RESUMO
This report describes the mitochondrial genome of the parasite Gnathostoma binucleatum (G. binucleatum), which was obtained from naturally infected freshwater fish in Sinaloa, Mexico (22°46'00.1â³N 105°40'21.8â³W). G. binucleatum is responsible for human gnathostomiasis and is endemic to Mexico. It belongs to the Spirurida order of the Secernentea class of Nematoda.
RESUMO
The impact of contamination of water drainage ditches in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been scarcely studied in Mexico. In this regard, 101 isolates of E. coli were obtained from water samples from a ditch in Sinaloa, during one year. The antimicrobial resistant profiles, the presence of the class 1 integron and evolutionary relationship of intI1 sequences were determined. The 47.5% of strains were resistant and 5.9% multidrug resistant (MDR) with an average multiple antibiotic resistance index value of 0.45. The highest resistance was registered with ß-lactam (39.6%) and quinolone (9.9%). The intI1 gene was detected in 11.9% of the isolates, and no association with MDR was found. Sequence were associated with human and animal host isolates. MDR E. coli isolates with intI1 gene highlight the potential risk of the ditch's water to human health. An attenuation effect of MDR E. coli isolates in the outlet water was observed.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Animais , Humanos , Integrons/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that courses with skin depigmentation because of the destruction of melanocytes. Vitiliginous melanocyte is prone to damage because of oxidative stress which activates cellular stress response and the release of heat shock proteins such as HSP70 promoting immune activation against the melanocyte. Variants in HSP70 genes (HSPA) might alter their expression and thus modulate vitiligo susceptibility. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the role of the 5' untranslated region HSPA1A G/C (rs1043618) and the exonic HSPA1B A/G (rs1061581) and HSPA1L T/C (rs2227956) gene variants in nonsegmental vitiligo. METHODS: A total of 200 nonsegmental vitiligo patients and 208 age/gender-matched healthy subjects were genotyped for rs1043618, rs1061581, and rs2227956 variants by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: Variants rs1043618 and rs1061581 were not associated with vitiligo susceptibility. On the other hand, the rs2227956 C allele and TC genotype were associated with protection against vitiligo. A similar effect was observed for the GAC haplotype. Any of the aforementioned HSP70 gene variants were associated with the clinical characteristics of vitiligo. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the HSPA1L rs2227956 gene variant might influence the susceptibility to vitiligo. Being the first study of HSP70 gene variants in vitiligo, further research is encouraged to corroborate these results.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70 , Vitiligo , Humanos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Vitiligo/genética , Genótipo , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Alelos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes are important aetiological agents of diarrhoeal illness among children from less developed areas, worldwide. Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes strains are increasingly becoming drug resistant, thus effective and accessible therapeutic alternatives are required for their treatment; herbal extracts may be a potential alternative. AIMS: to evaluate Echeveria craigiana, E. kimnachii, and E. subrigida methanol extracts antibacterial effect on six diarrheagenic E. coli reference strains and on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells viability and cytokine production. METHODOLOGY: Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes reference strains: typical enteropathogenic E2348/69, enterotoxigenic H10407, enterohaemorrhagic O157:H7/EDL933, enteroinvasive E11, diffusely adherent C18451-A, and enteroaggregative 042 E. coli. E craigiana, E. kimnachii, and E. subrigida leaves, collected at Sinaloa, Mexico, were freeze-dried and macerated in methanol solvent. Antibacterial activity was determined by a novel method developed in our laboratory, bacterial oxygen consumption by polarographic oxygen electrode technique and membrane integrity by two methods (live/dead and protein leakage assays). Colorectal adenocarcinoma cells viability by MTT assay and cytokine production using a Cytometric Bead Array kit. RESULTS: Extracts concentrations of 100 µg/mL and 5-hour incubation, reduced more than 93% the growth of all diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes tested strains and significantly decreased bacterial oxygen consumption, like bacteriostatic antibiotics. After 24-hour incubation methanol extracts had a differential antibacterial effect on each diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes strain. Echeveria extracts did not have any effect on viability and cytokine production of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Echeveria methanol extracts have a bacteriostatic effect on all diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes strains, thus potentially they could be used as antibacterial agents on diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes-contaminated products and on patients with diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes infections.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Células CACO-2 , Criança , Diarreia/microbiologia , Escherichia coli , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium larvae is a neglected disease that persists in several countries, including Mexico, and causes a high disability-adjusted life year burden. Neuroimaging tools such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the most efficient for its detection, but low availability and high costs in most endemic regions limit their use. Serological methods such as lentil lectin-purified glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot antibody detection and monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for HP10 antigen detection have been useful in supporting the diagnosis of this disease. We evaluated three T. solium recombinant antigens: glutathione transferase of 26 kDa (Ts26GST); thioredoxin-1 (TsTrx-1), and endophilin B1 (TsMEndoB1) by EITB. These are antigenic proteins antigenic, abundant in excretion/secretion products of the parasite, and do not cross-react with homologous host proteins. Ts26GST and TsTrx-1 showed sensitivity of 79 and 88%, specificity of 86 and 97%, PPV of 83 and 97% and NPV of 82 and 91%, respectively, for neurocysticercosis diagnosis. The recombinant antigens allowed the diagnosis of 70% (Ts26GST) and 80% (TsTrx-1) of patients having only one cysticercus. Further studies on specific regions of these proteins could improve T. solium diagnostics.
