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Resumen: El Abuso Sexual Infantil (ASI) está relacionado con el desarrollo de comportamientos adictivos en la edad adulta. El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación que existe entre el ASI y el desarrollo de comportamientos adictivos con o sin sustancias. Se analizaron 36 artículos desde 2014 a 2018, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para formar parte de esta revisión. Este trabajo ha permitido visibilizar la escasa información existente acerca de la relación entre ASI y comportamientos adictivos. Se concluye que se necesita más investigación sistematizada que analice la relación existente entre el haber sido víctima de ASI y tener una adicción en la vida adulta, que se utilicen instrumentos específicos y validados para evaluar la posible presencia o ausencia de ASI en adultos y ser más específicos a la hora de considerar las variables que influyen en esta relación.

Abstract: Child Sexual Abuse (ASI) is related to the development of addictive behaviors in adulthood. The present study had the objective of carrying out a systematic review on the relationship that exists between ASI and the development of addictive behaviors. 36 articles were found from 2014 to 2018, which met the inclusion criteria to be part of this review. This work has made it possible to visualize the scarce existing information about the relationship between ASI and addictive behaviors. It is concluded that studies are needed that use specific and validated instruments to assess the possible presence or absence of ASI in adults and to be more specific in the variables that influence this relationship.

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Gingko biloba leaves have been used as herbal medicine in China for 5000 years, and the standardized leaf extract (GB-STE) has some beneficial effects in the treatment of age-related, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effects of the Gingko biloba extract (GbE) against the toxicity of a single and relatively low dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). In male adult Wistar rats, we determined the urine flux, the concentration of total proteins in urine, the concentration of glucose in urine, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal cortex as well as two markers of renal function (clearance of inulin and p-aminohippurate); we also compared the histological lesions caused by CCl4. Carbon tetrachloride increased the urinary concentration of total proteins, and the renal concentration of MDA; however, it did not modify the urine flux, urinary concentration of glucose, nor the inuline or the p-aminohipurate clearances. Morphologically, CCl4 generated some tubular damage that was more intense in the inner cortex of kidneys. The GbE extract counteracted the effects of CCl4 on the concentration of total proteins in urine, the concentration of renal MDA, and the renal histological changes. In conclusion the main toxic effects produced by CCl4 were prevented by the GbE, probably due to their antioxidant properties and the inhibition of the main P450 isoenzyme (CYP2E1) that metabolize CCl4.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of osteoporosis (OP) in patients with Gaucher disease (GD) in Argentina. GD patients from 28 centers were consecutively included from April 2012 to 2014. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and the femoral neck or the total proximal femur for patients ≥20 yr of age, and by whole-body scan in the lumbar spine in patients <20 yr of age. In children, mineral density was calculated using the chronological age and Z height. OP diagnosis was determined following adult and pediatric official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. A total of 116 patients were included, of which 62 (53.5%) were women. The median age was 25.8 yr. All patients received enzyme replacement therapy, with a median time of 9.4 yr. Normal BMD was found in 89 patients (76.7%), whereas low bone mass (LBM) or osteopenia was found in 15 patients (13%) and OP in 12 patients (10.3%). The analysis of the pediatric population revealed that 4 patients (9.3%) had LBM and 3 (7%) had OP (Z-score ≤ -2 + fractures height-adjusted by Z), whereas in the adult population (n = 73), 11 patients (15%) had LBM or osteopenia and 9 (12.3%) had OP. Bone marrow infiltration and the presence of fractures were significantly correlated with the presence of OP (p = 0.04 and <0.001, respectively). This is the first study in Argentina and in the region describing the frequency of OP or LBM in GD patients treated with imiglucerase using the official position of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

