RESUMO
Background: Maps have played a critical role in public health since 1855, when John Snow associated a cholera outbreak with contaminated water source in London. After cardiovascular diseases, cancer is the second leading cause of death in Chile. Cancer was responsible for 22.7 percent of all deaths in 1997-2004 period. Aim To describe the geographical distribution of stomach, trachea, bronchi and lung cancer mortality. Material and methods: Mortality statistics for the years 1997-2004, published by the National Statistics Institute and Chilean Ministry of Health, were used. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for sex and age quinquennium was calculated for 341 counties in the country. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of Poisson regression models for SMR was performed. The maps were developed using adjusted SMR (or smoothed) by the Poisson model. Results: There is an excess mortality caused by stomach cancer in south central Chile, from Teno to Valdivia. There is an excess mortality caused by trachea, bronchi and lung cancer in northern Chile, from Copiapó to Iquique. Conclusions: The geographical analysis of mortality caused by cancer shows cluster of counties with an excess risk. These areas should be considered for health care decision making and resource allocation.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Teorema de Bayes , Neoplasias Brônquicas/mortalidade , Causas de Morte , Chile/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Distribuição de Poisson , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Traqueia/mortalidadeRESUMO
As parasitized rodents are not desirable experimental objects, it is important to maintain parasite-free laboratory rodent colonies. Faced with the task of eliminating pediculosis from a conventional laboratory rat colony whose individuals were intended to be used in scientific research, a drug treatment was needed which did not, or minimally, interfere with experimental results. Fipronil, a GABA(A) antagonist, is an effective drug against lice, fleas and mites currently used in domestic species. Fipronil is not absorbed, has a wide safety margin and is topically applied. The aim of this study was to treat an infected colony with Frontline Spray (0.25%-w/v-fipronil) in order to evaluate its efficacy against lice. Rats were sprayed with Frontline only once. Special procedures to prevent cross-contamination between cages were not used. Neither lice nor nits were found during any post-treatment examination. In addition, no complications were reported by any researcher after using the treated rats in their experiments. The results of this study demonstrate that fipronil in topical formulations is effective for treatment and control of sucking and biting lice infestations on laboratory rats.
Assuntos
Animais de Laboratório , Infestações por Piolhos/tratamento farmacológico , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Administração Tópica , Animais , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Abrigo para Animais , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , RatosRESUMO
In previous studies we have demonstrated a possible interaction between the GABAergic and opioid systems involved in the antinociceptive effect of the GABA(B) agonist, baclofen (BAC). On the other hand, sex differences have been observed for the antinociceptive effect of morphine (MOR). In the present study, we analyzed sex-related differences in the MOR abstinence syndrome and its prevention with BAC. Prepubertal male and female Swiss-Webster albino mice (27-33 g) were rendered dependent by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MOR (2, 4 and 8 mg/kg), twice daily for 9 days. On the tenth day the dependent animals were divided into two groups: one received naloxone (NAL) (6 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min after the last dose of MOR, to precipitate the abstinence syndrome; the other group received BAC (2 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by NAL (6 mg/kg, i.p.), injected 30 and 60 min after the last dose of MOR, respectively. Behavioral signs were recorded in the open field for 30 min. Although there were sex differences in the MOR withdrawal syndrome, we found a lack of sex differences in the prevention of the MOR abstinence syndrome by BAC.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Baclofeno/farmacologia , Agonistas GABAérgicos/farmacologia , Morfina/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Defecação/efeitos dos fármacos , Estro/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Dependência de Morfina/psicologia , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Caracteres Sexuais , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
We report our experience in a cytogenetic study of 93 spontaneous abortions. Specimens were obtained by transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TACVS) in women requesting prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) but in whom an arrested pregnancy had been diagnosed during the ultrasound examination. Our success rate, i.e. the percentage of cases where we obtained results, was 91. 4 per cent, and the rate of abnormalities-mostly aneuploidies and polyploidies-was 62.3 per cent. In normal cases, masculine:feminine ratio was 1:1. These results confirm those obtained by other groups earlier this decade and allow us to conclude that, for the cytogenetic study of spontaneous abortions, CVS is a better approach than the culture of the products of conception after evacuation, because the success rate is higher and because it provides certainty that the specimens obtained are of fetal origin.