de integração, profissionais envolvidos no Programa Saúde na Escola, a partir de sua inserção nas atividades preconizadas. Após construção do modelo lógico do programa, foi realizado consenso com experts para elaboração de matriz de indicadores, originando roteiro semiestruturado. Foram realizadas 25 entrevistas, nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde e Escolas de Ensino Fundamental, além das Gerências Regionais da Saúde e da Educação. As práticas foram consideradas multissetoriais, sem soma de esforços e coparticipação efetiva, sendo planejadas por um único setor ou profissional; os gaps existentes são reconhecidos tanto quanto a importância do programa; as práticas acontecem com baixo vínculo entre equipes. A forma fragmentada de perceber os problemas dos escolares dificulta essa integração.

ABSTRACT The School Health Program aims to build healthy schools. This qualitative case study aimed to identify and understand how professionals involved in the School Health Program behave in the integration based on their inclusion in the recommended activities. The consensus was reached with experts to develop a matrix of indicators after building the Program's logical model, resulting in a semi-structured roadmap. Twenty-five interviews were held in the Basic Health Units, Elementary Schools, and the Regional Health and Education Administrations. The practices were multisectoral, with no combined efforts and effective co-participation, planned by a single sector or professional, the existing gaps are recognized as much as the importance of the program, and the practices are implemented with a low bond between teams. The fragmented perception of students' problems hinders this integration.

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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic brought social, economic, and health impacts, requiring fast adaptation of health systems. Although information and communication technologies were essential for achieving this objective, the extent to which health systems incorporated this technology is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to map the use of digital health strategies in primary health care worldwide and their impact on quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We performed a scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) Extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic and comprehensive three-step search was performed in June and July 2021 in multidisciplinary health science databases and the gray literature. Data extraction and eligibility were performed by two authors independently and interpreted using thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 44 studies were included and six thematic groups were identified: characterization and geographic distribution of studies; nomenclatures of digital strategies adopted; types of information and communication technologies; characteristics of digital strategies in primary health care; impacts on quality of care; and benefits, limitations, and challenges of digital strategies in primary health care. The impacts on organization of quality of care were investigated by the majority of studies, demonstrating the strengthening of (1) continuity of care; (2) economic, social, geographical, time, and cultural accessibility; (3) coordination of care; (4) access; (5) integrality of care; (6) optimization of appointment time; (7) and efficiency. Negative impacts were also observed in the same dimensions, such as reduced access to services and increased inequity and unequal use of services offered, digital exclusion of part of the population, lack of planning for defining the role of professionals, disarticulation of actions with real needs of the population, fragile articulation between remote and face-to-face modalities, and unpreparedness of professionals to meet demands using digital technologies. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the positive and negative impacts of remote strategies on quality of care in primary care and the inability to take advantage of the potential of technologies. This may demonstrate differences in the organization of fast and urgent implementation of digital strategies in primary health care worldwide. Primary health care must strengthen its response capacity, expand the use of information and communication technologies, and manage challenges using scientific evidence since digital health is important and must be integrated into public service.

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BACKGROUND: The objective of this research was to use a meta-analysis to understand the prevalence of hepatitis B or C in waste pickers worldwide. METHODS: Epidemiological studies on hepatitis B and C in waste pickers were included adopting a systematic review with meta-analysis. Each selected article had its quality scored by all authors, evaluated according to the Loney's criteria, and evaluated for quality and bias verified with a funnel plot. RESULTS: After employing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, there were 12 studies used for this meta-analysis. The rate of hepatitis B seropositivity was 0.15 (95% CI 0.10-0.20), and hepatitis C was 0.08 (95% CI 0.04-0.12). This information suggests that waste pickers are exposed to many risks associated with poor quality of life working conditions as well as low health literacy rates. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis confirm the vulnerability of waste pickers to hepatitis B and C infection and reinforce the importance of using personal protective equipment and immunizing workers.

