RESUMO

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition in horses, leading to changes in trabecular bone structure and radiographic texture. Although fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity have been applied to quantify these changes in humans, their application in horses remains nascent. This study evaluated the use of FD, bone area fraction (BA/TA), and lacunarity in quantifying trabecular bone differences in the proximal phalanx (P1) in 50 radiographic examinations of equine metacarpophalangeal joints with varying OA degrees. In the dorsopalmar view, regions of interest were defined in the trabecular bone of the proximal epiphysis, medial and lateral to the sagittal groove of P1. Lower BA/TA values were observed medially in horses with severe OA (P=0.003). No significant differences in FD and lacunarity were found across OA degrees (P>0.1). FD, BA/TA, and lacunarity were not effective in identifying radiographic texture changes in the P1 trabecular bone in horses with different metacarpophalangeal OA degrees.

RESUMO

This report describes the combination of two surgical fracture repair techniques and the postoperative management of a mandibular diastemal fracture in a two-year-old mare. The mare was referred to a veterinary hospital with a laceration over the body of the right mandible. Radiographic assessment revealed two mesial fracture lines involving the second premolar tooth and a ventrally displaced bone fragment. The mare was treated under general anesthesia and the fracture was corrected using open reduction and plate fixation. A 3.5 mm narrow 15-hole locking compression plate with seven locking screws were used in a bridge form. Cerclage wire was also used to anchor the incisor teeth to the second and third premolar teeth. The cerclage wire and incisor teeth were covered with polymethylmethacrylate to prevent implant failure and avoid injury to the oral mucosa. Implants were removed 55 days after surgery and the mare was discharged from hospital five days later. The mare returned for cerclage wire removal after 90 days and was allowed to resume exercise thereafter. The combination of two surgical techniques, proper implant choice and appropriate postoperative management, including use of pelleted feed, contributed to successful bone healing and return to function.

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PURPOSE: To develop a segmental tibial bone defect model for tissue engineering studies in veterinary orthopedics using single locking compression plate (LCP) fixation and cast immobilization. METHODS: A 3-cm bone defect was created in the right tibia of 18 adult Suffolk sheep. A 10-hole, 4.5-mm LCP was applied to the dorsomedial aspect of the bone. Four locking screws were inserted into the proximal and three into the distal bone fragment. Operated limbs were immobilized with casts. Animals were submitted to stall rest, but were allowed to bear weight on the operated limb. During the recovery period, animals were checked daily for physiological parameters, behavior and lameness. Follow-up radiographs were taken monthly. RESULTS: Surgical procedures and postoperative recovery were uneventful. Animals adapted quickly to casts and were able to bear weight on the operated limb with no signs of discomfort or distress. No clinical or radiographic complications were detected over a 90-day follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical creation of tibial segmental bone defects followed by fixation with single LCP and cast immobilization was deemed a feasible and appropriate model for veterinary orthopedic research in tissue engineering.

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As injeções anestésicas perineurais são frequentemente utilizadas para auxiliarem na identificação dos locais potencialmente causadores de dor e consequentemente claudicação nos equinos. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento anatômico detalhado das estruturas neurais é importante para realização correta e eficiente dos bloqueios perineurais nos membros locomotores de equinos, não gerando dúvidas em suas interpretações. Para tanto, a ultrassonografia torna-se uma ferramenta importante no processo de aprendizagem, além de apontar a melhor forma de realizar o procedimento. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar os fatores que interferem na realização das injeções perineurais e como a ultrassonografia pode ser útil no processo de aprendizagem pode auxiliar na execução destes procedimentos.(AU)

Perineural anesthetic injections are often used to assist in the identification of potentially painful sites and, consequently, lameness in horses. In this sense, detailed anatomical knowledge of neural structures is important for the correct and efficient performance of perineural blocks in the limbs of horses, generating no doubts in their interpretations. For this, ultrasonography becomes an important tool in the learning process, in addition to pointing out the best way to perform the procedure. This review aims to present the factors that interfere with the performance of perineural injections and how ultrasound can be useful in the learning process can assist in the execution of these procedures.(AU)