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In this work we apply the discrete perturbation theory [A. L. Benavides and A. Gil-Villegas, Mol. Phys. 97, 1225 (1999)] to obtain an equation of state for the case of two continuous potentials: the hard-core attractive Yukawa potential and the hard-core repulsive Yukawa potential. The main advantage of the presented equation of state is that it is an explicit analytical expression in the parameters that characterize the intermolecular interactions. With a suitable choice of their inverse screening length parameter one can model the behavior of different systems. This feature allows us to make a systematic study of the effect of the variation in the parameters on the thermodynamic properties of this system. We analyze single phase properties at different conditions of density and temperature, and vapor-liquid phase diagrams for several values of the reduced inverse screening length parameter within the interval kappa( *)=0.1-5.0. The theoretical predictions are compared with available and new Monte Carlo simulation data. Good agreement is found for most of the cases and better predictions are found for the long-range ones. The Yukawa potential is an example of a family of hard-core plus a tail (attractive or repulsive) function that asymptotically goes to zero as the separations between particles increase. We would expect that similar results could be found for other potentials with these characteristics.

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Autofluorescence in living cells is due to the presence of endogenous substances that emit fluorescence upon excitation by incidental light. A type of fluorescence, bioluminescence, has been suggested to be linked to mucus secretion in earthworms; however, the origin and the physiological function of this fluorescence are not clear. The aims of this work were to describe autofluorescence in the earthworm Eisenia foetida by SEM, CLSM, and fluorescence microscopy and to examine the possible mechanism of mucus secretion by video microscopy. Earthworms were stimulated either chemically or electrically to induce the secretion of yellow mucus, which was subsequently studied by video microscopy. Mucus was released from the body wall and near the mouth. This phenomenon was associated with autofluorescence and involved at least four distinct stages: release of vesicles, formation of granules, muscular contraction, and organization of strands. The fluorescent molecules were stored in vesicles bound to the membranes. These vesicles were intact when shed from the body. The vesicles were stable but also changed to a granular material or formed strands. Video analyses demonstrated that secretion was dependent on the type of stimulus.

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The authors use the analytical equation of state obtained by the discrete perturbation theory [A. L. Benavides and A. Gil-Villegas, Mol. Phys. 97, 1225 (1999)] to study the phase diagram of fluids with discrete spherical potentials formed by a repulsive square-shoulder plus an attractive square-well interaction (SS+SW). This interaction is characterized by the usual energy and size parameters plus three dimensionless parameters: two of them measuring the widths of the SS and the SW and the third the relative height of the SS. The matter of interest is that, for certain values of the interaction parameters, the SS+SW systems exhibit more than one first-order fluid-fluid transition. The evidence that several real substances (such as water, phosphorus, carbon, and silica, among others) exhibit an extra liquid-liquid transition has drawn interest into the study of interactions responsible for this behavior. The simple SS+SW fluid is one of the systems that, in spite of being spherically symmetric, shows multiple fluid-fluid transitions. In this work the authors investigate systematically the effect on the phase diagram of varying the interaction parameters. The use of an analytical free-energy equation gives a clear thermodynamic picture of the emergence of different types of critical points, throwing new light on the phase behavior of these fluids and thus clarifying previous results obtained by other techniques. The interplay of attractive and repulsive forces with several scale lengths produces very rich phase diagrams, including cases with three critical points. The region of the interaction-parameter space where multiple critical points appear is mapped for various families of interactions.

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Our previous acute toxicity studies with Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) in rats showed renal hemodynamic changes with a marked increase in the fractional excretion of sodium and morphological damage. To analyse the effects of Kh or 'tullidora' on energetic metabolism, a single dose of an oral preparation from the seed fruits was given to Wistar rats (1.25 g/kg). In tullidora-treated rats there was 8% mortality. ATP concentrations in renal tissue decreased significantly (control: 53.85+/-3.34, tullidora 38.28+/-5.31 micromol/g fresh tissue, P<0.05). Total blood (54.8+/-0.96, tullidora: 40.2+/-1.55 micromol/dL, P<0.01) and haemoglobin-ATP concentrations (3.69+/-0.12, tullidora: 2.56+/-0.11 micromol/g, P<0.01) were also significantly diminished. Moreover, the total protein in renal cortex from tullidora-treated rats decreased as compared to control group (control: 71.43+/-2.88, tullidora: 55.20+/-4.06 mg/g fresh tissue, P<0.05). In contrast, Na+-K+-ATPase activity in tullidora-treated animals was not different from control rats. These findings might partially explain the acute effects and mortality observed in the Kh treated rats.

