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ABSTRACT Congeneric species have similarities in phenotypic and ecological traits. The sympatry of congeneric species constitutes an opportunity for studies on coexistence. Two bird species of Mimidae, the native Tropical mockingbird, Mimus gilvus Oberholser, 1919, and the restinga invader Chalk-browed mockingbird, Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823), currently occur in sympatry across the sandy-coastal ecosystem (restinga) of Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil. We studied the spatial distribution of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird to understand the degree of competition across a preserved and urban gradient. We sampled 1,451 sampling units across a preserved and urban landscape in a coastal area of southeastern Brazil. The best-fitting model for abundance (Punctual Abundance Index) included urbanization index, distance from the coast, and distance from the closest protected area, which explained 63% and 97% of the abundance of Tropical mockingbird and Chalk-browed mockingbird, respectively. The species exhibited a segregated spatial pattern at small scale, indicating that both species are avoiding one another. Chalk-browed mockingbird showed ecological plasticity in modified environments, whereas Tropical mockingbird was more sensitive to urbanization. We suggested that the coexistence of these species is associated with resource partitioning. Monitoring Tropical mockingbird populations may be a proxy for the assessment of habitat quality and restoration success in the highly threatened restinga ecosystem.

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A checklist of the amphibians of Santa Teresa municipality, in southeastern Brazil is presented based on fieldwork, examination of specimens in collections, and a literature review. This new amphibian list of Santa Teresa includes 108 species, of which 106 (~98%) belong to Anura and two (~2%) to Gymnophiona. Hylidae was the most represented family with 47 species (43%). Compared to the previous amphibian lists for Santa Teresa, 14 species were added, 17 previously reported species were removed, and 13 species were re-identified based on recent taxonomic rearrangements. Of the 14 species added, 11 (79%) were first recorded during our fieldwork and specimen examination. It is also the first list of caecilians for Santa Teresa. This list suggests that Santa Teresa has 0.16 species per km2 (i.e., 108 species/683 km2), one of the highest densities of amphibian species in the world at a regional scale. This richness represents 78% of the 136 anurans from Espírito Santo state and 10% of the 1,080 amphibians from Brazil. We highlight the need for long-term monitoring to understand population trends and develop effective conservation plans to safeguard this remarkable amphibian richness.

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Knowledge about the diet of anurans in different environments is essential to understanding important aspects of their trophic ecology. The bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus inhabits tank bromeliads in sandy coastal plains and lowland forests on the mainland, as well as a continental island in southeastern Brazil. In this work, we describe and analyze the diet of P. luteolus in three environments. We obtained the consumed prey items of 92 frogs (32 from sandy coastal plain, 32 from lowland forest and 28 from the island) via a stomach-flushing procedure. We found some variations in consumed prey composition and prey volume across populations, but ants represented the most important consumed prey in all environments. Only ants had a relative importance greater than 50%, which may suggest a specialized diet that transcends the sandy coastal plain environment.(AU)

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This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.(AU)

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This study describes aspects of the life history of the Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus (Vieillot, 1808), including the breeding period, clutch size, nestlings and a list of plants used for nesting. Nests were monitored in an area of Restinga (sand-coastal plain) habitat in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. The data from 181 nests during five breeding seasons (2010-2014) showed that the Tropical Mockingbird has a long breeding season (26.1 ± 2.6 weeks) with up to two peaks of active nests from August to March. The breeding pairs made up to four nesting attempts in the same breeding season. The mean (± SD) clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.6 eggs (n = 169). The mean (± SD) incubation period was 14 ± 0.6 days, and the nestling remained in the nest for 14.5 ± 2.2 days. The nests were built on thirty plant species, and Protium icicariba (DC.) Marchand. was the plant species most commonly used for nesting. The breeding parameters of the Tropical Mockingbird are similar to those of other Mimidae species. The knowledge gained from this study makes the Tropical Mockingbird a good choice for future studies, particularly for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses regarding life history attributes, habitat selection and parental investment.

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Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820-2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities.

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Knowledge about the diet of anurans in different environments is essential to understanding important aspects of their trophic ecology. The bromeliad-frog Phyllodytes luteolus inhabits tank bromeliads in sandy coastal plains and lowland forests on the mainland, as well as a continental island in southeastern Brazil. In this work, we describe and analyze the diet of P. luteolus in three environments. We obtained the consumed prey items of 92 frogs (32 from sandy coastal plain, 32 from lowland forest and 28 from the island) via a stomach-flushing procedure. We found some variations in consumed prey composition and prey volume across populations, but ants represented the most important consumed prey in all environments. Only ants had a relative importance greater than 50%, which may suggest a specialized diet that transcends the sandy coastal plain environment.