Las inyecciones de anestesia perineural a menudo se usan para ayudar en la identificación de sitios potencialmente dolorosos y, en consecuencia, la cojera en los caballos. En este sentido, el conocimiento anatómico detallado de las estructuras neurales es importante para el funcionamiento correcto y eficiente de los bloqueos perineurales en las extremidades locomotoras de los caballos, sin generar dudas en sus interpretaciones. Para esto, la ecografía se convierte en una herramienta importante en el procesode aprendizaje, además de señalar la mejor manera de realizar el procedimiento. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar los factores que interfieren con el rendimiento de las inyecciones perineurales y cómo la ecografía puede ser útil en el proceso deaprendizaje puede ayudar en la ejecución de estos procedimientos.(AU)

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties in a single cycle axial loading test and the types of failures in two constructs (a 3-hole 4.5-mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) and 7-hole 5.5-mm Y locking compression plate (Y-LCP)) in equine proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) arthrodesis. One limb in each pair was randomly assigned to PIJ arthrodesis using a 3-hole 4.5-mm DCP combined with two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws, whereas the contralateral limb was submitted to PIJ arthrodesis using a 7-hole Y-shaped 5.0-mm LCP in conjunction with one transarticular 4.5-mm cortical screw inserted through the central plate hole. Cortical screws were inserted in lag fashion. Constructs were submitted to a single axial load cycle to failure. Construct stiffness, load, and deformation were analyzed. Dynamic compression plate and Y-LCP arthrodesis constructs did not differ significantly and were equally resistant to axial loading under the conditions studied (DCP and Y-LCP group stiffness, 5685.22 N/mm and 6591.10 N/mm, respectively). Arthrodesis of the PIJ using a DCP and two transarticular 5.5-mm cortical screws or a Y-LCP yielded biomechanically equivalent outcomes under the test conditions considered. However, Y-LCP provides less impact in the palmar/plantar bone. Application of Y-LCP with unicortical screws has equivalent biomechanical characteristics of DCP and may be a safe option for PIJ arthrodesis, where potential trauma secondary to applying bicortical screws in the palmar/plantar aspect of the pastern can be avoided.

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RESUMO

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horses owner didnt authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

As injeções anestésicas perineurais são frequentemente utilizadas para auxiliarem na identificação dos locais potencialmente causadores de dor e consequentemente claudicação nos equinos. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento anatômico detalhado das estruturas neurais é importante para realização correta e eficiente dos bloqueios perineurais nos membros locomotores de equinos, não gerando dúvidas em suas interpretações. Para tanto, a ultrassonografia torna-se uma ferramenta importante no processo de aprendizagem, além de apontar a melhor forma de realizar o procedimento. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar os fatores que interferem na realização das injeções perineurais e como a ultrassonografia pode ser útil no processo de aprendizagem pode auxiliar na execução destes procedimentos.

Perineural anesthetic injections are often used to assist in the identification of potentially painful sites and, consequently, lameness in horses. In this sense, detailed anatomical knowledge of neural structures is important for the correct and efficient performance of perineural blocks in the limbs of horses, generating no doubts in their interpretations. For this, ultrasonography becomes an important tool in the learning process, in addition to pointing out the best way to perform the procedure. This review aims to present the factors that interfere with the performance of perineural injections and how ultrasound can be useful in the learning process can assist in the execution of these procedures.

Las inyecciones de anestesia perineural a menudo se usan para ayudar en la identificación de sitios potencialmente dolorosos y, en consecuencia, la cojera en los caballos. En este sentido, el conocimiento anatómico detallado de las estructuras neurales es importante para el funcionamiento correcto y eficiente de los bloqueos perineurales en las extremidades locomotoras de los caballos, sin generar dudas en sus interpretaciones. Para esto, la ecografía se convierte en una herramienta importante en el procesode aprendizaje, además de señalar la mejor manera de realizar el procedimiento. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo presentar los factores que interfieren con el rendimiento de las inyecciones perineurales y cómo la ecografía puede ser útil en el proceso deaprendizaje puede ayudar en la ejecución de estos procedimientos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...(AU)