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Resumo Objetivo Explorar as barreiras de acesso à Profilaxia Pós-Exposição ao HIV percebidas por usuários e profissionais. Métodos Pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram profissionais médicos e enfermeiros envolvidos no protocolo da profilaxia em Centros de Referência e usuários da prevenção, totalizando 10 participantes, amostragem definida por saturação de dados. As entrevistas gravadas foram transcritas e posteriormente processadas pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e por análise de Similitude. Resultados Foram obtidas cinco classes: Informação; Centralização de acesso; Fluxo de atendimento; Relações interpessoais nos serviços de saúde e Dificuldades e Barreiras. Existem diversos fatores dificultadores no acesso à prevenção, que perpassam conhecimento, acolhimento e divulgação de informações. Diante do advento da Pandemia de COVID-19 muitos desses problemas se agravam e aumentam a vulnerabilidade de possiveis utilizadores da profilaxia. Conclusão O acesso à profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV encontra desafios e barreiras, que vão desde o desconhecimento sobre a profilaxia, o que impossibilita sua busca, à centralização dos serviços de saúde e estigmas que permeiam as estruturas dos serviços de saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Explorar las barreras de acceso a la Profilaxis Post Exposición al VIH percibidas por usuarios y profesionales. Métodos Investigación exploratoria con abordaje cualitativo. Los participantes de la investigación fueron profesionales médicos y enfermeros involucrados en el protocolo de profilaxis en Centros de Referencia y usuarios de la prevención, totalizando 10 participantes, muestreo definido por saturación de datos. Se transcribieron las entrevistas grabadas y posteriormente procesadas por la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente y por medio de análisis de Similitud. Resultados Se obtuvieron cinco clases: Información; Centralización de acceso; Flujo de atención; Relaciones interpersonales en los servicios de salud y Dificultades y Barreras. Hay diversos factores que dificultan el acceso a la prevención, que sobrepasan conocimiento, acogida y divulgación de informaciones. Ante el surgimiento de la Pandemia de COVID-19, muchos de esos problemas se agravan y aumentan la vulnerabilidad de posibles utilizadores de la profilaxis. Conclusión El acceso a la profilaxis post exposición al VIH encuentra desafíos y barreras, que van desde el desconocimiento sobre la profilaxis, lo que imposibilita su búsqueda, a la centralización de los servicios de salud y estigmas que permean las estructuras de los servicios de salud.

Abstract Objective To explore barriers to access HIV post-exposure prophylaxis perceived by users and professionals. Methods This is an exploratory, qualitative study. The research participants were medical professionals and nurses involved in the prophylaxis protocol in Reference Centers and prevention users, totaling 10 participants, a sample defined by data saturation. The recorded interviews were transcribed and later processed by the Descending Hierarchical Classification and by similitude analysis. Results Five classes were obtained: Information; Access centralization; Service flow; Interpersonal relationships in healthcare services; Difficulties and barriers. There are several factors that hinder access to prevention, which permeate knowledge, reception and dissemination of information. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of these problems are aggravated and increase the vulnerability of possible users of prophylaxis. Conclusion Access to HIV post-exposure prophylaxis faces challenges and barriers, ranging from lack of knowledge about prophylaxis, which makes it impossible to pursue it, to the centralization of healthcare services and stigmas that permeate the structures of healthcare services.

