RESUMO
This work cross-culturally adapted the Spanish questionnaire `Patients' knowledge about their medications ("Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" - CPM-ES-ES) for use in Brazil. It measures the level of medication knowledge by means of 11 questions. Eighty patients ≥ 80 years were investigated and in 39 cases the caregivers were interviewed. The evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences considered the concept of knowledge and the questions that assess it as pertinent. Semantic equivalence was obtained by the correspondence in the denotative and connotative meaning of items. The study of measurement equivalence included factorial analysis and the calculation of validity and reliability estimates. As with the original questionnaire, principal component analysis identified 4 components, however, in 2 of them there were differences regarding included items. One question was removed from this analysis due to its sample inadequacy. Medication knowledge was correlated with medication regimen complexity r = -.22, p = .046. Medication knowledge of antihypertensives was correlated with their adherence r = .70, p < .001, and blood pressure control rb = .46, p = .029. The adapted version revealed functional equivalence, therefore it can be used in the Brazilian context.
Este trabalho adaptou transculturalmente o questionário espanhol "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) para uso no Brasil. Ele mede o grau de conhecimento sobre medicamentos por meio de 11 perguntas. Oitenta pacientes ≥ 80 anos foram investigados e com 39 também foi entrevistado o cuidador. A avaliação das equivalências conceitual e de item considerou o conceito de conhecimento e as perguntas que o medem como pertinentes. A equivalência semântica foi obtida pela correspondência de significado denotativo e conotativo dos itens. O estudo da equivalência de mensuração incluiu análise fatorial e o cálculo de estimativas de validade e confiabilidade. Semelhante ao questionário original, a análise de componentes principais identificou 4 componentes, porém, em 2 deles houve diferenças nos itens incluídos. Uma pergunta foi removida desta análise devido à sua inadequação amostral. O conhecimento sobre medicamentos esteve correlacionado à complexidade da prescrição r = -0,22, p = 0,046. O conhecimento sobre anti-hipertensivos esteve correlacionado à sua adesão r = 0,70, p < 0,001, e ao controle da pressão arterial rb = 0,46, p = 0,029. A versão adaptada apresentou equivalência funcional de modo que pode ser usada no contexto brasileiro.
Assuntos
Cuidadores/estatística & dados numéricos , Comparação Transcultural , Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Componente Principal , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Resumo Este trabalho adaptou transculturalmente o questionário espanhol "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES) para uso no Brasil. Ele mede o grau de conhecimento sobre medicamentos por meio de 11 perguntas. Oitenta pacientes ≥ 80 anos foram investigados e com 39 também foi entrevistado o cuidador. A avaliação das equivalências conceitual e de item considerou o conceito de conhecimento e as perguntas que o medem como pertinentes. A equivalência semântica foi obtida pela correspondência de significado denotativo e conotativo dos itens. O estudo da equivalência de mensuração incluiu análise fatorial e o cálculo de estimativas de validade e confiabilidade. Semelhante ao questionário original, a análise de componentes principais identificou 4 componentes, porém, em 2 deles houve diferenças nos itens incluídos. Uma pergunta foi removida desta análise devido à sua inadequação amostral. O conhecimento sobre medicamentos esteve correlacionado à complexidade da prescrição r = -0,22, p = 0,046. O conhecimento sobre anti-hipertensivos esteve correlacionado à sua adesão r = 0,70, p < 0,001, e ao controle da pressão arterial rb = 0,46, p = 0,029. A versão adaptada apresentou equivalência funcional de modo que pode ser usada no contexto brasileiro.
