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INTRODUCTION: Background: feelings and behaviours are an important tool that should be considered to prevent early unhealthy lifestyles. Objective: the objective was to determine the association between feelings (i.e., sadness, loneliness, and school behaviour) with lifestyle (i.e., physical activity patterns and nutritional level), and as secondary endpoint to determine the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and lifestyle with obesity and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in Latin American schoolchildren. Methods: this cross-sectional study included a sample of 634 schoolchildren (girls, n = 282, 11.86 ± 0.82 years, and boys, n = 352, 12.02 ± 0.87 years) from publics schools in Chile. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body fat (BF), lifestyle, nutritional level, HRQoL, and CMR (i.e., WtHR > 0.5) were evaluated. Results: schoolchildren who have felt sadness and loneliness presented an association with low nutritional level (OR: 4.26, 95 % CI: 2.0-9.0, p < 0.001, and OR: 4.47, 95 % CI: 2.5-7.9, p < 0.001, respectively), bad lifestyle (OR: 2.14, 95 % CI: 1.0-4.54, p = 0.048, and OR: 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.01-3.1, p = 0.045, respectively), and obesity (OR: 2.0, 95 % CI; 0.89-4.54, p = 0.09, and OR: 2.05, 95 % CI; 1.04-4.0, p = 0.037, respectively). Schoolchildren who have had enough time for themselves reported an association with bad lifestyle (OR: 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.47-1.02, p = 0.06), and those who have could not pay attention presented the highest association with bad lifestyle (OR: 4.64, 95 % CI: 72-12.56, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Latin American schoolchildren who have felt sadness and loneliness reported unhealthy lifestyles (i.e., lower nutritional level, increased screen time, and low physical activity), obesity, and thus a higher CMR burden.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los sentimientos y los comportamientos son una herramienta importante que se debe tener en cuenta para prevenir el estilo de vida poco saludable. Objetivo: el objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre los sentimientos (es decir, tristeza, soledad y comportamiento escolar) con el estilo de vida (es decir, los patrones de actividad física y el nivel nutricional), y el segundo objetivo fue determinar la relación entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y el estilo de vida con la obesidad y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (CMR) en escolares latinoamericanos. Métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó una muestra de 634 escolares (niñas, n = 282, 11,86 ± 0,82 años y niños, n = 352, 12,02 ± 0,87 años) de escuelas públicas de Chile. Se evaluaron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), la relación cintura-estatura (RCE), la grasa corporal (GC), el estilo de vida, el nivel nutricional, la CVRS y el CMR (es decir, RCE> 0,5). Resultados: los escolares que han sentido tristeza y soledad presentaron asociación con un bajo nivel nutricional (OR: 4,26, IC 95 %: 2,0-9,0, p < 0,001, y OR: 4,47, IC 95 %: 2,5-7,9, p < 0,001, respectivamente), un mal estilo de vida (OR: 2,14, IC 95 %: 1,0-4,54, p = 0,048 y OR: 1,78, IC 95 %: 1,01-3,1, p = 0,045, respectivamente) y obesidad (OR: 2,0, IC 95 %: 0,89-4,54, p = 0,09 y OR: 2,05, IC 95 %: 1,04-4,0, p = 0,037, respectivamente). Los escolares que han tenido suficiente tiempo para sí mismos informaron la asociación con un mal estilo de vida (OR: 0,69; IC del 95 %: 0,47-1,02, p = 0,06), y los que no han podido prestar atención en la escuela presentaron una mayor asociación con un estilo de vida malo (OR: 4.64, IC 95 %: 72-12,56, p = 0,002). Conclusión: en conclusión, los escolares latinoamericanos que han sentido tristeza y soledad reportaron un estilo de vida poco saludable (es decir, un nivel nutricional más bajo, más tiempo frente a la pantalla y poca actividad física), obesidad y, por lo tanto, mayor CMR.

