Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/estatística & dados numéricos , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Terapias em Estudo/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinas/uso terapêutico , Biotecnologia/economia , Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Brasil , China , Coleta de Dados , Aprovação de Drogas , Descoberta de Drogas/economia , Descoberta de Drogas/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Índia , Licenciamento em Farmácia , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
Biopharmaceutical innovation has had a profound health and economic impact globally. Developed countries have traditionally been the source of most innovations as well as the destination for the resulting economic and health benefits. As a result, most prior research on this sector has focused on developed countries. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on emerging markets by analyzing factors that influence innovative activity in the indigenous biopharmaceutical sectors of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Using qualitative research methodologies, this paper a) shows how biopharmaceutical innovation is taking place within the entrepreneurial sectors of these emerging markets, b) identifies common challenges that indigenous entrepreneurs face, c) highlights the key role played by the state, and d) reveals that the transition to innovation by companies in the emerging markets is characterized by increased global integration. It suggests that biopharmaceutical innovators in emerging markets are capitalizing on opportunities to participate in the drug development value chain and thus developing capabilities and relationships for competing globally both with and against established companies headquartered in developed countries.
Assuntos
Biofarmácia/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento , Indústria Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Biofarmácia/economia , Biofarmácia/legislação & jurisprudência , Biofarmácia/tendências , Brasil , China , Comércio , Difusão de Inovações , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Indústria Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Farmacêutica/tendências , Organização do Financiamento , Programas Governamentais , Mão de Obra em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Índia , Propriedade Intelectual , Cooperação Internacional , Legislação de Medicamentos , Marketing , Pesquisa/economia , Pesquisa/organização & administração , África do Sul , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/economia , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/tendênciasRESUMO
AIMS: Although Brazil has received attention for conducting one of the world's largest stem cell clinical trials for heart disease, little has been published regarding Brazil's regenerative medicine (RM) sector. Here we present a comprehensive case study of RM in Brazil, including analysis of the current activity, the main motivations for engaging in RM and the remaining challenges to development in this field. METHODS: Our case study is primarily based on semi-structured interviews with experts on RM in Brazil, including researchers, policymakers, clinicians, representatives of firms and regulators. RESULTS: Driven by domestic health needs and strategic government support, Brazil is producing innovative RM research, particularly for clinical research in cardiology, orthopedics, diabetes and neurology. We describe the main RM research currently taking place in Brazil, as well as some of the economic, regulatory and policy events that have created a favorable environment for RM development. Brazilian RM researchers need to overcome several formidable challenges to research: research funding is inconsistent, importation of materials is costly and slow, and weak linkages between universities, hospitals and industry impede translational research. CONCLUSIONS: Although Brazil's contribution to the RM sector is small, its niche emphasis on clinical applications may become of global importance, particularly if Brazil manages to address the challenges currently impinging on RM innovation.
Assuntos
Inovação Organizacional , Medicina Regenerativa/tendências , Academias e Institutos , Brasil , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Financiamento Governamental/economia , Geografia , Recursos em Saúde , Hospitais , Humanos , Propriedade Intelectual , Motivação , Medicina Regenerativa/economia , Medicina Regenerativa/legislação & jurisprudência , PesquisaRESUMO
In 2004, the government of Mexico established the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), to carry out disease-related genomic studies that will address national health problems and stimulate scientific and technological development by generating new commercial products and services in genomic medicine. Towards this end, INMEGEN is carrying out a large-scale genotyping project to map genomic variation within its own population. The initiative is expected to generate a key resource for local researchers to understand disease susceptibility and variation in drug responses, which will contribute to Mexico's goal of developing public health genomics - a field in which Mexico is proving to be a leader amongst emerging economies.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Genômica , Saúde Pública , MéxicoRESUMO
The notion that developing countries must wait for the developed world to make advances in science and technology that they later import at great cost is being challenged. We have previously argued that developing countries can harness human genetic variation to benefit their populations and economies. Based on our empirical studies of large-scale population genotyping projects in Mexico, India and Thailand, we describe how these resources are being adopted to improve public health and create knowledge-based economies. A significant additional benefit is building the capacity for scientific research and internalizing advances in technology, whatever their source.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Genética Médica/tendências , Genômica/tendências , Projeto Genoma Humano , Variação Genética , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Índia , México , TailândiaAssuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Biotecnologia/organização & administração , Empreendedorismo/organização & administração , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Relações Interinstitucionais , Cuba , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Setor Privado/organização & administração , Política Pública , Setor Público/organização & administraçãoAssuntos
