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In vitro effect of the Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha piperita essential oils (EOs) against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and in vivo effect of M. alternifolia for treating ichthyophthiriasis in one of the most important South American fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg), were evaluated. The in vitro test consisted of three EOs, each at concentrations of 57 µL L(-1) , 114 µL L (-1) , 227 µL L(-1) and 455 µL L (-1) , which were assessed once an hour for 4 h in microtitre plates (96 wells). The in vitro results demonstrated that all tested EOs showed a cytotoxic effect against I. multifiliis compared to control groups (P < 0.05). The in vivo treatment for white spot disease was performed in a bath for 2 h day(-1) for 5 days using the M. alternifolia EO (50 µL L (-1) ). In this study, 53.33% of the fish severely infected by I. multifiliis survived after the treatment with M. alternifolia (50 µL L (-1) ) and the parasitological analysis has shown an efficacy of nearly 100% in the skin and gills, while all the fish in the control group died. Furthermore, the potential positive effect of M. alternifolia EO against two emergent opportunistic bacteria in South America Edwardsiella tarda and Citrobacter freundii was discussed.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas japonesas em postura na região tropical sobre o consumo, desempenho produtivo e a qualidade de ovos. Foram utilizadas 80 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em quatro níveis de adição de ácido ascórbico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos a análise de variância e as diferenças observadas foram analisadas por meio de regressão a 5% de significância. A adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), matéria orgânica (CMO) e proteína bruta (CPB), expressos em g/animal/dia; g/kg0,75 e % do peso corporal. Os valores médios do CMS, CMO e CPB foram de 46,53; 44,00 e 11,00 g/animal/dia, respectivamente. Porém, houve efeito quadrático no consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) das aves, e o CFDN máximo foi de 9,19 g/animal/dia obtido para o nível de adição de 0,01% de ácido ascórbico na ração de codornas japonesas em postura. A adição do ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas em postura não alterou (P>0,05) a produção de ovos e a produtividade, com valores médios observados para a produção de ovos foi de 3,06 ovos/gaiola/dia e 0,77 ovos/animal/dia, e produtividade média foi de 76,50%. A adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas em postura não alterou o peso dos ovos, das gemas e albúmens, e o diâmetro dos ovos e das gemas. Contudo, a adição de ácido ascórbico na alimentação das codornas propiciou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para a altura dos ovos e peso da casca dos ovos. Os menores valores da altura e peso da casca dos ovos foram de 2,99 mm e 1,25 g, respectivamente, para os níveis de adição de 0,017% e 0,023% de ácido ascórbico nas rações de codornas. Entretanto, para espessura da casca e altura da gema dos ovos..

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% ascorbic acid to the diet of laying Japanese quail raised in the tropics on nutrient intake, productive performance and egg quality. Eighty Japanese quail were divided to receive four inclusion levels of ascorbic acid. A completely randomized design was used and the results were submitted to analysis of variance. The differences observed were analyzed by regression at a 5% level of significance. The addition of 0, 0.01, 0.02% and 0.03% ascorbic acid to the diet of quail did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI) or crude protein intake (CPI), expressed as g/animal/day, g/kg0.75 and % body weight. Mean DMI, OMI and CPI were 46.53, 44.0 and 11.0 g/animal/day, respectively. However, there was a quadratic effect on neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI). Maximum NDFI was 9.19 g/animal/day for the inclusion level of 0.01% ascorbic acid in the diet of laying Japanese quail. The addition of ascorbic acid to the diet of laying quail did not alter (P>0.05) egg production or productivity, with a mean egg production of 3.06 eggs/cage/day and 0.77 eggs/animal/day and mean productivity of 76.5%. The addition of 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% ascorbic acid also did not alter egg weight, yolk and albumen weight, or egg and yolk diameter. However, the addition of ascorbic acid to the quail diet exerted a quadratic effect (P<0.05) on egg height and shell weight. The lowest egg height and shell weight were 2.99 mm and 1.25 g, respectively, for inclusion levels of 0.017% and 0.023% ascorbic acid in the quail diets. For shell thickness and yolk height...

