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Sandy beaches are part of an integral social-ecological system whose management has to encompass the natural and societal features of the catchment and the adjacent marine area, as well as the beach itself. Using a multi-use and complex beach system in Uruguay, the La Coronilla and Barra del Chuy resort, we interrogate those natural and societal features by employing the DAPSI(W)R(M) cause-consequence-response cycle and pathways. This identifies the Drivers, Activities, Pressures, State change on the natural system, Impacts (on the Welfare of the human system), and the Responses (requiring management Measures). We contend that this approach is needed for the sustainable development and use of this ecosystem and its biodiversity protection. This also indicates the importance of a holistic and systems approach, which is necessary, valid and valuable for sandy beaches worldwide.

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The yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides is a cool-water species that typifies sandy beaches of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SAO), which embraces one of the strongest ocean warming hotspots. The region is influenced by the Rio de la Plata (RdlP), which represents a zoogeographic barrier that restricts its larval exchange. We investigated yellow clam larval connectivity patterns using an individual based model (IBM). The IBM combined outputs from a 3D hydrodynamic model with a clam submodel that considered salinity- and temperature-dependent mortality for the planktonic larvae. Connectivity across the RdlP estuary occurred only for larvae released in spring during a strong La Niña event. Mortality due to freshwater precluded larval transport across the RdlP, whereas larval mortality induced by warmer waters reduced connectivity, leading to self-recruitment in most areas. Warming acceleration in this hotspot could further restrict larval connectivity between populations in the SAO, with conservation implications for this threatened species.

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Unlike the advances generated on land, the knowledge of global diversity patterns in marine ecosystems is limited to a small number of studies. For sandy beaches, which dominate the world's ocean shores, previous meta-analyses highlighted the role of beach morphodynamics in explaining species richness patterns. Oceanographic variables and historical processes have not been considered, even though they could be main predictors of community structure. Our work, based on 256 sandy beaches around the world, analysed species richness considering for the first time temperature, salinity and primary productivity. Biogeographic units (realms, provinces and ecoregions) were used to incorporate historical factors in modelling processes. Ecoregions, which implicitly include isolation and coastal complexity among other historical geographic factors, best represented trends in species richness worldwide. Temperature was a main predictor of species richness, which increased from temperate to tropical sandy beaches. Species richness increased with tide range and towards wide beaches with gentle slopes and fine grains, which is consistent with the hypothesis that habitat availability has an important role in structuring sandy beach communities. The role of temperature and habitat availability suggests that ocean warming and sea level rise could affect the distribution of obligate species living in these narrow ecosystems.

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Sandy ocean beaches are iconic assets that provide irreplaceable ecosystem services to society. Despite their great socioeconomic importance, beaches as ecosystems are severely under-represented in the literature on climate-change ecology. Here, we redress this imbalance by examining whether beach biota have been observed to respond to recent climate change in ways that are consistent with expectations under climate change. We base our assessments on evidence coming from case studies on beach invertebrates in South America and on sea turtles globally. Surprisingly, we find that observational evidence for climate-change responses in beach biota is more convincing for invertebrates than for highly charismatic turtles. This asymmetry is paradoxical given the better theoretical understanding of the mechanisms by which turtles are likely to respond to changes in climate. Regardless of this disparity, knowledge of the unique attributes of beach systems can complement our detection of climate-change impacts on sandy-shore invertebrates to add rigor to studies of climate-change ecology for sandy beaches. To this end, we combine theory from beach ecology and climate-change ecology to put forward a suite of predictive hypotheses regarding climate impacts on beaches and to suggest ways that these can be tested. Addressing these hypotheses could significantly advance both beach and climate-change ecology, thereby progressing understanding of how future climate change will impact coastal ecosystems more generally.

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Determining the existence of interconnected responses among life-history traits and identifying underlying environmental drivers are recognized as key goals for understanding the basis of phenotypic variability. We studied potentially interconnected responses among senescence, fecundity, embryos size, weight of brooding females, size at maturity and sex ratio in a semiterrestrial amphipod affected by macroscale gradients in beach morphodynamics and salinity. To this end, multiple modelling processes based on generalized additive mixed models were used to deal with the spatio-temporal structure of the data obtained at 10 beaches during 22 months. Salinity was the only nexus among life-history traits, suggesting that this physiological stressor influences the energy balance of organisms. Different salinity scenarios determined shifts in the weight of brooding females and size at maturity, having consequences in the number and size of embryos which in turn affected sex determination and sex ratio at the population level. Our work highlights the importance of analysing field data to find the variables and potential mechanisms that define concerted responses among traits, therefore defining life-history strategies.