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Resumo Políticas de promoção da saúde em diversos países propõem a prática de atividade física em suas diretrizes. Avaliar os resultados dessas intervenções, ao mesmo tempo em que se constitui em importante apoio às decisões, pode ser desafiador. Para este estudo, utilizou-se uma avaliação baseada na teoria, a análise da contribuição. Foi explicitada a cadeia de resultados da intervenção e a teoria da mudança (TM), para analisar os elementos relacionados à sustentabilidade dos resultados do Programa Academia da Cidade (PAC) do município de Recife-PE, entre 2002 e 2016. Para validação da TM, procedeu-se a entrevistas com dez informantes-chave e realização de quatro grupos focais de junho a agosto de 2016. O teste da TM deu-se pela integração dos dados qualitativos produzidos, assim como a revisão de documentos provenientes da literatura e documentos oficiais e técnicos. Empregou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos pressupostos foi confirmada na presença de outros fatores de influência (contextuais e explicações rivais). A testagem da TM revelou plausabilidade e validade da teoria do programa, permitindo concluir que a sustentabilidade de fatores estruturantes para o PAC contribuiu na manutenção dos resultados esperados, apesar da instabilidade ocorrida entre os anos de 2012 e 2016.

Abstract Health promotion policies in several countries propose the practice of physical activity in their guidelines. Assessing the results of these interventions, while providing important decision support, can be challenging. For this study, a theory-drive-evaluation was used, analysis of the contribution. The intervention results chain, the theory of change (ToC), was explained to analyze the elements related to the sustainability of the results of a program called Academia da Cidade (PAC), from 2002 to 2016. For ToC validation, interviews with ten key informants were carried out, and four focus groups were held from June to August 2016. The ToC test was carried out by integrating the qualitative data produced, as well as by performing a literature review and the review of official and technical documents. Thematic content analysis was used. The results indicated that most of the assumptions were confirmed in the presence of other influencing factors (contextual and rival explanations). ToC testing revealed the plausibility and validity of the program's theory, allowing us to conclude that the sustainability of PAC structuring factors contributed to the maintenance of the expected outcomes, despite the instability that occurred from 2012 to 2016.

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BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious phenomenon on a global scale that can worsen with the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to understand the perceptions of health professionals about MDR-TB, their strategies to ensure adherence to treatment and their challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in a priority municipality for disease control. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study and recruited 14 health providers (four doctors, three nurses, three nursing technicians, three nursing assistants and a social worker) working in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Remote semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. For data analysis, the thematic content analysis technique was applied according to the study's theoretical framework. RESULTS: The study revealed the causes of MDR-TB are associated with poverty, vulnerability, and social risk. A pre-judgement from the providers was observed, namely, all patients do not adhere due their resistance and association with drug abuse or alcoholism. The study also observed difficulty among health providers in helping patients reconstruct and reframe their life projects under a care perspective, which would strengthen adherence. Other issues that weakened adherence were the cuts in social protection and the benefits really necessary to the patients and a challenge for the providers manage that. The participants revealed that their actions were impacted by the pandemic and insecurity and fear manifested by patients after acquiring COVID-19. For alleviating this, medical appointments by telephone, delivery of medicine in the homes of patients and visits by health professionals once per week were provided. CONCLUSION: The study advances knowledge by highlighting the challenges faced by the health system with the adherence of patients with MDR-TB in a context aggravated by the pandemic. An improvement in DOT is really necessary to help the patients reframe their lives without prejudices, face their fears and insecurity, recover their self-esteem and motivate in concluding their treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Globally, the number of HIV cases continue to increase, despite the development of multiple prevention strategies. New cases of HIV have been reported disproportionately more in men who have sex with men and other vulnerable populations. Issues such as internalized and structural homophobia prevent these men from accessing prevention strategies such as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Mobile health (mHealth) interventions are known to be one of the newest and preferred options to enhance PEP knowledge and access. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the mobile apps addressing PEP for HIV infections. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive exploratory study in 3 sequential phases: systematic literature review, patent analysis, and systematic search of app stores. For the systematic review, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines adapted for an integrative review in the databases of PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, Science Direct, Eric, Treasure, and CINAHL. The patent analysis was performed by exploring the databases of the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and the European Patent Office. For the systematic search, we analyzed mHealth apps related to HIV in 2 major app libraries, that is, Google Play Store and App Store. The apps were evaluated by name, characteristics, functions, and availability in iPhone operating system/Android phones. RESULTS: We analyzed 22 studies, of which 2 were selected for the final stage. Both studies present the use of apps as mHealth strategies aimed at improving the sexual health of men who have sex with men, and they were classified as decision support systems. The search in the patent databases showed only 1 result, which was not related to the topic since it was a drug intervention. In the app libraries, 25 apps were found and analyzed, with 15 (60%) apps available for Android systems but only 3 (12%) addressing PEP. In general, the apps inform about HIV and HIV prevention and treatment, with the focus users being health care providers, people with HIV, or the general population, but they have only limited features available, that is, mainly text, images, and videos. The 3 apps exclusively focusing on PEP were created by researchers from Brazilian universities. CONCLUSIONS: Our review found no connection between the scientific studies, registered patents, and the available apps related to PEP; this finding indicates that these available apps do not have a theoretical or a methodological background in their creation. Thus, since the scientific knowledge on HIV is not translated into technological products, preventing the emergence of new infections, especially in the more vulnerable groups, is difficult. In the future, researchers and the community must work in synergy to create more mHealth tools aimed at PEP.