Abstract This work cross-culturally adapted the Spanish questionnaire `Patients' knowledge about their medications ("Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" - CPM-ES-ES) for use in Brazil. It measures the level of medication knowledge by means of 11 questions. Eighty patients ≥ 80 years were investigated and in 39 cases the caregivers were interviewed. The evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences considered the concept of knowledge and the questions that assess it as pertinent. Semantic equivalence was obtained by the correspondence in the denotative and connotative meaning of items. The study of measurement equivalence included factorial analysis and the calculation of validity and reliability estimates. As with the original questionnaire, principal component analysis identified 4 components, however, in 2 of them there were differences regarding included items. One question was removed from this analysis due to its sample inadequacy. Medication knowledge was correlated with medication regimen complexity r = -.22, p = .046. Medication knowledge of antihypertensives was correlated with their adherence r = .70, p < .001, and blood pressure control rb = .46, p = .029. The adapted version revealed functional equivalence, therefore it can be used in the Brazilian context.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comparação Transcultural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Cuidadores/estatística & dados numéricos , Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise de Componente Principal , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The scope of this article is to determine patients' knowledge about the medication they take. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted. Knowledge was measured by a valid and reliable questionnaire (CPM-PT-PT), given to the patients attending community pharmacies participating in the study, who had prescriptions for one or more drugs in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Knowledge was assessed in four dimensions: therapeutic objective, process of use, safety and maintenance of the medications that the patient takes. Thirty-five pharmacies participated, and 633 valid patients were obtained. Fully 82.5% (95% CI: 79.3% -85.3%) were uninformed about the nature of the drug they use. In all items, there was a high percentage of patients with incorrect knowledge, with emphasis on precautions (44.7%). The dimension that the patients were least aware of was "drug safety" (1.9%). Eight out of 10 patients in the population do not know what drug they use. The highest lack of correct information was with respect to the "safety" of the medication.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Farmácias , Portugal , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The scope of this article is to determine patients' knowledge about the medication they take. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted. Knowledge was measured by a valid and reliable questionnaire (CPM-PT-PT), given to the patients attending community pharmacies participating in the study, who had prescriptions for one or more drugs in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Knowledge was assessed in four dimensions: therapeutic objective, process of use, safety and maintenance of the medications that the patient takes. Thirty-five pharmacies participated, and 633 valid patients were obtained. Fully 82.5% (95% CI: 79.3% -85.3%) were uninformed about the nature of the drug they use. In all items, there was a high percentage of patients with incorrect knowledge, with emphasis on precautions (44.7%). The dimension that the patients were least aware of was "drug safety" (1.9%). Eight out of 10 patients in the population do not know what drug they use. The highest lack of correct information was with respect to the "safety" of the medication.
El objetivo do artículo es determinar el conocimiento de los pacientes sobre sus medicamentos. Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. El conocimiento se midió mediante un cuestionario válido y fiable (CPM-PT-PT), a los pacientes que acudieron a las farmacias comunitarias participantes en el estudio solicitando uno o varios medicamentos en el Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Se determinó el conocimiento en sus cuatro dimensiones: objetivo terapéutico, proceso de uso, seguridad y conservación de los medicamentos que el paciente utiliza. Participaron 35 farmacias, obteniéndose 633 pacientes válidos. El 82.5% (IC95%: 79,3%-85,3%) no conocen el medicamento que utilizan. En todos los ítems, hubo un alto porcentaje de pacientes con conocimiento incorrecto, destacando especialmente las precauciones (44,7%). La dimensión que menos conocen los pacientes fue la "seguridad del medicamento" (1,9%). 8 de cada 10 pacientes de la población no conocen el medicamento que utilizan. La mayor carencia de información correcta corresponde a la "seguridad" del medicamento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Tratamento Farmacológico , Farmácias , Portugal , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The scope of this study was the validation of a cross-culturally adapted questionnaire into Portuguese in five community pharmacies in Portugal. The discriminatory power of items, content and construct validity and factor analysis of the main components and their reliability and stability were determined. A high degree of semantic equivalence between the original questionnaire and the cross-culturally adapted questionnaire into Portuguese was observed. A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.550 was obtained and the Bartlett sphericity test confirmed the adequacy of the data for the application of factor analysis (p <0.0001). Three factors which accounted for 52.6% of the total variability were considered. With respect to reliability the following results were obtained: 0.519 for Cronbach's alpha test; 0.89 for Cohen's kappa coefficient; and 0.756 (IC=0.598-0.963) for the CCI exam. In this work, the first adaptation for the Portuguese culture of a specific questionnaire was produced to measure the degree of knowledge patients have about their medication.