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Environmental gradients and wastewater discharges produce aggregated effects on marine populations, obscuring the detection of human impact. Classical assessment methods do not include environmental effects in toxicity tests designs, which could lead to incorrect conclusions. We proposed a modified Whole Effluent Toxicity test (mWET) that includes environmental gradients in addition to effluent dilutions, together with the application of Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to assess and decouple those effects. We tested this approach, analyzing the lethal effects of wastewater on a marine sandy beach bivalve affected by an artificial canal freshwater discharge used for rice crops irrigation. To this end, we compared bivalve mortality between canal water dilutions (CWd) and salinity controls (SC: without canal water). CWd were prepared by diluting the water effluent (sampled during the pesticide application period) with artificial marine water. The salinity gradient was included in the design by achieving the same final salinities in both CWd and SC, allowing us to account for the effects of salinity by including this variable as a random factor in the GLMM. Our approach detected significantly higher mortalities in CWd, indicating potential toxic effects of the effluent discharge. mWET represents an improvement over the internationally standardized WET tests, since it considers environmental variability and uses appropriate statistical analyses.

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Species richness in sandy beaches is strongly affected by concurrent variations in morphodynamics and salinity. However, as in other ecosystems, different groups of species may exhibit contrasting patterns in response to these environmental variables, which would be obscured if only aggregate richness is considered. Deconstructing biodiversity, i.e. considering richness patterns separately for different groups of species according to their taxonomic affiliation, dispersal mode or mobility, could provide a more complete understanding about factors that drive species richness patterns. This study analyzed macroscale variations in species richness at 16 Uruguayan sandy beaches with different morphodynamics, distributed along the estuarine gradient generated by the Rio de la Plata over a 2 year period. Species richness estimates were deconstructed to discriminate among taxonomic groups, supralittoral and intertidal forms, and groups with different feeding habits and development modes. Species richness was lowest at intermediate salinities, increasing towards oceanic and inner estuarine conditions, mainly following the patterns shown for intertidal forms. Moreover, there was a differential tolerance to salinity changes according to the habitat occupied and development mode, which determines the degree of sensitivity of faunal groups to osmotic stress. Generalized (additive and linear) mixed models showed a clear increase of species richness towards dissipative beaches. All taxonomic categories exhibited the same trend, even though responses to grain size and beach slope were less marked for crustaceans and insects than for molluscs or polychaetes. However, supralittoral crustaceans exhibited the opposite trend. Feeding groups decreased from dissipative to reflective systems, deposit feeders being virtually absent in the latter. This deconstructive approach highlights the relevance of life history strategies in structuring communities, highlighting the relative importance that salinity and morphodynamic gradients have on macroscale diversity patterns in sandy beaches.

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We analyzed the feeding preference of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, a small-bodied poecilid native from the Rio de la Plata and proximate Atlantic Basins in South America. This species has a wide distribution in Uruguayan water bodies but its effectiveness as a predator of mosquito larvae has not been tested. In laboratory trials, five aquatic invertebrates were offered simultaneously as potential prey to fish: Daphnia pulex (Cladocera), copepods, two different instars of mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens), and the 4th instar of Chironomidae larvae. Preference was measured by the Chesson's electivity index (α). In order to determine differences in prey preference according to fish size, individuals ranging from 9.5 mm to 35.3 mm were classified in three different body size classes: small, medium, and large. Small fish showed preference for copepods, while medium-sized fish preferred the smallest mosquito larvae instars and Chironomidae larvae. We conclude that C. decemmaculatus is a zooplankton facultative-feeder fish that prefers large-bodied zooplankton but is a weak predator of mosquito larvae. Thus, the introduction of C. decemmaculatus as a biological-control agent in natural environments is not an effective strategy.