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The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with sex practice under the effect of drugs (chemsex) among men who have sex with men (MSM) during the period of social isolation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A multicenter online survey was applied to Brazil and Portugal in April 2020 when the two countries were under restrictive health measures due to the pandemic. Participants were recruited with an adaptation of the respondent driven sampling (RDS) method in the online environment. Data were collected using social networks and dating apps for MSM. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to produce crude (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). In a universe of 2,361 subjects, 920 (38.9%) reported engaging in chemsex practice, which involved casual partners in 95% of the cases. Higher OR of engaging in chemsex were associated with Brazil (aOR = 15.4; 95%CI: 10.7-22.1), not being in social isolation (aOR = 4.9; 95%CI: 2.2-10.9), engaging in casual sex during social distancing (aOR = 52.4; 95%CI: 33.8-81.4), group sex (aOR = 2.9; 95%CI: 2.0-4.4), not presenting any symptom of COVID-19 (aOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), not living with the sex partner (aOR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.2-2.6), and using pre-exposure prophylaxis (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI: 1.8-3.7). The occurrence of chemsex was high, especially in Brazil, where the proposed social distancing did not gain adherence by MSM.

Investigar os fatores associados à prática do sexo sob o efeito de drogas (chemsex) entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) durante período de isolamento social, no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Inquérito multicêntrico online, aplicado aos territórios de Brasil e Portugal em abril de 2020, enquanto os dois países vivenciavam medidas sanitárias restritivas para a doença. Os participantes foram recrutados valendo-se de uma adaptação do método respondent driven sampling (RDS) ao ambiente virtual. Os dados foram coletados usando redes sociais e aplicativos de encontro voltados a HSH. Utilizamos regressão logística bivariada e multivariada para a produção das odds bruto (OR) e ajustado (ORa). Em um universo de 2.361 sujeitos, 920 (38,9%) realizaram a prática do chemsex, que, em 95% dos casos, foi realizada com parceiro casual. Aumentaram as chances de se envolver em chemsex: morar no Brasil (ORa = 15,4; IC95%: 10,7-22,1); não estar em isolamento social (ORa = 4,9; IC95%: 2,2-10,9); fazer sexo casual durante o distanciamento social (ORa = 52,4; IC95%: 33,8-81,4); fazer sexo grupal (ORa = 2,9; IC95%: 2,0-4,4); não apresentar nenhum tipo de sintoma para a COVID-19 (ORa = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8); não residir com o parceiro (ORa = 1,8; IC95%: 1,2-2,6) e estar em uso da profilaxia pré-exposição (ORa = 2,6; IC95%: 1,8-3,7). A ocorrência de chemsex foi elevada, sobretudo no Brasil, onde o isolamento social proposto não sensibilizou os HSH à adesão.