Assuntos
Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal , Psicometria , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Validación de un cuestionario adaptado transculturalmente al portugués en cinco farmacias comunitarias de Portugal. Se determino la capacidad discriminante de los ítems, la validez de contenido y de constructo, análisis factorial de componentes principales, la fiabilidad y su estabilidad. Se observó un elevado grado de equivalencia semántica entre el cuestionario original y el cuestionario adaptado transculturalmente al portugués. Se obtuvo un índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de 0.550, y el test de esferidad de Bartlett confirmó la adecuación de los datos para la aplicación del análisis factorial (p < 0.0001). Se consideraron 3 factores que explicaron el 52.6% de la variabilidad total. Con respecto a la fiabilidad se obtuvo un á de Cronbach de 0.519, un C.Kappa = 0.89 y CCI = 0.756 (IC = 0.598-0.963). En este trabajo se elabora la primera adaptación para la cultura portuguesa de un cuestionario específico para medir el grado de conocimiento que tienen los pacientes sobre los medicamentos.
The scope of this study was the validation of a cross-culturally adapted questionnaire into Portuguese in five community pharmacies in Portugal. The discriminatory power of items, content and construct validity and factor analysis of the main components and their reliability and stability were determined. A high degree of semantic equivalence between the original questionnaire and the cross-culturally adapted questionnaire into Portuguese was observed. A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.550 was obtained and the Bartlett sphericity test confirmed the adequacy of the data for the application of factor analysis (p <0.0001). Three factors which accounted for 52.6% of the total variability were considered. With respect to reliability the following results were obtained: 0.519 for Cronbach's alpha test; 0.89 for Cohen's kappa coefficient; and 0.756 (IC=0.598-0.963) for the CCI exam. In this work, the first adaptation for the Portuguese culture of a specific questionnaire was produced to measure the degree of knowledge patients have about their medication.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Características Culturais , Idioma , Portugal , PsicometriaRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a adaptação intercultural do espanhol para português europeu do questionário para medir o grau do "Conocimiento del Paciente sobre sus Medicamentos" (CPM-ES-ES). Aplicou-se um método baseado em seis etapas: 1. Tradução para português; 2. Preparação da primeira versão de consenso em português; 3. Retroversão para espanhol; 4. Preparação da segunda versão (equivalência cultural) de consenso; 5. Realização do pré-teste; 6. Avaliação dos resultados globais. Propõe-se um questionário adaptado culturalmente em português europeu que mede o grau do "conhecimento do doente sobre os seus medicamentos". O pré-teste de confirmação obteve 100% de concordância com a segunda versão de Consenso corrigida após o pré-teste. A metodologia selecionada permitiu adaptar culturalmente a versão em espanhol do questionário CPM-ES-ES para uma versão em português. Estudos adicionais devem demonstrar a equivalência das propriedades psicométricas da tradução intercultural em português do questionário com a versão original.
The scope of this work is to conduct the cross-cultural adaptation from Spanish to European Portuguese of a questionnaire to measure the degree of "Patient Knowledge about their Medications" (CPM-ES-ES). A method based on six steps was applied: 1. Translation into Portuguese, 2. Elaboration of the first consensus version in Portuguese; 3.Back-translation into Spanish; 4. Elaboration of the second consensus version (cultural equivalency); 5. Conducting the pre-test; 6. Evaluation of the overall results. A cross-culturally adapted questionnaire in European Portuguese that measures the degree of "Patient Knowledge about their Medications" is proposed. The pre-test confirmation obtained 100% agreement with the corrected version of the second consensus version after pre-testing. The methodology selected made it possible to cross-culturally adapt the Spanish version of the CPM-ES-ES questionnaire to the Portuguese version. Further studies should demonstrate the equivalence of the psychometric properties of the cross-cultural translation into Portuguese with the original version.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Características Culturais , Idioma , TraduçõesRESUMO
The scope of this work is to conduct the cross-cultural adaptation from Spanish to European Portuguese of a questionnaire to measure the degree of "Patient Knowledge about their Medications" (CPM-ES-ES). A method based on six steps was applied: 1. Translation into Portuguese, 2. Elaboration of the first consensus version in Portuguese; 3.Back-translation into Spanish; 4. Elaboration of the second consensus version (cultural equivalency); 5. Conducting the pre-test; 6. Evaluation of the overall results. A cross-culturally adapted questionnaire in European Portuguese that measures the degree of "Patient Knowledge about their Medications" is proposed. The pre-test confirmation obtained 100% agreement with the corrected version of the second consensus version after pre-testing. The methodology selected made it possible to cross-culturally adapt the Spanish version of the CPM-ES-ES questionnaire to the Portuguese version. Further studies should demonstrate the equivalence of the psychometric properties of the cross-cultural translation into Portuguese with the original version.