Assuntos
Neurocisticercose , Taenia solium , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Antígenos de Helmintos/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Humanos , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico , Neurocisticercose/parasitologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Taenia solium/genética , Tiorredoxinas/genéticaRESUMO
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the more limiting complications to the quality of life of diabetes mellitus patients. Studies including cultured cells, animal models, and case-control studies highlight the role of human ß-defensin-1 (hBD-1) in diabetes.This study assessed the association of hBD-1 gene (DEFB1) functional variations -52 G/A (rs1799946), -44 C/G (rs1800972) and -20 G/A (rs11362) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in order to investigate its effects on genetic susceptibility and progression to DKD in a Mexican population. A total of 214 T2DM patients with and without DKD (n = 102 and n = 112, respectively) and 117 healthy subjects participated in this case-control study. Genotyping was made by PCR-RFLPs. Clinical and biochemical parameters of all patients were measured. There was no statistically significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies between patients and healthy individuals. Nevertheless, compared with patients without DKD, DKD patients have a reduced prevalence of AA genotype of -52 G/A (OR = 0.307, 95% CI = 0.104-0.905, p =.026), as well as a higher frequency of GA genotype of -20 G/A variant (OR = 1.875, 95%CI = 1.031-3.409, p = .038). Our results suggest that rs1799946 and rs11362 could be useful variants to stratify T2DM Mexican patients in order to prescribe closer follow-up to prevent or retard DKD. Further tests in different ethnic groups are encouraged.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Nefropatias Diabéticas , beta-Defensinas , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Nefropatias Diabéticas/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , México , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Qualidade de Vida , beta-Defensinas/genéticaRESUMO
Pithecellobium dulce is distributed in America and Asia where is widely used in traditional medicine. This study describes the bioguided fractionation of the methanol extract (ME) obtained from the P. dulce fruit that showed in vitro activity against Hymenolepis nana; Artemia salina assay was used to determine toxicity; and the purified compound was computationally analysed to obtain its absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-and-toxicity properties (ADMET). The ME and its fractions were more active than praziquantel (PZQ), and the purified compound was characterized as N-malonyl-(+)-tryptophan (NMT). Parasites treated with NMT showed shorter paralysis and death times (5 and 7 min) than those treated with PZQ (15 and 30 min), both used at 20 mg/mL. Toxicity and ADMET prediction results supported the slight-hazardousness and efficacy of the assayed fractions/compound. This is the first report of the antiparasitary activity of both the P. dulce ME and NMT, showing their potential to treat human H. nana infections.