Disciplinas das Ciências Biológicas/organização & administração , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Biotecnologia/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Promoção da Saúde/economia , Promoção da Saúde/tendências , Brasil , Empreendedorismo/organização & administração , Setor Privado , Política PúblicaRESUMO
The growing health disparities between the developing and the developed world call for urgent action from the scientific community. Science and technology have in the past played a vital role in improving public health. Today, with the tremendous potential of genomics and other advances in the life sciences, the contribution of science to improve public health and reduce global health disparities is more pertinent than ever before. Yet the benefits of modern medicine still have not reached millions of people in developing countries. It is crucial to recognize that science and technology can be used very effectively in partnership with public health practices in developing countries and can enhance their efficacy. The fight to improve global health needs, in addition to effective public health measures, requires rapid and efficient diagnostic tools; new vaccines and drugs, efficient delivery methods and novel approaches to therapeutics; and low-cost restoration of water, soil and other natural resources. In 2002, the University of Toronto published a report on the "Top 10 Biotechnologies for Improving Health in Developing Countries". Here we review these new and emerging biotechnologies and explore how they can be used to support the goals of developing countries in improving health.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/tendências , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Global , Nível de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
The growing health disparities between the developing and the developed world call for urgent action from the scientific community. Science and technology have in the past played a vital role in improving public health. Today, with the tremendous potential of genomics and other advances in the life sciences, the contribution of science to improve public health and reduce global health disparities is more pertinent than ever before. Yet the benefits of modern medicine still have not reached millions of people in developing countries. It is crucial to recognize that science and technology can be used very effectively in partnership with public health practices in developing countries and can enhance their efficacy. The fight to improve global health needs, in addition to effective public health measures, requires rapid and efficient diagnostic tools; new vaccines and drugs, efficient delivery methods and novel approaches to therapeutics; and low-cost restoration of water, soil and other natural resources. In 2002, the University of Toronto published a report on the "Top 10 Biotechnologies for Improving Health in Developing Countries". Here we review these new and emerging biotechnologies and explore how they can be used to support the goals of developing countries in improving health.
Assuntos
Humanos , Biotecnologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde GlobalRESUMO
The new and rapidly advancing field of genomics and related biotechnologies has the ability to either improve or worsen global health inequities. In general, developing countries are left behind in the development of new technologies and advances in genomic medicine.In this view, the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics (JCB) through the Canadian Program on Genomics and Global Health has developed 25 research projects on capacity enhancement for developing countries for improving global health equity, including public health via genomics and related biotechnologies. One project with a great impact was the ÒTop Ten Biotechnologiesfor Improving Health in Developing CountriesÓ for its influence in the "Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative" foster by the Melinda Gates Foundation.Additionally, the UN Millennium Development Project has asked JCB to become the genomics working group for improving global health through genomics biotechnology and JCB has started by studying applications of genomics/biotechnologies in seven developingcountries: Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, South Africa and South Korea, which may set examples for other developing nations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Biotecnologia , Genômica , Saúde Global , Equidade em SaúdeRESUMO
Despite spectacular twentieth century scientific and technological progress, the world is more inequitable than it was fifty years ago. This is evident both in terms of access to health care for individuals, and in relation to the health of whole populations. Disparities in wealth and health within and between nations are widening inexorably and the rapidly expanding global economy has failed to reduce poverty among those with little if any access to health care. In this context the Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains an unrealized aspiration for the majority of the world's people. Given these realities, no single discipline, or body of knowledge is likely to make much difference. For example, approaches based only on neoliberal economics, as exemplified by the structural adjustment programmes of the World Bank, have not been successful in promoting health equity. The authors believe that an interdisciplinary approach is required, and that bioethics, an interdisciplinary field, can make a contribution towards improving health globally. To do this, the scope of bioethics should be expanded towards a resultsoriented global health ethics, based upon widely shared and foundational values that could be carried forward through five transformational approaches.