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Philornis larvae and pupae were collected in nestlings of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), the White-banded Tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae), in three breeding seasons, between October and November 2003-2005 in a reserve in central Brazil. Here, we present biological data, diagnosis to the recognition of the species and a key to the segregation of species occurring in the Cerrado. The larvae were intradermic in the nestlings and the pupae were collected in the nests after the birds have abandoned them. The immatures collected were taken to the laboratory and reared under laboratory conditions, until emergence. The species identified as Philornis torquans (Nielsen), is here firstly recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado, and firstly recorded its association with N. fasciata. With this record, the number of Philornis species occurring in the Cerrado rises to three.(AU)

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South America holds 30% of the world's avifauna, with the Atlantic Forest representing one of the richest regions of the Neotropics. Here we have compiled a data set on Brazilian Atlantic Forest bird occurrence (150,423) and abundance samples (N = 832 bird species; 33,119 bird individuals) using multiple methods, including qualitative surveys, mist nets, point counts, and line transects). We used four main sources of data: museum collections, on-line databases, literature sources, and unpublished reports. The data set comprises 4,122 localities and data from 1815 to 2017. Most studies were conducted in the Florestas de Interior (1,510 localities) and Serra do Mar (1,280 localities) biogeographic sub-regions. Considering the three main quantitative methods (mist net, point count, and line transect), we compiled abundance data for 745 species in 576 communities. In the data set, the most frequent species were Basileuterus culicivorus, Cyclaris gujanensis, and Conophaga lineata. There were 71 singletons, such as Lipaugus conditus and Calyptura cristata. We suggest that this small number of records reinforces the critical situation of these taxa in the Atlantic Forest. The information provided in this data set can be used for macroecological studies and to foster conservation strategies in this biodiversity hotspot. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Data Paper if data are used in publications and teaching events.

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Forest fragments in urban areas have many habitat resources that frogs use for refuge, reproduction and growth. Knowledge of an anuran assembly is the first step towards understanding the importance of these forest fragments in areas highly threatened by anthropogenic actions. We sampled anurans during the day and night from November 2012 to August 2013 through visual and acoustic surveys. We found 333 individuals belonging to 19 species. The highest richness and abundance were recorded in January whereas the lowest richness and abundance were recorded in June. Most species were found in open areas. Our results highlight the importance of well-studied urban fragments for the anuran community. The conservation of these habitats may ensure the viability of the ecological functions of this anuran community for the future.

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Philornis larvae and pupae were collected in nestlings of Neothraupis fasciata (Lichtenstein), the White-banded Tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae), in three breeding seasons, between October and November 2003-2005 in a reserve in central Brazil. Here, we present biological data, diagnosis to the recognition of the species and a key to the segregation of species occurring in the Cerrado. The larvae were intradermic in the nestlings and the pupae were collected in the nests after the birds have abandoned them. The immatures collected were taken to the laboratory and reared under laboratory conditions, until emergence. The species identified as Philornis torquans (Nielsen), is here firstly recorded from the Brazilian Cerrado, and firstly recorded its association with N. fasciata. With this record, the number of Philornis species occurring in the Cerrado rises to three.

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Oxygen and temperature are the most limiting factors in aquatic environments. Several species are exposed to variations of these factors in water because of physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and the tolerance to the hypoxia of Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to changes in temperature and oxygen availability. The fish were exposed to 20 and 90% of oxygen saturation combined with different temperatures (20°, 24° and 28° C) for 8 h. Hepatic and muscular glycogen, as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and their ratios were evaluated. Both glycogen and MDH activity showed a significant difference in the liver. While CS showed increased activity only in the heart. The increase in LDH activity in the white muscle shows the importance of the anaerobic pathway as energy source in this tissue. The MDH / LDH ratio increased in all tissues, while CS / LDH increased in the liver and decreased in the heart. Based on the results of the present study it may be concluded that this species used the anaerobic metabolism as the main strategy for hypoxia tolerance.(AU)