Assuntos
Fabaceae/química , Frutas/química , Hymenolepis nana/fisiologia , Triptofano/isolamento & purificação , Triptofano/farmacologia , Animais , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Fracionamento Químico , Humanos , Hymenolepis nana/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
The stereoselective synthesis and anti- Hymenolepis nana activity of six Linezolid-type compounds, obtained by chemical modification of l-Alanine, are reported in this work. The synthetic strategy was to prepare diasteromeric N,N-dibenzylamino oxazolidinones 1 and 2, and coupling with 4-(4-bromophenyl)morpholine (3) to obtain N,N-dibenzylamino Linezolid analogues 4 and 5. A hydrogenolysis reaction over 4 and 5 resulted in amino-free Linezolid analogues 6 and 7, which were acetylated to reach diasteromeric Linezolid analogues 8 and 9. The six Linezolid analogues 4-9 show in vitro antiparasitic activity against Hymenolepis nana cestode, but not against several bacterial strains. Interestingly, compounds 6, 7 and 9 exhibit high potency, having shorter paralysis and death times after exposure (6-10 and 18-21 min, respectively), shorter than those found with antihelmintic compound Praziquantel (20 and 30 min) at 20 mg/mL. In addition, a cytocompatibility assay of 6-9 with human cells (ARPE-19 cells) demonstrate a non-cytotoxic effect at 0.4 mM. These results show the pharmacological potential of the newly reported Linezolid-type analogues as antiparasitic agents against Hymenolepis nana.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Hymenolepis nana/efeitos dos fármacos , Linezolida/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Antiparasitários/síntese química , Antiparasitários/química , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Linezolida/síntese química , Linezolida/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Human gnathostomiasis, which is endemic in Mexico, is a worldwide health concern. It is mainly caused by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked fish containing the advanced third-stage larvae (AL3A) of Gnathostoma species. The diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is based on epidemiological surveys and immunological diagnostic tests. When a larva is recovered, the species can be identified by molecular techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the second internal transcription spacer (ITS-2) is useful to identify nematode species, including Gnathostoma species. This study aims to develop a duplex-PCR amplification method of the ITS-2 region to differentiate between the Gnathostoma binucleatum and G. turgidum parasites that coexist in the same endemic area, as well as to identify the Gnathostoma larvae recovered from the biopsies of two gnathostomiasis patients from Sinaloa, Mexico. The duplex PCR established based on the ITS-2 sequence showed that the length of the amplicons was 321 bp for G. binucleatum and 226 bp for G. turgidum. The amplicons from the AL3A of both patients were 321 bp. Furthermore, the length and composition of these amplicons were identical to those deposited in GenBank as G. binucleatum (accession No. JF919679), corroborating our previous morphological finding that G. binucleatum is the etiological agent for human gnathostomiasis in the endemic area of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Assuntos
DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Intergênico/genética , Gnathostoma/classificação , Gnatostomíase/parasitologia , Adulto , Animais , Biópsia , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Humanos , Larva , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Pele/parasitologia , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli strains include both commensal and virulent clones distributed in different phylogenetic groups. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious public health threat at the global level and integrons are important mobile genetic elements involved in resistance dissemination. This paper aims to determine the phylogenetic groups and presence of class 1 (intl1) and 2 (intl2) integrons in E. coli clinical isolates from children with diarrhoea, and to associate these characteristics with their antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Phylogeny and presence of integrons (intl1 and intl2) were analysed by PCR and amplicon sequencing in 70 E. coli isolates from children with and without diarrhoea (35 of each group) from Sinaloa, Mexico; these variables were analysed for correlation with the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates. RESULTS: The most frequent phylogroups were A (42.9%) and B2 (15.7%). The E. coli isolates from children with diarrhoea were distributed in all phylogroups; while strains from children without diarrhoea were absent from phylogroups C, E, and clade I. The 17.1% of the isolates carried integrons (15.7% intI1 and 1.4% intI2); 28.6% of the isolates from children with diarrhoea showed the class 1 integron. Strains of phylogroup A showed the highest frequency of integrons (33.3%). The association of multidrug resistance and the presence of integrons was identified in 58.3% of strains isolated from children with diarrhoea included in phylogroups A and B2. The sequence analysis of intl1 and intl2 showed silent point mutations and similarities with plasmids of some APEC and AIEC strains. CONCLUSION: Commensal E. coli strains are potential disseminators of antimicrobial resistance, and the improvement in the use of antimicrobials to treat childhood diarrhoea is essential for the control of such resistance.