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Tilapia skin is being already use in humans and wild animals present burning wounds and showed a great result. The objective is to evaluate if tilapia skin used as an occlusive curative improves equine wound healing in two horses present chronic wound. Both animals are males, adults, both of breed Mangalarga Marchador South America. Every seven days wound we measured, photographed, biopsied for histopathological analysis, cleaned and tilapia curative was changed. Image J software was used to measure wound area. Tilapia skin as an occlusive biological factor seemed to improve healing process, wounds present an area reduction and clinical improvement during 35 days treatment, even though is still waiting for complete wound healing. In equine tilapia skin curative seemed to speed up healing process and allowed reduced curative change from every two days to once a week. This implies in decrease animal´s stress, less pain and treatment cost reduction since we used less bandage amount. Beside that tilapia skin industrial waste. Furthermore, it allowed avoid using antibiotics, which reduces environment pollution and there´s no antibiotic resistance issues.

  A pele de tilápia está sendo utilizada em humanos e animais silvestres com feridas por queimadura demonstrando um excelente resultado. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar se a pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo melhora o processo de cicatrização em dois equinos machos adultos da raça Mangalarga Machador, os quais apresentam feridas crônicas. A cada 7 dias as feridas eram medidas, fotografadas, biopsiadas para a análise histopatológica, limpas e o curativo de pele de tilápia trocado. O programa Image J foi utilizado para calcular a área da ferida. A pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo parece ter um efeito positivo na cicatrização das feridas, a área diminuiu e a o aspecto clínico melhorou nos 35 dias avaliados, no entanto é necessário esperar pela cicatrização completa das feridas. Em equinos, a utilização de curativo de pele de tilápia parece diminuir o tempo de cicatrização e permite a redução do número de trocas de curativos de a cada dois dias para uma vez por semana. Isso implica em menos estresse e dor para o animal devido à menor manipulação e menor custo de tratamento, pois há menor quantidade de material de curativo sendo utilizado. Além disso, permite evitar a utilização de antibióticos, o que diminui o impacto ambiental e não gera resistência. 

RESUMO

Tilapia skin is being already use in humans and wild animals present burning wounds and showed a great result. The objective is to evaluate if tilapia skin used as an occlusive curative improves equine wound healing in two horses present chronic wound. Both animals are males, adults, both of breed Mangalarga Marchador South America. Every seven days wound we measured, photographed, biopsied for histopathological analysis, cleaned and tilapia curative was changed. Image J software was used to measure wound area. Tilapia skin as an occlusive biological factor seemed to improve healing process, wounds present an area reduction and clinical improvement during 35 days treatment, even though is still waiting for complete wound healing. In equine tilapia skin curative seemed to speed up healing process and allowed reduced curative change from every two days to once a week. This implies in decrease animal´s stress, less pain and treatment cost reduction since we used less bandage amount. Beside that tilapia skin industrial waste. Furthermore, it allowed avoid using antibiotics, which reduces environment pollution and there´s no antibiotic resistance issues.

A pele de tilápia está sendo utilizada em humanos e animais silvestres com feridas por queimadura demonstrando um excelente resultado. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar se a pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo melhora o processo de cicatrização em dois equinos machos adultos da raça Mangalarga Machador, os quais apresentam feridas crônicas. A cada 7 dias as feridas eram medidas, fotografadas, biopsiadas para a análise histopatológica, limpas e o curativo de pele de tilápia trocado. O programa Image J foi utilizado para calcular a área da ferida. A pele de tilápia utilizada como curativo oclusivo parece ter um efeito positivo na cicatrização das feridas, a área diminuiu e a o aspecto clínico melhorou nos 35 dias avaliados, no entanto é necessário esperar pela cicatrização completa das feridas. Em equinos, a utilização de curativo de pele de tilápia parece diminuir o tempo de cicatrização e permite a redução do número de trocas de curativos de a cada dois dias para uma vez por semana. Isso implica em menos estresse e dor para o animal devido à menor manipulação e menor custo de tratamento, pois há menor quantidade de material de curativo sendo utilizado. Além disso, permite evitar a utilização de antibióticos, o que diminui o impacto ambiental e não gera resistência.

RESUMO

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...