O oxigênio e a temperatura são os fatores mais limitantes em ambientes aquáticos. Várias espécies são expostas a variações destes fatores na água como resultado de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. O estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil metabólico e a tolerância à hipóxia de Geophagus brasiliensis expostos a alterações na temperatura e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Os peixes foram expostos a 20% e 90% de saturação de oxigênio combinadas com diferentes temperaturas (20 ° C, 24 ° C e 28 ° C) durante 8h. Foram avaliados o glicogénio hepático e muscular, assim como as atividades das enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH), malato desidrogenase (MDH), citrato sintase (CS) e suas razões. Tanto o glicogênio quanto a atividade da MDH apresentaram diferença significativa no fígado. Enquanto a CS apresentou aumento de sua atividade apenas no coração. O aumento da atividade LDH no músculo branco mostra a importância da via anaeróbia como fonte de energia neste tecido. A razão MDH/LDH aumentou em todos os tecidos, enquanto CS/LDH apresentou aumento no fígado e diminuição no coração. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que esta espécie utilizou o metabolismo anaeróbio como principal estratégia de tolerância à hipóxia.(AU)

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Existing knowledge of the breeding success and life history characteristics of most Neotropical bird species is scarce. Here, we help fill this gap by analyzing aspects of the breeding biology of the Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819), which is a good model for this kind of study as it is a common species occurring in various environments, including urban areas, but little is known about its life history. We provide results concerning the breeding period, clutch size, incubation and nestling periods, description of nests, eggs and nestlings, and the plants used for nest sites by this species. Fifty-four nests were monitored over two seasons (2012-2014) in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. Nesting began at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The frequency of active nests varied according to variations in rainfall for each breeding season analyzed. The means and standard deviations of the incubation period (14.2 ± 1.9 days), nestling period (15.1 ± 0.8 days) and clutch size (2.5 ± 0.7 eggs) were similar to values reported for other Neotropical passerines. Twenty-one plant species used as nest trees and for the construction of the nests were identified. The results show that T. melancholicus is not highly selective when choosing plant species used for nest construction.(AU)

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Forest fragments in urban areas have many habitat resources that frogs use for refuge, reproduction and growth. Knowledge of an anuran assembly is the first step towards understanding the importance of these forest fragments in areas highly threatened by anthropogenic actions. We sampled anurans during the day and night from November 2012 to August 2013 through visual and acoustic surveys. We found 333 individuals belonging to 19 species. The highest richness and abundance were recorded in January whereas the lowest richness and abundance were recorded in June. Most species were found in open areas. Our results highlight the importance of well-studied urban fragments for the anuran community. The conservation of these habitats may ensure the viability of the ecological functions of this anuran community for the future.(AU)

Assuntos

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Existing knowledge of the breeding success and life history characteristics of most Neotropical bird species is scarce. Here, we help fill this gap by analyzing aspects of the breeding biology of the Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus (Vieillot, 1819), which is a good model for this kind of study as it is a common species occurring in various environments, including urban areas, but little is known about its life history. We provide results concerning the breeding period, clutch size, incubation and nestling periods, description of nests, eggs and nestlings, and the plants used for nest sites by this species. Fifty-four nests were monitored over two seasons (2012-2014) in a protected area in southeastern Brazil. Nesting began at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The frequency of active nests varied according to variations in rainfall for each breeding season analyzed. The means and standard deviations of the incubation period (14.2 ± 1.9 days), nestling period (15.1 ± 0.8 days) and clutch size (2.5 ± 0.7 eggs) were similar to values reported for other Neotropical passerines. Twenty-one plant species used as nest trees and for the construction of the nests were identified. The results show that T. melancholicus is not highly selective when choosing plant species used for nest construction.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Oxygen and temperature are the most limiting factors in aquatic environments. Several species are exposed to variations of these factors in water because of physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and the tolerance to the hypoxia of Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to changes in temperature and oxygen availability. The fish were exposed to 20 and 90% of oxygen saturation combined with different temperatures (20°, 24° and 28° C) for 8 h. Hepatic and muscular glycogen, as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and their ratios were evaluated. Both glycogen and MDH activity showed a significant difference in the liver. While CS showed increased activity only in the heart. The increase in LDH activity in the white muscle shows the importance of the anaerobic pathway as energy source in this tissue. The MDH / LDH ratio increased in all tissues, while CS / LDH increased in the liver and decreased in the heart. Based on the results of the present study it may be concluded that this species used the anaerobic metabolism as the main strategy for hypoxia tolerance.(AU)