El objetivo fue investigar los factores asociados a la práctica del sexo bajo el efecto de drogas (chemsex), entre hombres que practican sexo con hombres (HSH) durante el período de aislamiento social en el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Se realizó una encuesta multicéntrica en línea, aplicada al territorio de Brasil y Portugal en abril de 2020, mientras los dos países vivían medidas sanitarias restrictivas por la COVID-19. Los participantes se reclutaron mediante una adaptación del método respondent driven sampling (RDS) al ambiente virtual. Los datos fueron recabados usando redes sociales y aplicaciones de encuentros dirigidos a HSH. Utilizamos la regresión logística bivariada y multivariada para la producción de las odds ratio brutas (OR) y ajustadas (ORa). En un universo de 2.361 sujetos, 920 (38,9%) realizaron la práctica del chemsex, que en el 95% de los casos se realizó con una pareja casual. Aumentaron las oportunidades de implicarse en chemsex: vivir en Brasil (ORa = 15,4; IC95%: 10,7-22,1); no estar en aislamiento social (ORa: = 4,9; IC95%: 2,2-10,9); practicar sexo casual durante el distanciamiento social (ORa = 52,4; IC95%: 33,8-81,4); practicar sexo grupal (ORa = 2,9; IC95%: 2,0-4,4); no presentar ningún tipo de síntoma de COVID-19 (ORa = 1,3; IC95%: 1.1-1.8); no residir con la pareja (ORa = 1,8; IC95%: 1,2-2,6) y estar usando la profilaxis previa a la exposición (ORa = 2,6; IC95%: 1,8-3,7). La ocurrencia de chemsex fue elevada, sobre todo en Brasil, donde el aislamiento social propuesto no sensibilizó a los HSH a la adhesión.

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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer claims 311,000 lives annually, and 90% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Cervical cancer is a highly preventable and treatable disease, if detected through screening at an early stage. Governments have a responsibility to screen women for precancerous cervical lesions. Yet, national screening programmes overlook many poor women and those marginalised in society. Under-screened women (called hard-to-reach) experience a higher incidence of cervical cancer and elevated mortality rates compared to regularly-screened women. Such inequalities deprive hard-to-reach women of the full enjoyment of their right to sexual and reproductive health, as laid out in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and General Comment No. 22. DISCUSSION: This article argues first for tailored and innovative national cervical cancer screening programmes (NCSP) grounded in human rights law, to close the disparity between women who are afforded screening and those who are not. Second, acknowledging socioeconomic disparities requires governments to adopt and refine universal cancer control through NCSPs aligned with human rights duties, including to reach all eligible women. Commonly reported- and chronically under-addressed- screening disparities relate to the availability of sufficient health facilities and human resources (example from Kenya), the physical accessibility of health services for rural and remote populations (example from Brazil), and the accessibility of information sensitive to cultural, ethnic, and linguistic barriers (example from Ecuador). Third, governments can adopt new technologies to overcome individual and structural barriers to cervical cancer screening. National cervical cancer screening programmes should tailor screening methods to under-screened women, bearing in mind that eliminating systemic discrimination may require committing greater resources to traditionally neglected groups. CONCLUSION: Governments have human rights obligations to refocus screening policies and programmes on women who are disproportionately affected by discrimination that impairs their full enjoyment of the right to sexual and reproductive health. National cervical cancer screening programmes that keep the right to health principles (above) central will be able to expand screening among low-income, isolated and other marginalised populations, but also women in general, who, for a variety of reasons, do not visit healthcare providers for regular screenings.