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Objetivou-se avaliar a adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas japonesas em postura na região tropical sobre o consumo, desempenho produtivo e a qualidade de ovos. Foram utilizadas 80 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em quatro níveis de adição de ácido ascórbico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado e os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos a análise de variância e as diferenças observadas foram analisadas por meio de regressão a 5% de significância. A adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), matéria orgânica (CMO) e proteína bruta (CPB), expressos em g/animal/dia; g/kg0,75 e % do peso corporal. Os valores médios do CMS, CMO e CPB foram de 46,53; 44,00 e 11,00 g/animal/dia, respectivamente. Porém, houve efeito quadrático no consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) das aves, e o CFDN máximo foi de 9,19 g/animal/dia obtido para o nível de adição de 0,01% de ácido ascórbico na ração de codornas japonesas em postura. A adição do ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas em postura não alterou (P>0,05) a produção de ovos e a produtividade, com valores médios observados para a produção de ovos foi de 3,06 ovos/gaiola/dia e 0,77 ovos/animal/dia, e produtividade média foi de 76,50%. A adição de 0%; 0,01%; 0,02% e 0,03% de ácido ascórbico na alimentação de codornas em postura não alterou o peso dos ovos, das gemas e albúmens, e o diâmetro dos ovos e das gemas. Contudo, a adição de ácido ascórbico na alimentação das codornas propiciou efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para a altura dos ovos e peso da casca dos ovos. Os menores valores da altura e peso da casca dos ovos foram de 2,99 mm e 1,25 g, respectivamente, para os níveis de adição de 0,017% e 0,023% de ácido ascórbico nas rações de codornas. Entretanto, para espessura da casca e altura da gema dos ovos..(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% ascorbic acid to the diet of laying Japanese quail raised in the tropics on nutrient intake, productive performance and egg quality. Eighty Japanese quail were divided to receive four inclusion levels of ascorbic acid. A completely randomized design was used and the results were submitted to analysis of variance. The differences observed were analyzed by regression at a 5% level of significance. The addition of 0, 0.01, 0.02% and 0.03% ascorbic acid to the diet of quail did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI) or crude protein intake (CPI), expressed as g/animal/day, g/kg0.75 and % body weight. Mean DMI, OMI and CPI were 46.53, 44.0 and 11.0 g/animal/day, respectively. However, there was a quadratic effect on neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI). Maximum NDFI was 9.19 g/animal/day for the inclusion level of 0.01% ascorbic acid in the diet of laying Japanese quail. The addition of ascorbic acid to the diet of laying quail did not alter (P>0.05) egg production or productivity, with a mean egg production of 3.06 eggs/cage/day and 0.77 eggs/animal/day and mean productivity of 76.5%. The addition of 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% ascorbic acid also did not alter egg weight, yolk and albumen weight, or egg and yolk diameter. However, the addition of ascorbic acid to the quail diet exerted a quadratic effect (P<0.05) on egg height and shell weight. The lowest egg height and shell weight were 2.99 mm and 1.25 g, respectively, for inclusion levels of 0.017% and 0.023% ascorbic acid in the quail diets. For shell thickness and yolk height...(AU)

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The epididymal epithelium of Agouti paca, a wild South American rodent, was basically formed by principal and basal cells. Principal cells were closely related to processes of adsorptive endocytosis, phase-fluid endocytosis and also secretion originating from their cytoplasmic ultrastructural features. Principal cells were also characterized by the presence of vesicles of several shapes, sizes and internalized content occurring in smaller pits, pale small vesicles next to the apical brush border of microvillus, as well as coated vesicles, smooth surface vesicles and great vesicles. Multivesicular bodies, endosomes and lysosomes were mainly observed in supranuclear position. Moreover, presence of an apocrine secretory process was demonstrated by the occurrence of apical cytoplasmic expansions projecting into the vas deferens luminal compartment. Basal flattened cells without luminal surface contact occurred next to the basement membrane of the ductus, and did no exhibit special ultrastructural features.