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RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of a vegetal polymeric biomaterial intended for bone substitution in horses and to investigate the responses of the equine third metacarpal bone to biomaterial implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six horses were submitted to osteotomy on the dorsal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones; one bone defect was randomly selected for treatment with biopolymer, while the other was left untreated and served as a control. Bone density was monitored radiographically after surgery and bone biopsy fragments were collected at the end of the 120-day follow-up period. Biopsy fragments were analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Mean bone density values (mmAL) were greater in control defects (16.33 ± 1.6) than in polymer-treated defects (14.17 ± 1.7) at 120 days (p = 0.027). Light microscopy revealed greater percentages of new bone formation in control defects (50.15 ± 14.8) than in polymer treated defects (26.94 ± 12.1) at 120 days (p < 0.0001). Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested a similar quality of pre-existing bone and new bone formed in the presence of biomaterial. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The absence of adverse reactions supports biomaterial biocompatibility and osteoconducting capacity and suggests the castor oil polymer is a suitable bone substitute for the treatment of bone defects in horses.

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Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perren's concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gap's conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.(AU)

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perren's concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gap's conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.(AU)

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perrens concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gaps conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos. 

RESUMO

Introduction: Bone diseases, aging and traumas can cause bone loss and lead to bone defects. Treatment of bone defects is challenging, requiring chirurgical procedures. Bone grafts are widely used for bone replacement, but they are limited and expensive. Due to bone graft limitations, natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic and composite materials have been studied as potential bone-graft substitutes. Desirable characteristics of bone-graft substitutes are high osteoinductive and angiogenic potentials, biological safety, biodegradability, bone-like mechanical properties, and reasonable cost. Herein, we prepared and characterized potential bone-graft substitutes composed of calcium phosphate (CP) - a component of natural bone, and chitosan (CS) - a biocompatible biopolymer. Methods CP-CS composites were synthetized, molded, dried and characterized. The effect of drying temperatures (38 and 60 °C) on the morphology, porosity and chemical composition of the composites was evaluated. As well, the effects of drying temperature and period of drying (3, 24, 48 and 72 hours) on the mechanical properties - compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and relative deformation-of the demolded samples were investigated. Results Scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption-desorption analyses of the CS-CP composites showed interconnected pores, indicating that the drying temperature played an important role on pores size and distribution. In addition, drying temperature have altered the color (brownish at 60 °C due to Maillard reaction) and the chemical composition of the samples, confirmed by FTIR. Conclusion Particularly, prolonged period of drying have improved mechanical properties of the CS-CP composites dried at 38 °C, which can be designed according to the mechanical needs of the replaceable bone.

RESUMO

Background: Thermography is a diagnostic imaging modality employed to estimate the degree of activity of some bodytissues. In theory, thermography would be expected to provide a graphical representation of inflammation and could therefore be used for early detection and monitoring of the inflammatory process. Given increased local temperature is one ofthe cardinal signs of inflammation, thermography could be an invaluable diagnostic method for musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thermography to detect inflammation followingimplantation of ricin polyurethane polymer into experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: A bone defect was produced in the proximal third of the metacarpal bone in 6 horses.Clinical examination of all horses was performed prior to surgery (control assessment; D0). A bone defect measuring13 mm in diameter was created in the proximal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones using a trephine saw.Bone defects in each horse were either filled with ricin polyurethane polymer and calcium carbonate (polymer limb) orleft untreated (control limb). Thermographic images were acquired 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days following surgery. Athermal camera (Thermacam T400®) with 0.05°C thermal sensitivity was employed for infrared thermal image acquisitionand Rainbow High Contrast palette was selected. The distance between the camera and the subjects was adjusted so thatall images included the front limb from carpus to toe. Bandages were removed 30 min before data collection. Followingdemarcation of the proximal third metacarpal area on thermographic images, temperature readings were performed using built-in software and compared between polymer and control limbs. Mean temperatures were used in the analysis forincreased reliability. The Freidman test was employed to assess the progression of the variables studied along the experimental...(AU)