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Investigar os fatores associados à prática do sexo sob o efeito de drogas (chemsex) entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) durante período de isolamento social, no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Inquérito multicêntrico online, aplicado aos territórios de Brasil e Portugal em abril de 2020, enquanto os dois países vivenciavam medidas sanitárias restritivas para a doença. Os participantes foram recrutados valendo-se de uma adaptação do método respondent driven sampling (RDS) ao ambiente virtual. Os dados foram coletados usando redes sociais e aplicativos de encontro voltados a HSH. Utilizamos regressão logística bivariada e multivariada para a produção das odds bruto (OR) e ajustado (ORa). Em um universo de 2.361 sujeitos, 920 (38,9%) realizaram a prática do chemsex, que, em 95% dos casos, foi realizada com parceiro casual. Aumentaram as chances de se envolver em chemsex: morar no Brasil (ORa = 15,4; IC95%: 10,7-22,1); não estar em isolamento social (ORa = 4,9; IC95%: 2,2-10,9); fazer sexo casual durante o distanciamento social (ORa = 52,4; IC95%: 33,8-81,4); fazer sexo grupal (ORa = 2,9; IC95%: 2,0-4,4); não apresentar nenhum tipo de sintoma para a COVID-19 (ORa = 1,3; IC95%: 1,1-1,8); não residir com o parceiro (ORa = 1,8; IC95%: 1,2-2,6) e estar em uso da profilaxia pré-exposição (ORa = 2,6; IC95%: 1,8-3,7). A ocorrência de chemsex foi elevada, sobretudo no Brasil, onde o isolamento social proposto não sensibilizou os HSH à adesão.

El objetivo fue investigar los factores asociados a la práctica del sexo bajo el efecto de drogas (chemsex), entre hombres que practican sexo con hombres (HSH) durante el período de aislamiento social en el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Se realizó una encuesta multicéntrica en línea, aplicada al territorio de Brasil y Portugal en abril de 2020, mientras los dos países vivían medidas sanitarias restrictivas por la COVID-19. Los participantes se reclutaron mediante una adaptación del método respondent driven sampling (RDS) al ambiente virtual. Los datos fueron recabados usando redes sociales y aplicaciones de encuentros dirigidos a HSH. Utilizamos la regresión logística bivariada y multivariada para la producción de las odds ratio brutas (OR) y ajustadas (ORa). En un universo de 2.361 sujetos, 920 (38,9%) realizaron la práctica del chemsex, que en el 95% de los casos se realizó con una pareja casual. Aumentaron las oportunidades de implicarse en chemsex: vivir en Brasil (ORa = 15,4; IC95%: 10,7-22,1); no estar en aislamiento social (ORa: = 4,9; IC95%: 2,2-10,9); practicar sexo casual durante el distanciamiento social (ORa = 52,4; IC95%: 33,8-81,4); practicar sexo grupal (ORa = 2,9; IC95%: 2,0-4,4); no presentar ningún tipo de síntoma de COVID-19 (ORa = 1,3; IC95%: 1.1-1.8); no residir con la pareja (ORa = 1,8; IC95%: 1,2-2,6) y estar usando la profilaxis previa a la exposición (ORa = 2,6; IC95%: 1,8-3,7). La ocurrencia de chemsex fue elevada, sobre todo en Brasil, donde el aislamiento social propuesto no sensibilizó a los HSH a la adhesión.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with sex practice under the effect of drugs (chemsex) among men who have sex with men (MSM) during the period of social isolation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A multicenter online survey was applied to Brazil and Portugal in April 2020 when the two countries were under restrictive health measures due to the pandemic. Participants were recruited with an adaptation of the respondent driven sampling (RDS) method in the online environment. Data were collected using social networks and dating apps for MSM. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to produce crude (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). In a universe of 2,361 subjects, 920 (38.9%) reported engaging in chemsex practice, which involved casual partners in 95% of the cases. Higher OR of engaging in chemsex were associated with Brazil (aOR = 15.4; 95%CI: 10.7-22.1), not being in social isolation (aOR = 4.9; 95%CI: 2.2-10.9), engaging in casual sex during social distancing (aOR = 52.4; 95%CI: 33.8-81.4), group sex (aOR = 2.9; 95%CI: 2.0-4.4), not presenting any symptom of COVID-19 (aOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), not living with the sex partner (aOR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.2-2.6), and using pre-exposure prophylaxis (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI: 1.8-3.7). The occurrence of chemsex was high, especially in Brazil, where the proposed social distancing did not gain adherence by MSM.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT: Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables "less than eight years of study" [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19-1.45; p < 0.001] and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72-0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of "having less than six prenatal care appointments" and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19-1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable "less than eight years of study" (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56-1.96; p < 0.001) and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07-1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