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Marine ecosystems are in decline. New transformational changes in governance are urgently required to cope with overfishing, pollution, global changes, and other drivers of degradation. Here we explore social, political, and ecological aspects of a transformation in governance of Chile's coastal marine resources, from 1980 to today. Critical elements in the initial preparatory phase of the transformation were (i) recognition of the depletion of resource stocks, (ii) scientific knowledge on the ecology and resilience of targeted species and their role in ecosystem dynamics, and (iii) demonstration-scale experimental trials, building on smaller-scale scientific experiments, which identified new management pathways. The trials improved cooperation among scientists and fishers, integrating knowledge and establishing trust. Political turbulence and resource stock collapse provided a window of opportunity that triggered the transformation, supported by new enabling legislation. Essential elements to navigate this transformation were the ability to network knowledge from the local level to influence the decision-making processes at the national level, and a preexisting social network of fishers that provided political leverage through a national confederation of artisanal fishing collectives. The resultant governance scheme includes a revolutionary national system of marine tenure that allocates user rights and responsibilities to fisher collectives. Although fine tuning is necessary to build resilience of this new regime, this transformation has improved the sustainability of the interconnected social-ecological system. Our analysis of how this transformation unfolded provides insights into how the Chilean system could be further developed and identifies generalized pathways for improved governance of marine resources around the world.

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Environmental water chemistry analysis and microcosm toxicity bioassays (MTB) were performed to assess lethality of herbicides on the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis in a sandy beach affected by a freshwater discharge (Andreoni canal) from rice crops. A 5-yr macrocosm field sampling (MFS) was conducted to evaluate freshwater effects on population abundance. Propanil was only detected at the inner portion of the Andreoni canal (IAC), whereas quinclorac and clomazone were found at the IAC and at the canal mouth (CM). A major propanil metabolite was detected at the CM. Herbicides were undetectable at 13km from the CM. MTB showed an increased susceptibility to propanil with decreasing crab sizes. The MFS showed a drastic decrease in abundance towards the freshwater discharge, concurrently with decreasing salinities. The triad approach that included water analyses, toxicological experiments and long-term field sampling allowed rejecting relationships between herbicide exposure and mole crab lethal effects.

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Se analizó la relación masa corporal-densidad en el gremio de mitílidos suspensívoros compuesto por las especies Mytilus edulis platensis, Brachidontes rodriguezi y Brachidontes darwinianus del sublitoral rocoso somero de las Islas Gorriti y Lobos (Maldonado, Uruguay). Dicha relación fue evaluada mediante los diagramas log m-log N (masa individual media-densidad) y log B-log N (biomasa-densidad) tanto a nivel específico como acumulativo del gremio de mitílidos. La relación log m-log N registró denso-independencia en las tres especies en Gorriti y en las especies del género Brachidontes en Lobos. En tanto, M. e. platensis en Lobos presentó una interfase entre un efecto de densidad competitiva o capacidad de carga y denso-dependencia. La relación log B-log N sugirió denso-independencia para las tres especies en las dos islas. La especie dominante M. e. platensis es fundamental en la explicación de la relación masa corporal-densidad en el gremio de mitílidos en ambas islas. Los resultados soportan conclusiones recientes que sugieren que cuando estos modelos bidimensionales, desarrollados para plantas, son aplicados a mitílidos, se observa denso-independencia e incapacidad de demostrar competencia aún cuando ésta pudiera ser relevante. Se sugiere el uso de modelos tridimensionales para incluir explícitamente el efecto de la presencia de múltiples capas en el auto-raleo y sus implicaciones en la relación densidad-talla

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Se estimaron los coeficientes de capturabilidad (q) para la pesquería de Heterocarpus reedi y Cervimunidia johni en el Norte de Chile. Anteriormente, se reportó una relación inversa entre q y CPUE (captura por unidad de esfuerzo) para H. reedi. Sin embargo, altas varianzas asociadas a este tipo de estimaciones no permiten rechazar la utilidad de estimaciones basadas en un q estático. No existen antecedentes para el caso de C. johni. Dada la alta variabilidad entre lances de pesca observada en pesquerías de arrastre, se evaluó la forma apropiada de calcular estimadores no sesgados de la CPUE con el fin de disminuir la varianza en los estimadores de q. Cinco medidas de tendencia central fueron evaluadas: normal, lognormal, Delta, Finney-Sichel, y la media calculada a partir del Teorema del Límite Central. Para estandarizar el esfuerzo de pesca, se determinó la captura por Km² de arrastre (captura por unidad de área, CPUA). Los resultados indicaron que las cinco estimaciones de q fueron confiables, con independencia del estimador de media usado. Sin embargo, los estimadores de q. basados en la distribución lognormal fueron más precisos, por lo que se sugieren como insumos confiables en el modelaje de esta pesquería en el Norte de Chile

