RESUMO
Numerous reports have focused on consensus peptides to determine CD8+ T-cell responses; however, few studies evaluated the functional profile using peptides derived from circulating strains of a specific region. We determined the effector profile and maturation phenotype of CD8+ T-cells targeting the consensus APPEESFRS (AS9) epitope and its variant APPEESFRF (AF9), previously identified. The free energy of binding, maturation phenotype, and polyfunctional profile of both peptides were similar. The magnitude of CD8+ T-cell responses to AF9 was greater than the one elicited by AS9, although the difference was not significant. The polyfunctional profile of AF9 was characterized by CD107a/interleukin-2 (IL-2)/macrophage inflammatory protein beta (MIP1ß) and by interferon gamma (IFNγ)/MIP1ß/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in response to AS9. TNFα production was significantly higher in response to AF9 than to AS9, and there was a negative correlation between the absolute number of CD8+ T-cell-producing TNFα and the plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load, suggesting a role of this cytokine in the control of HIV replication.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Describir un diagnóstico situacional de las condiciones de trabajo y perfil sanitario de los profesionales de salud y técnicos del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (HNAAA). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en la cual participaron todos los trabajadores de salud (73 médicos (as), 91 enfermeras y 73 técnicos (as) de enfermería) del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. La recolección de datos se realizó aplicando una encuesta individual a cada sujeto del estudio durante 4 semanas en el mes de septiembre y octubre del año 2009. Resultados: Se aplicaron 237 cuestionarios, el 47.3% en su mayoría corresponden al femeninos, con edades comprendidas entre los 40 - 59 años, por otro lado un 38.4% del sexo femenino tienen como grupo ocupacional Enfermera, un 25.3% son técnicas y un 3% son médicos, así mismo tenemos que en un 27.8% del sexo masculino tienen como grupo ocupacional medico, un 5.5% técnicos y finalmente con un 0% del sexo masculino son enfermeros. Conclusiones: Según el tipo de enfermedades o problemas de salud existentes en los profesionales de salud y técnicos del HNAAA, resultó que el 19% de los encuestados tiene problemas músculo esqueléticas. Y respecto a las condiciones de trabajo, los factores que más resaltaron fueron los riesgos biológicos y ergonómicos.(AU)
Objetive: To describe a situational analysis of working conditions and health profile of the health professionals and technicians of the National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (HNAAA). Materials and Methods: A descriptive, crosssectional, with the participation of all health workers (73 doctors (as), 91 nurses and 73 technicians (as) nursing) National Hospital Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo. Data collection was performed by applying an individual survey each study subject during four weeks in September and October of 2009. Results: 237 questionnaires were applied, 47.3% correspond mainly to female, aged between 40-59 years old, on the other hand 38.4% of females have as Nurse occupational group, 25.3% are technical and 3 % are doctors, also we have a 27.8% male as an occupational group have medical, technical 5.5% and finally to 0% are male nurses. Conclusions: Depending on the type of disease or existing health problems health professionals and technicians HNAAA, was that 19% of respondents have musculoskeletal problems. And with regard to working conditions, the factors that were highlighted biological and ergonomic hazards.(AU)
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are 2 new phenotypes of HIV-1-positive individuals who exhibit a spontaneous and sustained control of viral replication at least for 1 year without antiretroviral therapy (elite controllers <50 copies/mL and viremic controllers <2000 copies/mL). Mechanisms related to this spontaneous control of viral replication are poorly understood. METHODS: The study included HIV-1 controllers (patients with at least 1 year of HIV-1 diagnosis, highly active antiretroviral therapy naive, and with viral loads less than 2000 copies/mL) and HIV-1 progressors without antiretroviral therapy (viral load >2500 copies/mL, and CD4 T-cell count >250 cells/µL at the time of sampling). The expression of soluble factors, leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and human α-defensins-1 (HAD-1), was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction from neutrophil cultures with or without HIV stimulation; the frequency and phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells were determined by flow cytometry, and frequency of human leukocyte antigen alleles was determined by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide typing. RESULTS: As expected, HIV-1 controllers had higher CD4 T-cell counts and lower viral load when compared with HIV-1 progressor individuals; in addition, they exhibited lower expression of activation markers, higher frequency of myeloid dendritic cell, lower percentage of regulatory T cells and natural killer cells, and higher expression of SLPI. CONCLUSIONS: All together, these findings suggest that the control of the immune activation status and the production of antiviral proteins by innate immune cells could be associated to the mechanisms involved in the control of HIV-1 replication and better preservation of the CD4 T-cell count.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Sobreviventes de Longo Prazo ao HIV , HIV-1/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Leucócitos/imunologia , Inibidor Secretado de Peptidases Leucocitárias/biossíntese , Adulto , Alelos , Células Cultivadas , Colômbia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Antígenos HLA/análise , Antígenos HLA/genética , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Carga Viral , alfa-Defensinas/biossínteseRESUMO
The incidence of maternal-to-fetal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is 25-30% in absence of antiretroviral therapy, and is inversely associated with Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class-I discordance. Based on our earlier report that mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) induce a ribonuclease (RNase) that inhibits HIV-1 replication, we proposed that maternal-fetal alloantigen stimulation activates factors that protect the fetus against vertically-transmitted infections. We investigate here whether the degree of mother-infant HLA discordance associates with the ability to produce anti-HIV-1 alloantigen-stimulated factor (ASF), and affects placental RNases. We also determine whether such HLA association is influenced by the mother's HIV-1 status. Paired maternal and cord blood leukocytes were tested for the induction of ASF by MLR, and typed for HLA-A and -B. The placentas were tested for mRNA expression of three RNases. Neonate anti-mother, but not mother anti-neonate MLR generated supernatants with anti-HIV-1 activity, that was associated with HLA class I discordance. This HLA association was not seen in the HIV-infected cohort. HLA class I discordance was also associated with expression of placental RNase 1. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HLA class I discordance induces expression of RNases in the placenta that contribute to innate host resistance to HIV-1 and other viral infections.