Assuntos
Diarreia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Integrons/genética , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/genética , Escherichia coli/classificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The water-soluble melanins (SM) of Randia echinocarpa fruit possess interesting biological activities and have been scarcely characterized. In this study, SM were obtained at boiling (SMBT) and room (SMRT) temperatures and characterized by UV-Vis, IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and GC-MS of the hydrolysis products of the SM; besides, the solid-state 13 C NMR, elemental analysis, and acute and sub-acute toxicity of the SMBT were determined. SMBT and SMRT contain organic acids and carbohydrates and their spectroscopic signals and thermograms were similar, but the SMBT yield was higher. The SMBT were characterized by their elemental composition (C 48.260 ± 0.011%, N 3.693 ± 0.009% and H 6.093 ± 0.076%) consistent with the presence of aromatic rings and eumelanins, degradation temperature at 300°C, 13 C NMR signals supporting melanin-bonding with carbohydrates and organic acids, and innocuity in Balb/C mice (acute assay, LD50 > 5 g/kg b.w.; sub-acute assay, no lethality at 500 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The consumption of melanins has been associated with health benefits because of their biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, immunostimulatory, UV- and radiation-protective). Randia echinocarpa is employed in Mexican traditional medicine against chronic degenerative diseases (e.g., cancer and diabetes) and ailments of organs (e.g., kidney and lung) and systems (e.g., circulatory and gastrointestinal). The R. echinocarpa fruit contains water-soluble melanins (SM) that inhibit carbohydrate-digestive enzymes and show high antioxidant activity; thus, SM could be useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. This study showed that the SM structure contains melanin-bonding organic acids and carbohydrates, which could be associated with the SM solubility and higher yield, and that SMBT were innocuous in the acute and sub-acute assays in mice. Thus, the R. echinocarpa SMBT could be used as safe potential ingredients to develop functional products.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Melaninas/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Rubiaceae , Solubilidade , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentation disorder characterized by melanocyte loss via autoimmune mechanisms triggered by oxidative stress. Gene polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes and immunomodulators such as catalase (CAT) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), respectively, have been linked to vitiligo in European and Asian populations. Our aim was to evaluate the role of CAT and VDR gene polymorphisms as well as CAT and vitamin D in nonsegmental vitiligo in Northwestern Mexicans. METHODS: A total of 357 subjects, 173 nonsegmental vitiligo patients and 184 age-gender matched healthy controls, were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. CAT activity was determined in 39 patients and in 39 controls and vitamin D (VitD) levels in 35 individuals per group. RESULTS: CAT 419 C/T gene polymorphism was not informative, -89 A/T was associated with risk (P = 0.02), and 389 C/T conferred protection against vitiligo along with AT haplotype (P < 0.01 in both cases). VDR BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI gene polymorphisms were not associated with vitiligo, but BsmI was more prevalent in patients with Koebner phenomenon (P = 0.02). Serum CAT activity and VitD levels were lower in patients than in controls, but they showed no association with any vitiligo clinical characteristics neither with their gene polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a role for CAT gene polymorphisms in vitiligo susceptibility in the Mexican population and a lack of association with VDR gene polymorphisms.
Assuntos
Catalase/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Vitiligo/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Red arils of Pithecellobium dulce fruit, commonly known as guamuchil, show high antioxidant (AOx) and α-glucosidase inhibitory (IαG) activities, which have been mainly associated with the content of unknown anthocyanins. In this study, the AOx (i.e., DPPH and ABTS as Trolox equivalents, µmol TE/g) and IαG (as half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, mg/mL) activities of the anthocyanin-rich fraction (ARF) obtained from red arils were contrasted with those of the methanol extract (ME), and the main ARF anthocyanins were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, GC-MS and 1H-NMR. The AOx and IαG values of the ARF (DPPH = 597.8; ABTS = 884.01; IαG = 0.06) were better than those of the ME (DPPH = 41.5; ABTS = 142.3; IαG = 17.5); remarkably, the ARF IαG value was about 42 times lower than that of acarbose. The main anthocyanins in ARF were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. Thus, the consumption of red P. dulce arils could provide health benefits for prevention/treatment of chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/análise , Antocianinas/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fabaceae/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Antocianinas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Frutas/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Glucosídeos/análise , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