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Severe pre-eclampsia reduced significantly (P<0.05) by 68+/-6 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=10) the maximal velocity (V(max)) and, consequently, reduced significantly by 60+/-7 per cent the catalytic efficiency (C(E)) of placental glutathione transferase pi, assayed with ethacrynic acid. Mild and severe pre-eclampsia reduced significantly by 82+/-5 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=5) and by 41+/-5 per cent (mean+/-sem, n=10), respectively, the V(max)and, consequently, reduced significantly by 72+/-7 and by 33+/-13 per cent, respectively, the C(E)of esterase, assayed with p-nitrophenyl acetate. Furthermore, severe pre-eclampsia increased significantly by 296+/-78 per cent the Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) of total GST, assayed with chlorodinitrobenzene and, consequently, decreased significantly the C(E)by 83+/-3 per cent. On the other hand, the concentrations of total and non-protein thiols did not change significantly in placental homogenates from patients with mild or severe pre-eclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. These findings would indicate a decreased capacity of the glutathione transferases and esterase detoxification systems to protect the fetus from drugs prescribed to pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia, mainly in the severe phase.

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We studied the effects, at 10 and 30 min, of a single dose (10 mg kg(-1)) of lead chloride, administered by the intraperitoneal route, on the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione transferase (GSH-T) and on the concentrations of total and non-protein thiols in substantia nigra compacta (SNCO) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNRE), caudate putamen (CAU) and cerebral cortex (CC) from adult male rats in comparison with the effects of this metal at 24 and 72 h. The main immediate effects of lead consisted of decreased GSH-T activity and total and non-protein thiol concentrations in CAU and CC 10 min after administration. These effects were reversed after 30 min but with increased GSH-T activity in SNCO and AChE activity in SNRE along with diminished concentration of homogenate proteins in SNRE, CAU and CC. The GSH-T activity again was increased in SNCO but the AChE activity was decreased in CC 24 h after Pb administration; total and non-protein thiol concentrations were diminished but homogenate protein concentration was augmented in all areas. Finally, 72 h after Pb administration, AChE and GSH-T activities were decreased in CAU and CC, accompanied by an increased concentration of precipitate and supernatant proteins; supernatant protein concentration also was augmented in SNCO and SNRE; here, again, the concentrations of total and non-protein thiols were diminished and the homogenate protein concentration was augmented in all areas.

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We studied the in vitro hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to salicylic acid (SA) catalysed by microsomal preparations from liver, kidney, small intestine and stomach mucosas and blood serum of adult female and male rats. Hepatic microsomes from male rats had the highest specific activity: 42.3 +/- 6.0 nmol SA mg(-1) min(-1) (mean +/- SEM). Kidney, intestine, stomach and serum activities were 60, 30, 14 and 0.7% with regard to the liver. In contrast, gastric microsomes from female rats showed the highest specific activity: 53 +/- 22.1 nmol SA mg(-1) min(-1) (mean +/- SEM) whereas intestine, liver, kidney and serum activities were 60, 43, 40 and 1.7% with regard to the stomach mucosa. Hepatic, renal and intestinal microsomes had a pH optimum of 5-6. Male rats had Vmax and Km values of 95.5, 83.4 and 29.4 nmol SA mg(-1) min(-1) and 2.9, 1.27 and 6.4 mM, while for female rats they were 54.8, 75.8 and 59.4 nmol SA mg(-1) min(-1) and 2.6, 1.35 and 3.4 mM for hepatic, renal and intestinal microsomes, respectively. Parathion inhibited the hydrolysis of ASA with an IC50 of 1.2 x 10(-5) M for liver and kidney and 5 x 10(6) M for intestine from male rats.