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La variación en la densidad y estructura poblacional del cangrejo Gecarcinus lateralis fue estudiada en un bosque tropical subcaducifolio en la costa de Veracruz, México. la densidad de cangrejos cambió en función del tipo de selva (joven o vieja), cobertura (sotobosque o claros) y años (1997 o 1998). En 1997 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad de cangrejos entre selvas, ni entre topografía del suelo. Sin embargo, en 1998, la densidad de cangrejos fue mayor en la selva vieja (SV) con relación a la selva joven (SJ) y en el sotobosque respecto a los claros. para ambos años, la densidad de cangrejos fue mayor en el sotobosque de los valles y las cimas mientras que, en las laderas las diferencias no fueron significativas. La estructura poblacional de G.Lateralis, basada en talla de las madrigueras, reveló que, en ambos años, en la SJ se encuentran individuos más grandes que en la SV. De la misma manera, en los valles y laderas, los cangrejos fueron más grandes que los de las cimas. Asimismo, se encontraron tallas significativamente mayores bajo el dosel que en los claros. Se sugiere que las diferencias en las condiciones del suelo (humedad, hojarasca y compactación) entre los sitios podrían estar implicadas en las variaciones observadas en la densidad y estructura poblacional del cangrejo semi-terrestre G.lateralis.

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El coeficiente de capturabilidad (q) representa un parámetro clave en el proceso de validación de un modelo de simulación pesquera, proceso en el cual generalmente se le asume como costante. Sin embargo, en muchos casos este supuesto de constancia de que es violado, especialmente en recursos marinos vivos con distribución espacial agrupada. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las posibles variaciones de que en función de la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) en la pesquería del camarón nailon Heterocarpus reedi en la zona centro-norte de Chile. La variabilidad de que se calculó en forma semanal para tres temporadas y dos zonas de pesca por el método de área barrida, mientras que la relación funcional entre CPUE, en ton-km-2, y que estimado fue explicada por un modelo potencial. El análisis realizado mostró: una alta variación de q entre semanas para una misma temporada de pesca; una relación inversa entre CPUE y q; y que la varianza explicada por el modelo aumentó a medida que la CPUE disminuyó

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This paper analyses the spatial and temporal effects of a freshwater discharge (Canal Andreoni) on the macroinfauna community and its habitat in a sandy beach of Uruguay. Bimonthly, we examined 17 environmental variables plus macroinfauna abundance, biomass, richness, evenness and diversity of three sites: Andreoni, at the canal mouth, Coronilla, at 1 km, and Barra, at 13 km from the mouth. Both univariate and multivariate techniques showed an increasing degree of perturbation towards the canal. This was reflected by abiotic and biotic differences between sites and by a consistent two-dimensional ordination of the samples. A clear seasonal pattern was found, specially accentuated at Coronilla, where the effects of the canal were stronger in winter and weaker in summer. Multivariate linking between macroinfauna and its habitat highlighted the role of salinity as explanatory variable of the observed trends.

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Growth of the octopus (Octopus maya) off Yucatan (Mexico) was estimated from a long-term study (seven years) by the length-based methods ELEFAN, PROJMAT and SLCA. Some 19,251 octopuses with a range of mantle length between 50 and 240 mm were sampled from commercial landings in 1983-1987, 1989 and 1992. The jackknife technique was applied to deal with uncertainty in growth estimates resulting from chance variations in sampling design. The growth index phi' was used for comparative purposes. Results differed markedly among methods: ELEFAN produced parameter estimates within the range reported in the literature, whereas PROJMAT and SLCA showed problems to converge in an optimum combination of parameters, and tended to underestimate them. Jackknife analysis revealed very low intraannual variability in phi' but high variability among years, especially when applying PROJMAT. No significant differences were found in precision parameters--percent error and coefficient of variation--among methods. Estimates of phi' derived by ELEFAN varied between 4.19 and 5.23 and agreed with those reported in the literature (between 4.25 and 4.91), whereas PROJMAT and SLCA estimates were significantly lower. We suggest the use of ELEFAN, together with jackknife, to estimate growth parameters of Octopus maya.

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