The hymenolepiosis by Hymenolepis nana is a major public health problem in developing countries, and the commercial drugs against this parasitosis are not enough effective. The combination of antiparasitic and antioxidant agents has improved the treatment of some parasitoses. Thus, the development of new cestocidal and antioxidant agents to treat the hymenolepiosis cases is important. In the present study, four hydroxy- and four dihydroxy-chalcones were synthesized using the catalyst boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3â¢OEt2). The antioxidant activity and antiparasitic against H. nana of chalcones were tested, as well as the toxicity by the brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the method of Lorke. The antioxidant activity was measured by three radical scavenging assays: 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The hydroxyl substitution pattern (number and position), mainly in ring B, was responsible for the chalcone antiparasitic activity. At least one meta or para hydroxyl group in ring B was essential for activity of the synthetic chalcones against H. nana; The time taken for the parasite to die by the 3b and 3e chalcones (20 mg/mL) treatment was up to six times lower than the control drug Praziquantel. On the other hand, chalcones with catechol structure in ring B (3g and 3h) showed the highest antioxidant values. The toxicity evaluations suggests that synthetic hydroxychalcones with cestocidal (3b and 3e) and antioxidant (3g and 3h) activities are safe compounds and potential in vivo agents to treat this parasitosis
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Hymenolepis nana/imunologia , Chalconas/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Antiparasitários/efeitos adversosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This paper aims to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Esherichia coli isolates from children under 5 years old, with and without diarrhoea, who were hospital outpatients in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. It also looks at the antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts against selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains. METHODOLOGY: A total of 205 E. coli isolates from stool samples were collected from 94 children under 5 years old who were outpatients from two hospitals in the city of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, during the autumn/winter of 2003/04; their resistance profiles to 19 commercial antimicrobials were investigated using the Kirby-Bauer method. The antibacterial activities of extracts/fractions of fruits (i.e. uvalama, Vitex mollis; ayale, Crescentia alata; and arrayan, Psidium sartorianum) were evaluated using the broth microdilution method. RESULTS: All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin, nitrofurantoin and meropenem, and approximately 96â% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, especially carbenicillin (93.2â%), cefuroxime sodium (53.7â%), ampicillin (40â%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (35.1â%). Likewise, the frequency of MDR strains (44.9â%) was high, and no significant association with diarrhoea symptoms was found. Remarkably, all fruit extracts/fractions showed antibacterial activity against some, but not all, MDR isolates. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration values were for the hexane fraction of arrayan (0.25 mg ml-1). CONCLUSION: A high number of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (especially to ß-lactams and sulfonamides) and MDR isolates were detected in children under 5 years old, irrespective of diarrhoea symptoms; this is novel information for Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Moreover, our results showed that the studied fruit extracts/fractions are potential alternative or complementary treatments for MDR E. coli strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Bignoniaceae/química , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Prevalência , Psidium/química , Vitex/químicaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Helicteres vegae Cristóbal (Sterculiaceae) (Hv) and Heliopsis sinaloensis B.L. Turner (Asteraceae) (Hs) are endangered and poorly studied plant species; related plants have been used against chronic-degenerative and infectious diseases. Therefore, Hv and Hs could be sources of bioactive compounds against these illnesses. OBJECTIVE: To determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial) of Hv and Hs leaves (L) and stems (S). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanol extracts (ME) of each plant/tissue were evaluated for their phytochemicals; phenolics (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS); antioxidant activity (AA) (0.125-4 mg/mL) (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and ß-carotene discoloration); antimutagenicity (0.5 and 1 mg/plate) (Ames assay, tester strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium YG1024, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen); activity against human pathogens (1 mg/mL); and toxicity (0.01-2 mg/mL) (Artemia salina assay). RESULTS: All ME showed flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids. The ME-SHv had the highest content of total phenolics (TP) (2245.82 ± 21.45 mg GAE/100 g d.w.) and condensed tannins (603.71 ± 1.115 mg CE/100 g d.w.). The compounds identified were flavonoids (kaempferol 7-O-coumaroylhexoside, and two kaempferol 7-O-rhamnosylhexosides) and phenolics [rosmarinic acid, and 3'-O-(8â³-Z-caffeoyl) rosmarinic acid]. The ME-LHs showed the highest content of flavonoids (357.88 mg RE/g d.w.) and phenolic acids (238.58 mg CAE/g d.w.) by HPLC. The ME-SHv showed the highest AA. All ME were strong antimutagens (63.3-85.7%). Only the Hs extracts were toxic (ME-LHs, LC50 = 94.9 ± 1.7 µg/mL; ME-SHs, LC50 = 89.03 ± 4.42 µg/mL). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Both Hv and Hs are potential sources of preventive and therapeutic agents against chronic-degenerative diseases.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antimutagênicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Malvaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/toxicidade , Antimutagênicos/química , Antimutagênicos/isolamento & purificação , Antimutagênicos/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Benzotiazóis/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Metanol/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Capacidade de Absorbância de Radicais de Oxigênio , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Fitoterapia , Picratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Solventes/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Ácidos Sulfônicos/química , beta Caroteno/químicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Giardiasis is a human health concern worldwide, especially among schoolchildren. Giardia duodenalis genotypes A and B are infective to humans, but their zoonotic potential remains controversial. In Mexico, the most prevalent