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This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables "less than eight years of study" [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19-1.45; p < 0.001] and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72-0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of "having less than six prenatal care appointments" and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19-1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable "less than eight years of study" (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56-1.96; p < 0.001) and "participants of the cash transfer program" (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07-1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os determinantes sociais do acesso a testes para HIV e sífilis (VDRL) durante a gravidez no Brasil. As variáveis dependentes foram definidas de acordo com o acesso à assistência pré-natal: consultas de pré-natal e testes para HIV e sífilis. As variáveis independentes no primeiro nível foram escolaridade, idade, raça, trabalho e participação no programa Bolsa Família. As variáveis de nível municipal foram o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), índice Gini e indicadores relacionados aos serviços de saúde. Foi realizada uma análise exploratória do efeito de cada nível, através do cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP). Para verificar o efeito do nível individual sobre os níveis individual e contextual, foi construído um modelo multiníveis de regressão de Poisson para efeitos mistos para todos os desfechos. Com relação às consultas de pré-natal, os principais fatores implicados estiveram relacionados ao nível socioeconômico individual (escolaridade e participação no programa Bolsa Família); entretanto, no nível municipal, apenas o IDH manteve significância estatística. A variância no nível municipal diminuiu de 0,049 para 0,042, indicando um importante efeito intermunicipal. Quanto ao desfecho realização dos testes na assistência pré-natal, as piores condições, tais como a condição contextual (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e a individual (> 8 anos, p < 0,001) mostraram um efeito de risco no modelo final. As variáveis relacionadas aos serviços de saúde não mostraram efeitos significativos. Estiveram associadas ao nível socioeconômico individual e a um efeito contextual de nível municipal. Os achados indicam a importância do fortalecimento de programas de controle de HIV e sífilis durante a gravidez.

Este estudio tiene como fin evaluar los determinantes sociales en el acceso a las pruebas de VIH y VDRL durante el embarazo en Brasil. Las variables dependientes estaban basadas en el acceso al cuidado prenatal: citas durante el cuidado prenatal y pruebas de VIH y sífilis. Las variables independientes en el primer nivel fueron: nivel formal de educación, edad, raza, trabajo y participación en el programa Bolsa Familia. Las variables dentro del nivel de ciudad fueron: índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), índice de Gini, e indicadores relacionados con los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio, evaluando el efecto de cada nivel mediante el cálculo de la razón de prevalencias (RP). Se construyó una regresión de Poisson multinivel con efectos mixtos para todos los resultados, con el fin de verificar el efecto del nivel individual y en ambos niveles: individual y contextual. En relación con las citas prenatales, los factores principales implicados se relacionaron con la situación socioeconómica individual (nivel de educación y participación en el Programa Bolsa Familia), sin embargo, sólo el IDH mantuvo una relevancia estadística relacionada con el contexto del nivel de la ciudad. La varianza de nivel-ciudad bajó de 0,049 a 0,042, indicando un importante efecto intraciudad. Respecto a los resultados de las pruebas realizadas durante el cuidado prenatal, las peores condiciones como las contextuales (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice de Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e individual (> 8 años de escolarización, p < 0,001) mostraron un efecto riesgo en el modelo final. Las variables informadas a los servicios de salud no indicaron efectos significativos. Estuvieron asociadas con la situación individual socioeconómica y el efecto nivel ciudad contextual. Estos resultados indican la importancia del fortalecimiento de los programas de control de infección por VIH y sífilis durante el embarazo.

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