O oxigênio e a temperatura são os fatores mais limitantes em ambientes aquáticos. Várias espécies são expostas a variações destes fatores na água como resultado de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. O estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil metabólico e a tolerância à hipóxia de Geophagus brasiliensis expostos a alterações na temperatura e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Os peixes foram expostos a 20% e 90% de saturação de oxigênio combinadas com diferentes temperaturas (20 ° C, 24 ° C e 28 ° C) durante 8h. Foram avaliados o glicogénio hepático e muscular, assim como as atividades das enzimas lactato desidrogenase (LDH), malato desidrogenase (MDH), citrato sintase (CS) e suas razões. Tanto o glicogênio quanto a atividade da MDH apresentaram diferença significativa no fígado. Enquanto a CS apresentou aumento de sua atividade apenas no coração. O aumento da atividade LDH no músculo branco mostra a importância da via anaeróbia como fonte de energia neste tecido. A razão MDH/LDH aumentou em todos os tecidos, enquanto CS/LDH apresentou aumento no fígado e diminuição no coração. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que esta espécie utilizou o metabolismo anaeróbio como principal estratégia de tolerância à hipóxia.(AU)

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Studies about diet of birds in Atlantic Forest are scarce. In this study, we characterized the diet of Passeriformes from the south coast of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, classifying them into trophic guilds. From 26 species a total of 94 samples were obtained by regurgitation using tartar emetic method. The 855 items found were separated into two different categories: Insects (includes other terrestrial arthropods, such as spiders and opiliones) and Fruits/Seeds. The most frequent food item was Coleopterans, and the most abundant was Hymenoptera.

Estudos sobre a dieta de aves em Mata Atlântica são raros. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a dieta de Passeriformes na costa sul do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, classificando-os em guildas tróficas. Um total de 94 amostras foram obtidas de 26 espécies, utilizando o método do tártaro emético. Os 855 itens encontrados foram separados em duas categorias: Insetos (inclui outros artrópodes terrestres como aranhas e opiliões) e Frutos/Sementes. O item mais frequente foi Coleoptera e o mais abundante foi Hymenoptera.

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ABSTRACT Studies about diet of birds in Atlantic Forest are scarce. In this study, we characterized the diet of Passeriformes from the south coast of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, classifying them into trophic guilds. From 26 species a total of 94 samples were obtained by regurgitation using tartar emetic method. The 855 items found were separated into two different categories: Insects (includes other terrestrial arthropods, such as spiders and opiliones) and Fruits/Seeds. The most frequent food item was Coleopterans, and the most abundant was Hymenoptera.

RESUMO Estudos sobre a dieta de aves em Mata Atlântica são raros. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a dieta de Passeriformes na costa sul do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, classificando-os em guildas tróficas. Um total de 94 amostras foram obtidas de 26 espécies utilizando o método do tártaro emético. Os 855 itens encontrados foram separados em duas categorias: Insetos (inclui outros artrópodes terrestres como aranhas e opiliões) e Frutos/Sementes. O item mais frequente foi Coleoptera e o mais abundante foi Hymenoptera.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Studies about diet of birds in Atlantic Forest are scarce. In this study, we characterized the diet of Passeriformes from the south coast of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, classifying them into trophic guilds. From 26 species a total of 94 samples were obtained by regurgitation using tartar emetic method. The 855 items found were separated into two different categories: Insects (includes other terrestrial arthropods, such as spiders and opiliones) and Fruits/Seeds. The most frequent food item was Coleopterans, and the most abundant was Hymenoptera.

RESUMO Estudos sobre a dieta de aves em Mata Atlântica são raros. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a dieta de Passeriformes na costa sul do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, classificando-os em guildas tróficas. Um total de 94 amostras foram obtidas de 26 espécies utilizando o método do tártaro emético. Os 855 itens encontrados foram separados em duas categorias: Insetos (inclui outros artrópodes terrestres como aranhas e opiliões) e Frutos/Sementes. O item mais frequente foi Coleoptera e o mais abundante foi Hymenoptera.

RESUMO

Studies about diet of birds in Atlantic Forest are scarce. In this study, we characterized the diet of Passeriformes from the south coast of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, classifying them into trophic guilds. From 26 species a total of 94 samples were obtained by regurgitation using tartar emetic method. The 855 items found were separated into two different categories: Insects (includes other terrestrial arthropods, such as spiders and opiliones) and Fruits/Seeds. The most frequent food item was Coleopterans, and the most abundant was Hymenoptera.(AU)

Estudos sobre a dieta de aves em Mata Atlântica são raros. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a dieta de Passeriformes na costa sul do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, classificando-os em guildas tróficas. Um total de 94 amostras foram obtidas de 26 espécies, utilizando o método do tártaro emético. Os 855 itens encontrados foram separados em duas categorias: Insetos (inclui outros artrópodes terrestres como aranhas e opiliões) e Frutos/Sementes. O item mais frequente foi Coleoptera e o mais abundante foi Hymenoptera.(AU)

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