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INTRODUCTION: Background: dietary habits and physical activity (PA) patterns play a crucial role in the integral development of children and adolescents. Objective: to compare according PA frequency (i.e., 0,1,2,3 or 4 times / week) and weight status (i.e., normal weight, overweight and obesity), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), body image dissatisfaction and the physical fitness related to health, and as second objective to determine the association between these variables. Methods: 481 schoolchildren, 166 women and 315 men aged between 8 and 15 years (12.10 ± 1.10 years) belonging to public schools of Temuco, Chile participated. They were classified in three groups according PA frequency: group 1, without PA; group 2, PA 1-2 times/week, and group 3, PA 3-4 times/week. Cardio respiratory fitness (CRF), standing jump long test (SJT), handgrip strength, adherence to MD and body image dissatisfaction were measured. Results: Schoolchildren with more days of PA / week reported higher adherence to MD (p = 0.020), VO2max (p < 0.001) and SJT (p < 0.001) than peers. Likewise, schoolchildren with normal weight show more adherence to MD (P <0.001) and lower body image dissatisfaction (p < 0.001). There is a positive association between PA with VO2MAX (B, 1.28, p < 0.001). The gender presented association with body image dissatisfaction (B, 25.51, p = 0.019). Conclusion: the schoolchildren with greater frequency of PA/week, presenting greater adherence to MD and better physical fitness related to health. Keywords.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los hábitos alimentarios y los patrones de actividad física (AF) juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo integral de niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: comparar según frecuencia de AF (es decir, 0, 1, 2, 3 o 4 veces/semana) y estatus corporal (es decir, normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad) la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), la insatisfacción por la imagen corporal y la condición física relacionada con la salud (CF), y, como segundo objetivo, determinar la asociación entre estas variables. Métodos: participaron 481 escolares, 166 mujeres y 315 hombres, de entre 8 y 15 años (12,10 ± 1,10 años) pertenecientes a escuelas pública de la ciudad de Temuco (Chile). Se clasificaron en 3 grupos según la frecuencia de AF: grupo 1, no realiza AF; grupo 2, AF 1-2 veces/semana, y grupo 3: AF 3-4 veces/semana. Se midió la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (CRF), el salto de longitud a pies juntos (SJT), la fuerza prensil, la adherencia a la DM y la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Resultados: los escolares con más días de AF/semana reportaron mayor adherencia a la DM (p = 0,020), VO2MAX (p < 0,001) y mayor SJT (p < 0,001). Asimismo, los escolares con normopeso presentaron más adherencia a la DM (p < 0,001) y menor grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (p < 0,001). Se aprecia una asociación positiva entre la AF y la CRF (B; 1,28, p < 01001). El género presentó asociación con la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal (B; 25,51, p = 01019). Conclusión: los escolares con mayor frecuencia de AF/semana presentaron mayor adherencia a la DM y mejor CF relacionada a la salud.

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INTRODUCTION: Background: the relationship between physical activity (PA) patterns and mental health in children is receiving considerable attention. Aims: the aim of this study was to compare psychological well-being in groups of schoolchildren according to PA patterns and weight status, and to determinate the association between psychological well-being and both screen time and PA after school. Material and methods: in a cross-sectional sample of girls (n = 272, aged 11.93 ± 0.94 years) and boys (n = 333, aged 12.09 ± 1.00 years), we assessed body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and body fat. Self-esteem, body image dissatisfaction, depression, screen time, and after-school PA were also included. Results: according to PA patterns, there were significant differences between good PA and bad PA groups in self-esteem (p = 0.013) and depression (p = 0.035). BMI was associated with depression (ß: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.53; p < 0.001). Screen time was positively associated with depression (ß: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.32, 1.44; p = 0.002) and inversely associated with self-esteem (ß: -1.12; 95% CI: -1.79, -0.45; p < 0.001). Finally, after-school PA had an inverse association with depression levels (ß: -0.55; 95% CI: 0.10, 1.00; p = 0.016). Conclusion: psychological well-being was associated with screen time, after-school PA and weight status in schoolchildren.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la relación entre los patrones de actividad física (AF) y la salud mental en los niños está recibiendo una atención considerable. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el bienestar psicológico en grupos de escolares de acuerdo con los patrones de AF y el estado de peso, y determinar la asociación entre el bienestar psicológico y tanto el tiempo frente a la pantalla como la AF después de la escuela. Material y métodos: en una muestra transversal de niñas (n = 272, de 11,93 ± 0,94 años) y niños (n = 333, de 12,09 ± 1,00 años), evaluamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura y la grasa corporal. También se incluyeron la autoestima, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la depresión, el tiempo frente a la pantalla y la AF después de la escuela. Resultados: de acuerdo con los patrones de AF, hubo diferencias significativas entre los buenos niveles de AF y la malos niveles de AF en la autoestima (p = 0,013) y la depresión (p = 0,035). El IMC de los participantes se asoció con depresión (ß: 0,36; IC 95%: 0,19 a 0,53; p < 0,001). El tiempo de pantalla se asoció positivamente con la depresión (ß: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,32 a 1,44; p = 0,002) e inversamente con la autoestima (ß: -1,12; IC 95%: -1,79 a -0,45; p < 0,001). Finalmente, la AF después de la escuela tuvo una asociación inversa con los niveles de depresión (ß: -0,55; IC 95%: 0,10 a 1,00; p = 0.016). Conclusión: el bienestar psicológico se asoció con el tiempo frente a la pantalla, la PA después de la escuela y el estado de peso de los escolares.