Assuntos
Conhecimento do Paciente sobre a Medicação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , TraduçõesRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the influence of the CagA diversity in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains from Colombia on the host cell biology. METHODS: Eighty-four H. pylori-cagA positive strains with different Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motifs patterns, isolated from patients with gastritis (n = 17), atrophic gastritis (n = 17), duodenal ulcer (n = 16), intestinal metaplasia (n = 16) and gastric cancer (n = 18), were included. To determine the integrity of the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) we evaluated the presence of cagA, cagT, cagE, and cag10 genes by polymerase chain reaction. AGS gastric epithelial cells were infected with each strain and assayed for translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation of CagA by western blot, secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay after taking supernatants from cocultures and cell elongation induction. For cell elongation quantification, coculture photographs were taken and the proportion of "hummingbird" cells (> 15 µm) was determined. RESULTS: Overall 72% (60/84) of the strains were found to harbor a functional cagPAI. Levels of phosphorylated CagA were significantly higher for isolates from duodenal ulcer than the ones in strains from gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer (49.1% ± 23.1% vs 21.1% ± 19.5%, P < 0.02; 49.1% ± 23.1% vs 26.2% ± 14.8%, P < 0.045; 49.1% ± 23.1% vs 21.5% ± 19.5%, P < 0.043 and 49.1% ± 23.1% vs 29.5% ± 27.1%, P < 0.047 respectively). We observed variable IL-8 expression levels ranging from 0 to 810 pg/mL and from 8.8 to 1442 pg/mL at 6 h and 30 h post-infection, respectively. cagPAI-defective strains did not induce detectable levels of IL-8 at 6 h post-infection. At 30 h post-infection all strains induced IL-8 expression in AGS cells, although cagPAI-defective strains induced significantly lower levels of IL-8 than strains with a functional cagPAI (57.1 ± 56.6 pg/mL vs 513.6 ± 338.6 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). We did not observe differences in the extent of cell elongation induction between strains with a functional or a defective cagPAI in 6 h cocultures. At 24 h post infection strains with functional cagPAI showed high diversity in the extent of hummingbird phenotype induction ranging from 7% to 34%. cagPAI defective strains induced significantly lower levels of elongation than strains with functional cagPAI with one or more than one EPIYA-C motif (15.1% ± 5.2% vs 18.9% ± 4.7%, P < 0.03; and 15.1% ± 5.2% vs 20.0% ± 5.1%, P < 0.003 respectively). No differences were observed in cellular elongation induction or IL-8 expression among H. pylori strains bearing one and more than one EPIYA-C motifs, neither at 6 h nor at 24 h of coculture. There were no associations between the levels of induction of cell elongation or IL-8 expression and number of EPIYA motifs or pathology. CONCLUSION: The present work describes a lack of association between H. pylori CagA protein EPIYA motifs variations from Colombian isolates and disease-associated cellular responses.