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Background: Thermography is a diagnostic imaging modality employed to estimate the degree of activity of some bodytissues. In theory, thermography would be expected to provide a graphical representation of inflammation and could therefore be used for early detection and monitoring of the inflammatory process. Given increased local temperature is one ofthe cardinal signs of inflammation, thermography could be an invaluable diagnostic method for musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of thermography to detect inflammation followingimplantation of ricin polyurethane polymer into experimental third metacarpal bone defects in horses.Materials, Methods & Results: A bone defect was produced in the proximal third of the metacarpal bone in 6 horses.Clinical examination of all horses was performed prior to surgery (control assessment; D0). A bone defect measuring13 mm in diameter was created in the proximal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones using a trephine saw.Bone defects in each horse were either filled with ricin polyurethane polymer and calcium carbonate (polymer limb) orleft untreated (control limb). Thermographic images were acquired 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days following surgery. Athermal camera (Thermacam T400®) with 0.05°C thermal sensitivity was employed for infrared thermal image acquisitionand Rainbow High Contrast palette was selected. The distance between the camera and the subjects was adjusted so thatall images included the front limb from carpus to toe. Bandages were removed 30 min before data collection. Followingdemarcation of the proximal third metacarpal area on thermographic images, temperature readings were performed using built-in software and compared between polymer and control limbs. Mean temperatures were used in the analysis forincreased reliability. The Freidman test was employed to assess the progression of the variables studied along the experimental...

Assuntos

RESUMO

A articulação metacarpofalangeana é um gínglimo formado pela junção da extremidade distal do III metacarpiano, a extremidade proximal da falange proximal e os ossos sesamóides proximais. Dentre as articulações do equino é a mais susceptível a lesões. Visando gerar uma forma de qualidade preditiva se estudou as características morfométricas através de corte transversal, das principais estruturas da articulação metacarpofalangeana de 16 membros torácicos direitos e 14 membros torácicos esquerdos de equinos adultos, sem raça definida. Foram efetuadas mensurações visando obter a largura e espessura do tendão do músculo flexor digital superficial e profundo, ligamento intersesamoideo interdigital, tendão do músculo extensor digital comum e lateral e face dorsal e palmar da cápsula articular, não sendo observadas diferenças entre os tendões do músculo flexor digital superficial, tendões do músculo extensor digital comum e lateral, ligamento intersesamoideo interdigital, tanto em largura quanto em espessura, tendão do músculo flexor digital profundo, somente na espessura e porção dorsal da cápsula articular (P<0,05) independente do antímero, porém, houve diferença significativa entre os tendões do músculo flexor digital profundo quanto à largura (P>0,01), bem como na porção palmar das cápsulas articulares (P>0,05). Dentro das estruturas analisadas a que mais apresentou variações foi a cápsula articular, sugere-se que esta variação possa ter ocorrido porque o grupo experimental (peças anatômicas) não era homogêneo quanto às características dos animais de origem (idade, peso, função, histórico clínico). No correlação não foi possível encontrar valores significantes, uma vez que a correlação foi baixa para a maioria das estruturas.

The metacarpophalangeal joint is a ginglim formed by the conjunction of the distal extremity of the III Metacarpal bone, the proximal extremity of the Proximal phalanx and the proximal sesamoid bones. Amongst the horses' joints this is the most susceptible to lesions. The morfometric characteristics were studied through a transversal incision of the main structures of the metacapophalangeal joints of 16 right side thoracic members and 14 left side thoracic members of adult horses of no defined breeding, seeking to generate a form of predictable quality. Measurements were taken so as to obtain the width and thickness of the superficial and deep tendons of the digital flexor muscle, interdigital intersesamoid ligament, tendon of the common digital extensor muscle and palmar, back and side of the articular capsule. No differences were found between the superficial digital flexor muscle tendons, common and lateral digital extensor muscle tendons, interdigital intersesamoid ligament, neither in width or thickness, deep digital flexor muscle tendon, only in thickness and back portion of the articular capsule (P>0.05) independing of the antimere, however significant differences were found amongst the widths of the deep digital flexor muscle tendons (P>0.01), as well as in the palmar portion of the articular capsules (P>0.05). The articular capsule was the structure that shows the highest variation, maybe because there was not a pattern at the moment of collecting (age, function, clinical historical). In the correlation it was not possible to find significant values, once the correlation was low to the majority of structures.

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