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INTRODUCTION: Introduction: children's food habits have an influence on physical and mental health and should be monitored. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determinate the association between children's food habits (i.e., Mediterranean diet adherence), anthropometric parameters and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: girls (n = 282, 11.86 ± 0.82 years) and boys (n = 352, 12.02 ± 0.87 years) enrolled in public schools were included in this study (n = 634). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body fat (BF), nutritional level and HRQoL were evaluated. Results: the schoolchildren with high nutritional levels reported higher HRQoL (p = 0.018) and presented lower BMI, WC and WtHR (p < 0.001). Likewise, according to the following questions: Have your parent(s) treated you fairly? and Have you felt full of energy? The schoolchildren with high nutritional levels reported the major proportion in very and extremely answers (p < 0.001). The BMI was negatively correlated with HRQoL (r = -0.33, p < 0.05). Beside, children's food habits had significant correlation with HRQoL (r = 0.48, p = 0.002). The BMI (B = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.55, 0.93, p = 0.001) and children's food habits (B = -0.78, 95% CI = -0.09, -0.02, p = 0.002) reported associations with HRQoL. Conclusion: in conclusion, the nutritional level (i.e., Mediterranean diet adherence) and BMI presented associations with HRQoL in Chilean schoolchildren; therefore, it is important to consider these results and develop different strategies in schoolchildren to improve their nutritional levels, as HRQoL represents a measure of happiness or satisfaction with life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los hábitos alimentarios de los niños influyen en su salud física y mental por lo que deben controlarse. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre los hábitos alimentarios de los niños (adherencia a la dieta mediterránea), los parámetros antropométricos y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: se incluyeron en este estudio (n = 634) niñas (n = 282, 11,86 ± 0,82 años) y niños (n = 352, 12,02 ± 0,87 años) inscritos en escuelas públicas. Se evaluaron: índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), relación cintura-altura (RCE), grasa corporal (GC), nivel nutricional y CVRS. Resultados: los escolares con niveles nutricionales altos tuvieron una CVRS más alta (p = 0,018) y presentaron un IMC, CC y RCE más bajos (p < 0,001). Del mismo modo, de acuerdo a las preguntas "¿te han tratado tus padres de manera justa?" y "¿te has sentido lleno de energía?", los escolares con altos niveles nutricionales obtuvieron la mayor proporción en respuestas muy y muy altas (p < 0,001). El IMC se correlacionó negativamente con la CVRS (r = -0,33, p < 0,05). Además, los hábitos alimenticios de los niños tuvieron una correlación significativa con la CVRS (r = 0,48, p = 0,002). El IMC (B = -0,41; IC 95% = -0,55, 0,93, p = 0,001) y los hábitos alimentarios de los niños (B = -0.78, IC 95% = -0.09, -0.02, p = 0,002) reportaron asociaciones con la CVRS. Conclusión: el nivel nutricional (es decir, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea) y el IMC presentaron asociaciones con la CVRS en escolares chilenos; es importante tener en cuenta estos resultados y desarrollar diferentes estrategias en los escolares para mejorar sus niveles nutricionales, ya que la CVRS representa una medida de felicidad o satisfacción con la vida.

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INTRODUCTION: Background: obesity and lower physical fitness levels in children are related to the development of cardiometabolic risk factors. Objective: to determine the relationship between health-related physical fitness and physical activity levels, blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters for different weight statuses of Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: the participants were 272 girls and 333 boys having a mean age of 12.00 ± 1.23 years. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), standing long jump test (SLJ), handgrip strength, physical activity (PA) levels, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat (BF) were measured. To establish the relationship between the variables, partial correlations adjusted by sex were carried out and the Chi-square test was applied to compare the proportions between groups. Results: VO2max (p < 0.001) was higher in schoolchildren of normal weight. SBP and DBP were higher in obese schoolchildren (p < 0.001). Physical fitness was inversely related to SBP: VO2max (r = -0.26, p < 0.001), SLJ (r = -0.11, p = 0.007) and handgrip strength (r = -0.10, p = 0.021), and had a positive relationship with PA: VO2max (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), SLJ (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), and handgrip strength (r = 0.26, p < 0.001). Moreover, VO2max and SLJ were inversely related to BMI and WC (p < 0.05). The group of obese schoolchildren contained the highest percentage of individuals with hypertension (p < 0.001). Conclusion: the results obtained in this study show that physical fi tness has an inverse relationship with SBP and a positive relationship with PA levels. Besides, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and SLJ are inversely associated with the predictors of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Finally, obese children presented lower physical fitness and included a higher proportion of individuals with hypertension.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la obesidad y bajos niveles de condición física en niños están relacionados con el desarrollo de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la condición física relacionada con la salud y los niveles de actividad física, la presión arterial y los parámetros antropométricos, comparando según el estatus corporal en escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: los participantes fueron 272 niñas y 333 niños con una edad promedio de 12,00 ± 1,23 años. El consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), la prueba de salto de longitud (SLJ), la fuerza de la empuñadura, los niveles de actividad física (AF), la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), la presión arterial diastólica (PAD), el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de la cintura (WC) y la grasa corporal (BF) fueron evaluados. Para establecer la relación entre las variables, se llevaron a cabo correlaciones parciales ajustadas por sexo y se aplicó la prueba de Chi cuadrado para comparar las proporciones entre los grupos. Resultados: el VO2max (p < 0,001) fue más alto en escolares de peso normal. El PAS y el PAD fueron más altos en escolares obesos (p < 0,001). La aptitud física estaba inversamente relacionada con la PAS: VO2max (r = -0,26, p < 0,001), SLJ (r = -0,11, p = 0,007) y la fuerza de la empuñadura (r = -0,10, p = 0,021) y la relación positiva con PA: VO2max (r = 0,31, p < 0,001), SLJ (r = 0,18, p < 0,001), fuerza de la empuñadura (r = 0,26, p < 0,001). Además, VO2max y SLJ estaban inversamente relacionados con el IMC y el CC (p < 0,05). En los escolares obesos se presentó el mayor porcentaje de individuos con hipertensión (p < 0,001). Conclusión: en conclusión, los resultados obtenidos en este estudio informan de que la condición física presenta una relación inversa con la PAS y relación positiva con los niveles de AF. Además, CRF y SLJ se asociaron inversamente con predictores de factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Finalmente, los niños obesos presentaron una menor condición física y una mayor proporción de individuos con hipertensión.