genotype is A, but B was also detected in southeastern Mexico. In Sinaloa state, northwestern Mexico, giardiasis is highly prevalent, but Giardia genotypes have been poorly studied. METHODOLOGY: This study aimed to investigate the distribution and clinical-epidemiological correlation of G. duodenalis genotypes in schoolchildren and their families and pets in urban and rural areas of Sinaloa state, Mexico. RESULTS: Among 395 schoolchildren (274 urban, 121 rural), 76 (49 urban, 27 rural) were infected with G. duodenalis. In total, 22 families (15 urban, 7 rural) of infected schoolchildren, consisting of 60 family members (41 urban, 19 rural) and 21 pet dogs (15 urban, 6 rural) were examined; 10 family members (5 urban, 5 rural) and 5 pet dogs (3 urban, 2 rural) of 10 families (6 urban, 4 rural) were infected. After PCR-RFLP analyses of vsp417 and gdh genes, genotype prevalence among infected urban schoolchildren was 79.5% AI, 12.8% AII, and 7.7% mixed AI+B. However, only AI genotype was found in family members and pets. In the rural area, only the AI genotype was detected. Genotypes were not correlated with clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: This paper shows the presence of B genotype in northwestern Mexico for the first time. Detection of AI genotype in dogs suggested the possible role of dogs as the reservoir for human giardiasis in Sinaloa, Mexico.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Genótipo , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/parasitologia , Giardíase/veterinária , Animais , Criança , Cães , Feminino , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem Molecular , Animais de Estimação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Prevalência , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , População UrbanaRESUMO
Background Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are natural products obtained from plants of the Brassicas family. They represent an environmentally friendly alternative for the control of phytopathogenic fungi. However, as it has been observed with synthetic fungicides, the possibility of inducing ITC-resistant strains is a major concern. It is, therefore, essential to understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal resistance to ITCs. We analyzed a subtractive library containing 180 clones of an Alternaria alternata strain resistant to 2-propenyl ITC (2-pITC). After their sequencing, 141 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified using the BlastX algorithm. The sequence assembly was carried out using CAP3 software; the functional annotation and metabolic pathways identification were performed using the Blast2GO program. Results The bioinformatics analysis revealed 124 reads with similarities to proteins involved in transcriptional control, defense and stress pathways, cell wall integrity maintenance, detoxification, organization and cytoskeleton destabilization; exocytosis, transport, DNA damage control, ribosome maintenance, and RNA processing. In addition, transcripts corresponding to enzymes as oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, and ligases, were detected. Degradation pathways for styrene, aminobenzoate, and toluene were induced, as well as the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and several types of N-glycan. Conclusions The fungal response showed that natural compounds could induce tolerance/resistance mechanisms in organisms in the same manner as synthetic chemical products. The response of A. alternata to the toxicity of 2-pITC is a sophisticated phenomenon including the induction of signaling cascades targeting a broad set of cellular processes. Whole-transcriptome approaches are needed to elucidate completely the fungal response to 2-pITC.
Assuntos
Isotiocianatos , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Alternaria/genética , Alternaria/metabolismo , Fungicidas Industriais , Biologia Computacional , Técnicas de Hibridização Subtrativa , Hibridização GenéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1)-3'A polymorphism to HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, and viral load levels in a northwestern Mexican population. METHODS: We investigated allele and genotype frequencies of the SDF1-3'A polymorphism in 634 mestizo individuals from Northwest Mexico (204 HIV-1 infected persons, 256 uninfected blood donors, and 174 uninfected female sex workers) by the PCR- RFLP method and compared them using a x(2) test. We also searched for correlations between the polymorphism and CD4+ T lymphocyte and viral load counts. RESULTS: No differences were observed in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes between patients and controls. However, in female patients we found a significantly increased prevalence of both the A allele and GA heterozygous genotype compared to male patients, female blood donors, and female sex workers. CONCLUSION: Here we describe the association of the SDF1-3'A polymorphism with HIV-1 infection only in women, but not to CD4+ T-lymphocyte categories, viral load levels in patients with HIV-1/AIDS, or to exposure levels in female sex workers.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL12/genética , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Alelos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores Sexuais , Profissionais do Sexo , Carga ViralRESUMO
Seasonality of the nematode Gnathostoma turgidum in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in the wild has been reported; however, the mechanisms involved in deworming are unknown. We monitored the parasitologic and biologic changes in four Virginia opossums naturally infected with G. turgidum by coproparasitologic examination and abdominal ultrasonography. Eggs became detectable in the feces of opossums in May, peaked in July and August, and suddenly decreased in October. Adults of G. turgidum were expelled in the feces mainly in September. Ultrasonography of the liver showed slight damage during May. Lesions in the stomach appeared in April and persisted until September. The abnormalities of the liver and stomach were resolved in November. These data suggest that G. turgidum is likely expelled as a result of host immunologic mechanisms, although termination of a natural life span cannot be definitively excluded.