RESUMO
AIM: To investigate Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) CagA diversity and to evaluate the association between protein polymorphisms and the occurrence of gastric pathologies. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two clinical isolates of H. pylori cultured from gastric biopsies obtained from Colombian patients with dyspepsia were included as study material. DNA extracted from isolates was used to determine cagA status, amplifying the C-terminal cagA gene region by polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and six strains with a single amplicon were sequenced and results were used to characterize the 3' variable region of the cagA gene. To establish the number and type of tyrosine phosphorylation motifs Glutamine acid-Proline-Isoleucine-Tyrosine-Alanine (EPIYA) bioinformatic analysis using Amino Acid Sequence Analyzer-Amino Acid Sequence Analyzer software was conducted. Analysis of the association between the number of EPIYA motifs and the gastric pathology was performed using chi(2) test and analysis of the presence of EPIYA-C motifs in relation to the pathology was made by logistic regression odds ratios. Comparisons among EPIYA types found and those reported in GenBank were performed using a proportion test in Statistix Analytical Software version 8.0. RESULTS: After amplification of the 3' of the cagA gene, 106 from 122 isolates presented a single amplicon and 16 showed multiple amplicons. As expected, diversity in the size of the cagA unique fragments among isolates was observed. The 106 strains that presented a single amplicon after 3' cagA amplification came from patients with gastritis (19 patients), atrophic gastritis (21), intestinal metaplasia (26), duodenal ulcer (22) and gastric cancer. DNA sequence analysis showed that the differences in size of 3' cagA unique fragments was attributable to the number of EPIYA motifs: 1.9% had two EPIYA motifs, 62.3% had three, 33.0% had four and 2.8% had five motifs. The majority of tested clinical strains (62.3%) were found to harbor the ABC combination of EPIYA motifs and a significant statistical difference was observed between the frequencies of ABCC tyrosine phosphorylation motifs and Western strains sequences deposited in GenBank. CONCLUSION: The present report describes a lack of association between H. pylori CagA-protein polymorphisms and pathogenesis. ABCC high frequency variations compared with Western-strains sequences deposited in GenBank require more investigation.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Estômago/microbiologia , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Biópsia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Colômbia , Úlcera Duodenal/microbiologia , Gastrite/microbiologia , Gastrite Atrófica/microbiologia , Gastroenteropatias/patologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/patologia , Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidade , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Metaplasia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Razão de Chances , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estômago/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Introducción. La ateroesclerosis es la principal causa de enfermedad coronaria y cerebrovascular, las cuales, a su vez, son las causas más comunes de mortalidad y morbilidad n el mundo occidental. Publicaciones recientes sugieren que ciertos microorganismos infecciosos podrían jugar un papel importante en la génesis y progresión de la aterosclerosis. De acuerdo con reportes seroepidemiológicos y de detección directa, Chlamydia pneumoniae podría ser el candidato más plausible. No obstante, no se ha determinado su papel específico en el proceso aterogénico, por lo cual en los últimos años ha surgido la necesidad de explorar diversas técnicas de detección de C. pneumoniae en arterias. Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar la presencia de C. pneumoniae en muestras de tejido aórtico de catorce pacientes sometidos a cirugía de reemplazo aórtico, utilizando la amplificación del gen kdtA por PCR acoplada a un ensayo de hibridación in vitro. Materiales y métodos. De cada uno de catorce segmentos de aorta se obtuvo una muestra al azar para la extracción de ADN y la detección de C. pneumoniae por PCR-hibridación in vitro. Resultados. Doce (85,7 por ciento) de catorce muestras de tejido de aorta resultaron positivas para C. pneumoniae. Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio sugieren que la presencia de C. pneumoniae es frecuente en el tipo de muestras analizado. En estudios posteriores resultaría importante examinar si esta proporción se mantiene en una muestra poblacional mayor
Assuntos
Doenças da Aorta/complicações , Infecções por Chlamydia , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Amplificação de Genes , Técnicas In Vitro , Hibridização Genética , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary and cerebrovascular disease which, in turn, are the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in the western world. Recent publications suggest that infective microorganisms may play an important role in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. According to seroepidemiological and direct detection reports, Chlamydia pneumoniae is the most plausible candidate. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the microorganism induces its pathological effect have not yet been conclusively determined; hence, the need exists to explore different detection techniques of C. pneumoniae on arteries. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to detect the presence of C. pneumoniae in aortic tissue samples from 14 patients submitted to aortic replacement surgery. Detection method involved kdtA gene amplification coupled with an in vitro hybridization assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of aortic tissue for DNA extraction and C. pneumoniae detection by PCR-in vitro hybridization were randomly obtained from each of 14 aorta specimens. RESULTS: C. pneumoniae was detected in 12 (85.7%) of the 14 aortic tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS: This result indicates a frequent association of C. pneumoniae with aortic tissue disease. Further studies are required to determine if this proportion of positive samples persists within larger samples.