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We compared the enterotoxicity and cysteine proteinases (CP) of the low-virulence Entamoeba histolytica HM1 strain with the highly virulent 1659 clone, derived from HM1 by hamster liver passages. Enterotoxicity of 50,000 freeze-thawed trophozoites was determined on 0.28-cm2 intestinal segments mounted in Ussing chambers; CP activity of Nonidet-P40 amebal lysates was assayed by gelatin-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and carbobenzoxy-L-arginine-L-arginyl-p-nitroaniline, a CP-specific substrate. Treatment of gerbil cecum segments with amebal lysates caused an immediate fall of their electrophysiologic properties (potential difference, short-circuit current, and transmural resistance) whose decay rates were clearly faster with 1659 than with HM1 lysates. Nonimmune and immune antiamebic human sera and the CP-specific inhibitor E-64 (trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane) prevented the fall of the electrophysiologic properties. Gelatinases, less active in HM1 than in 1659 trophozoites, were better preserved in lysates containing 10 mM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB) to prevent autoproteolysis: in lysates without pHMB nearly no gelatinase bands were observed in HM1 samples, whereas intense 30K, 35K, 44K, and 75K bands were seen in 1659 samples; in lysates with pHMB only 53K and 75K bands were found that were much more intense in 1659 samples, 75K being barely visible in HM1 samples. The overall CP activity was 17 times higher in 1659 than in HM1 lysates, was inhibited by E-64 (mean inhibitory dose, 20 microM), was stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) 3.7 times in HM1 and 2.4 times in 1659 lysates, and was reactivated by ME in lysates containing pHMB. Most of the CP activity in HM1 lysates sedimented at 15,600g but predominated in 1659 supernatants. The increase of E. histolytica virulence thus correlates with a remarkable increase both of in vitro enterotoxicity and of two CPs (53K and 75K), suggesting that these proteinases are significant pathogenicity factors.

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Se investigó el conocimiento que poseen los médicos y químico-farmacéutico (QF) del uso de la receta retenida (RR) y la legalidad vigente, que regula el expendio de fármacos controlados. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, que consistió en una prueba de simulación, en farmacias del área oriente de Santiago y se encuestó a QF y médicos durante el mes de diciembre de l990. Del estudio se concluye que en más de un tercio de las farmcias l RR no es recibida por el QF como establece la ley. Sólo se rechazaron un l5.6 por ciento de las recetas incompletas presentadas. Un 78.3 por ciento de los QF desconocen la mayoria de los requisitos legales que debe cumplir la RR la RR no cumple el objetivo para el cual se creó: evitar la venta indiscriminada de ciertos medicamentos y la farmacodependencia

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Se presenta el caso clínico de una primigesta de 16 años, epiléptica en tratamiento con ácido valproico, sin control prenatal hasta las 35 semanas de embarazo. Se describen las alteraciones encontradas en el recién nacido. Se revisa la bibliografía en relación al uso de esta droga durante el embarazo

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T cryptantigen can be exposed on the red cell membrane as a result of removal of terminal glycosides, either by bacterial enzymes or by incomplete synthesis of the cell membrane due to somatic mutation, usually caused by a neoplasm. T-activated erythrocytes have been observed in different pathologies, but they have not been seen associated with other abnormalities of red blood cell proteins described in myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukaemias. A patient with initial diagnosis of refractory anaemia that evolved into erythroleukaemia showed prolonged T-activation, a depressed A blood-group antigen and an increase of foetal haemoglobin, simultaneously. The evolutive pattern of T-activation suggests more an abnormal erythropoiesis than an enzymatic effect and a certain relationship with the haemolytic syndrome.

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