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The histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the heart ventricle in Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) has been studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The ventricle of the heart has a saccular shape and the myocardial wall consists of an outer thin compact myocardium and an inner well-developed spongy myocardium. The myocardial layer has small myocytes, interstitial spaces and blood vessels. The myocytes are the major constituents of the ventricular wall. They are long cells, with large nuclei, and predominantly euchromatin. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the ventricular myocytes consists of a network of tubules and subsarcolemmal cisternae oriented mainly along the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. In contrast to the ventricular structure of other fish species described in the literature (Greer-Walker et al., 1985; Santer, 1985; Sánchez-Quintana et al., 1995, 1996), the African catfish, a freshwater sedentary fish recently introduced in neotropical climatic environments, showed a saccular ventricle that consisted of two muscle layers, a thin compact layer with large vessels and a developed spongy layer. The ultrastructure of the ventricular myocardium of C.gariepinus is similar to that of other teleosts, inclusive that of fish with other swimming habits.

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This work presents the structure and ultrastructure of the interrenal gland and chromaffin cells, as well as the morphology of the head kidney of Brycon cephalus. The head kidney is composed of fused bilateral lobes located anterior to the swim bladder and ventrolateral to the spinal column. The parenchyma revealed lympho-haematopoietic tissue, melano-macrophage centres, interrenal gland and chromaffin cells. The interrenal gland consisted of cords or strands of cells grouped around the posterior cardinal vein and their branches. Chromaffin cells are found in small groups, closely associated with the interrenal gland and/or under the endothelium of the posterior cardinal vein. So far, the ultrastructural analysis has revealed only one interrenal cell type which contained abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae, characteristic of steroid-producing cells. Two types of chromaffin cells were observed. The first type was characterized by the presence of vesicles with round, strongly electron-dense granules, which were eccentrically located. Such cells were interpreted as noradrenaline cells. Meanwhile, cells which contained smaller vesicles and electron-lucent granules, with a small halo separating the granule from the vesicular limiting membrane, were identified as adrenaline cells.

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The structural characteristics of the ventricular myocardium and the arterial distribution of the ventricular wall were studied in two freshwater teleost fish species (Piaractus mesopotamicus and Clarias gariepinus). The ventricular myocardium consists of two distinct layers, an external compact layer and an internal spongy layer. In Piaractus mesopotamicus the compact layer contains fibres with an external longitudinal arrangement and an internal circular arrangement. The arterial vascularization of the compact layer is provided by subepicardial vessels and their ramifications in both species.

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Recent studies have demonstrated that skeletal muscle cells are resistant to prolonged periods of ischaemia, but damage is observed after reperfusion. Periods of time longer than three hours of normothermal ischaemia in skeletal muscle lead to irreversible lesions. In the present study muscle metabolism during ischaemia and reperfusion was studied. After three hours of ischaemia two experimental groups were produced depending on whether or not they were to be followed by two hours of reperfusion. Adult mongrel dogs were submitted to ischaemia of the gracilis muscle. In this tissue, energetic metabolism was evaluated by its mitochondrial function and by glycogen level measurement. In a second experimental group the same ischaemic period was followed by two hours of reperfusion. The contralateral muscle of the same animal was used as a control. No changes in mitochondrial function, analysed by respiratory control ratio (RCR) or in any of its components, basal (state IV respiration) or ADP-activated (state III respiration) was observed. Glycogen levels also remained unaffected during the three hour ischaemic period and after two hours of reperfusion. We conclude that in the present dog model of gracilis preparation the skeletal muscle displays great resistance to ischaemia and reperfusion.

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