Assuntos
Aorta/microbiologia , Aterosclerose/microbiologia , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Aorta/patologia , Aterosclerose/patologia , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/genética , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Humanos , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Objetivo: realizar una revisión actualizada sobre la cardiomiopatía de Chagas. Fuente de datos: se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y Sibra en los siguientes aspectos: reseña histórica, patogenia, fisiopatología, definición de caso, espectro del compromiso cardíaco, experiencia institucional y de otros investigadores en el país y finalmente las bases y enfoque actual del tratamiento etiológico. Selección del estudio: se estudiaron 79 trabajos que informaban sobre las tópicos relacionados con el tema. Extracción de datos: los artículos se clasificaron según se trataran de revisiones, artículos originales o informes de casos. Recopilamos y analizamos los artículos originales y luego elaboramos la revisión, el resumen y las conclusiones. Síntesis de datos y conclusiones: los estudios demuestran que la cardiomiopatía de Chagas es la causa más frecuente de cardiomiopatía en América Latina con una variable forma de presentación y un importante impacto sobre la morbimortalidad. Se resalta el aparente papel del T. cruzi en la patogenia de la fase crónica de la enfermedad, el cual es detectado por técnicas de PCR hasta en 63 por ciento de los casos. Se presenta la propuesta de tratamiento etiológico de la enfermedad publicada por la OPS y la OMS.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/fisiopatologia , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/história , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatia ChagásicaRESUMO
Introducción: en la enfermedad de Chagas, con los métodos parasitológicos convencionales sólo se detecta un número reducido de parásitos en los individuos infectados crónicamente lo que ha conducido a la teoría que sugiere que los hallazgos clínicos y anatomopatológicos pueden ser primariamente autoinmunes en su origen. Objetivo: establecer si la detección de antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiomiopatía chagásica crónica (criterios OMS) puede relacionarse con la severidad de la enfermedad. Métodos: evaluación clínica y paraclínica (electrocardiograma de rutina, radiografía de tórax, ecocardiograma doppler color, test de Holter de 24 horas y/o estudio electrofisiológico) asociada a la realización de una prueba de PCR efectuada en sangre y suero. La severidad en la cardiomiopatía fue definida por la presencia de uno o más de los siguientes hallazgos: disfunción ventricular izquierda (<40 por ciento), disfunción del nodo sinusal, bloqueo auriculoventricular completo y taquicardia ventricular sostenida. Tipo de estudio: observacional analítico de corte transversal. Análisis estadístico: se comparó la prevalencia de los hallazgos definidos como severidad de la cardiomiopatía entre los pacientes con y sin detección de antígenos circulantes por PCR. Se calcularon los riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento. El valor de p considerado como estadísticamente significativo fue de ¿0.05. Resultados: se estudiaron 64 pacientes, 29 hombres y 35 mujeres , edad media 55.5 ±13 años. En 34 de los 64 pacientes (55 por ciento) se encontraron antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes por PCR. No se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con relación a la edad, el género, ni con la severidad de la cardiomiopatía entre el grupo de pacientes con antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes comparado con el grupo en el que este hallazgo no fue encontrado. Conclusión: Se detectó una infección activa o la presencia de antígenos circulantes de T. cruzi por la PCR en el 55 por ciento de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiomiopatía chagásica crónica. No se encontró ninguna relación entre la presencia de antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes y la severidad de la cardiomiopatía en esta población. Otros mecanismos posiblemente de tipo autoinmune pueden estar relacionados con la severidad de la cardiomiopatía en estos casos.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/imunologia , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
La amibiasis intestinal es un problema endémico en Colombia, sin embargo, el diagnóstico mediante examen copro-parasitológico deja mucho que desear como consecuencia de un deficiente control de calidad en los laboratorios clínicos e inadecuado entrenamiento y actualización del personal del laboratorio.