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BACKGROUND: adequate exposure to Physical Education (PE) classes contributes to a healthier lifestyle among children during their lifespan. OBJECTIVE: the main objective of this research was to evaluate the perception of obese schoolchildren regarding their participation in PE class and to determine their self-esteem compared with overweight and normal weight groups. METHOD: in total, 656 schoolchildren (284 females and 372 males), between eleven and 14 years of age, participated in this study. Assessments were made regarding age, sex, anthropometric variables, children's self-esteem, and perception of participation in the PE class. RESULTS: obese schoolchildren presented significantly lower values of self-esteem (p < 0.001), and exhibited the highest proportion of schoolchildren with low self-esteem (53%). There was a significant relationship between obesity and the following sentence: "I am the last one they choose for games and in games and sports"; 48.53% of schoolchildren with obesity responded positively. With the following sentence: "I look instead of playing", 57.4% of schoolchildren with obesity responded positively. CONCLUSION: the results revealed that schoolchildren with obesity feel excluded from PE classes and show low levels of self-esteem, compared with normal weight schoolchildren.

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INTRODUCTION: overweight children are at increased risk for psychosocial disorders. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this research was to relate the condition of overweight and obesity to the levels of self-esteem and happiness in schoolchildren of public schools. METHODS: a total of 364 schoolchildren (180 boys and 184 girls) were enrolled between eleven and 13 years old (12.44 ± 1.14 years old). Anthropometric measurements were performed and the levels of self-esteem and happiness were evaluated through the School Self-Esteem Test (APT). RESULS: school self-esteem was significantly higher in boys (p < 0.001); 55.49% (n = 204) of the students evaluated were overweight. Overweight and obese subjects had lower levels of self-esteem compared to normal weight children (p = 0.032). In addition, 43 students had very low self-esteem, and a relationship between very low and low self-esteem levels (n = 119) and the overweight and obesity was observed (p = 0.033). In relation to the question "Am I a happy person?", a greater proportion of students answered positively (n = 296). The negative response to the question was associated with weight excess (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: overweight and obesity were related to low levels of self-esteem and happiness in schoolchildren. These results are alarming since self-esteem is one's appreciation of oneself and happiness is an index of subjective personal well-being and is a topic that concerns families and the entire education system.

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INTRODUCTION: The increase in abdominal fat and excess weight are related to dissatisfaction with body image, which nowadays is highly prevalent nationally and internationally. AIM: The purpose of the study was to relate dissatisfaction levels to body image, nutritional status, cardiometabolic risk and cardiorespiratory capacity in pre-adolescent students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-nine students participated in the study, 165 girls (11.29 ± 0.69 years) and 174 boys (11.22 ± 0.72 years). Anthropometric data were collected: BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF), waist circumference (WC), height-to-weight ratio (HWR), VO2max and body image. RESULTS: In the comparison by sex, we found higher V02max values in boys (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found for the variables BMI, WC, HWR, blood pressure and body image (p > 0.05); 27.7% of the study sample were overweight and 29.2% were obese. The subjects with obesity had the lowest VO2max levels. Dissatisfaction with body image was found to be associated with nutritional status (p < 0.001). In addition, 8.1% of the obese students presented extreme dissatisfaction with their body image and 19.4% of the children with cardiometabolic risk exhibited some type of dissatisfaction; the two variables were related (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence that children with malnutrition by excess present disorders associated with body dissatisfaction and other health indicators that limit integral growth in pre-adolescence.

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