RESUMO
Exposure to solar radiation can generate different types of damage to the skin, including skin cancer. Depending on the duration of the exposure, sun damage can present as sunburn, photoaging, and photoimmunosuppression, among other effects. Using natural products on the skin may aid in preventing the damage caused by exposure to solar radiation, in addition to reducing the adverse side effects of common sunscreens, such as irritation, allergies, phototoxic reactions, photosensitivity, and generation of reactive oxygen species. On the other hand, the UV light absorption capacity of natural products has been reported to be due to the presence of chromophores in their structure, which, when added to the beneficial effects they have on the skin, makes them attractive candidates for use as photoprotectors. The present work gathers updated information regarding skin damage caused by prolonged sun exposure. It also describes the photoprotective effect of several natural products, their mechanism of action, and their preventive and therapeutic potential. For this purpose, the scientific literature was searched using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Queimadura Solar , Humanos , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Pele , Queimadura Solar/tratamento farmacológico , Queimadura Solar/prevenção & controle , Protetores Solares/farmacologia , Protetores Solares/uso terapêutico , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Las calcificaciones mamarias son hallazgos frecuentes en la mamografía. La mayoría de ellas son originadas por patología benigna, aunque algunos patrones agrupados específicos pueden ser causados por patología maligna, especialmente el carcinoma ductal in situ. El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar una revisión de los descriptores y categorías BI-RADS de las microcalcificaciones, señalando sus características más importantes y el riesgo de malignidad asociado a cada descriptor.
Breast calcifications are frequent findings on mammography. Most of them are caused by benign pathologies, although some specific grouped patterns may be caused by malignancy, especially ductal carcinoma in situ. The aim of this article is to review the BI-RADS descriptors and categories of microcalcifications, marking its most important characteristics and the risk of malignancy associated with each descriptor.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Calcinose/classificação , Calcinose/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/classificação , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Mamografia , Medição de Risco , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Desmoid tumors or fibromatosis, a rare lesion of the connective tissue, corresponds to 0.2 percent of breast tumors. It does not metastasize but has high local recurrence rates due to margin infiltration. The clinical presentation and imaging is almost indistinguishable from breast carcinoma. Diagnosis is histological and the treatment of choice is surgical excision. We report a 31 years old woman consulting for skin retraction in right breast, without previous history of trauma or surgery. Breast ultrasound showed an irregular nodule that extended into the skin. The mammogram showed a discrete retraction of the skin and increased density of adjacent subcutaneous tissue. An ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy showed stromal fusocelular proliferation, suggesting a phyllodes tumor. A partial mastectomy was performed and the pathological study of the surgical piece showed a mesenchymal proliferation with infiltrative borders, consistent with breast fibromatosis.
Introducción: La fibromatosis o tumor desmoide, es una lesión infrecuente del tejido conectivo, que corresponde al 0,2 por ciento de los tumores mamarios. No tiene potencial de dar metástasis pero presenta alta tasa de recidiva local debido a sus márgenes infiltrativos. Su etiología es desconocida. La presentación clínica e imagenológica es casi indistinguible a la de un carcinoma mamario. El diagnóstico es histológico y el tratamiento de elección es la resección quirúrgica. Reporte de caso: Mujer de 31 años que consulta por retracción cutánea en mama derecha. No presenta antecedentes quirúrgicos ni de traumas previos. Se realiza ecografía mamaria que muestra, en relación al sitio de retracción, un nodulo irregular que se extiende hacia la piel. La mamografía muestra discreta retracción de la piel y aumento de densidad del tejido subcutáneo adyacente. Se realiza biopsia percutánea CORE bajo ultrasonido, que muestra proliferación estromal fusocelular, sugerente de un tumor filodes. Posteriormente, se realiza mastectomía parcial cuya histología muestra una proliferación mesenquimatosa de bordes infiltrativos, concordante con fibromatosis mamaria. Conclusión: La fibromatosis mamaria es una entidad poco frecuente y localmente agresiva. Su importancia radica en que las características clínicas, radiológicas y citológicas simulan con frecuencia tumores malignos de la mama. El tratamiento de elección es la cirugía, presentando gran tendencia a la recurrencia, incluso con márgenes libres. Se han descrito poco más de 100 casos en la literatura.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Fibroma/cirurgia , Fibroma/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Mastectomia , Invasividade NeoplásicaRESUMO
Glutathione serves the function of providing reducing equivalents for the maintenance of oxidant homeostasis, and besides it plays roles in intra- and intercellular signaling in the brain. Our purpose was to test the effects of depleting tissue glutathione by diethylmaleate (5.3 mmol/kg, intraperitoneal) on brain antioxidant metabolism, nerve growth factor levels, and cognitive performance in rats. Six hours after the treatment, glutathione level in the hippocampus dropped down to 30% of the mean value of vehicle-treated animals and glutathione peroxidase activity also declined. Twenty-four hours after the injection the values had been partially restored. Moreover, the hippocampal and cortical levels of nerve growth factor protein did not change in response to diethylmaleate treatment. Glutathione depletion did not influence the performance of animals in the step-through passive avoidance test, but impairs acquisition in the Morris water maze when given before training. However, when diethylmaleate was administered after acquisition in the same paradigm, it did not affect the retention tested at the following day. Our results suggest that glutathione status is important during acquisition, but not for retention, of spatial memory in maze tasks and they support the hypothesis of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium as a key piece acting in the regulation of brain function.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Glutationa/fisiologia , Animais , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Lobo Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lobo Frontal/metabolismo , Glutationa/antagonistas & inibidores , Glutationa/deficiência , Glutationa Peroxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Habituação Psicofisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Habituação Psicofisiológica/fisiologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Maleatos/farmacologia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Retenção Psicológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Percepção Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Percepção Espacial/fisiologia , NataçãoRESUMO
Although the involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the cytotoxicity of excitatory amino acids has been well documented, it is not known whether the intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (QA) induces changes in glutathione (GSH) metabolism. In this work, the activities of the enzymes GSH reductase (GRD), GSH peroxidase (GPX), and GSH S-transferase (GST), as well as the GSH content, were studied in the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex of rats 1 and 6 weeks following the intrastriatal injection of QA (225 nmol). One group of animals remained untreated. This lesion resulted in a 20% decrease in striatal GRD activity at both the 1- and 6-week postlesion times, whereas GST exhibited a 30% activity increase in the lesioned striatum observable only 6 weeks after the lesion. GPX activity remained unchanged. In addition, the QA injection elicited a 30% fall in GSH level at the 1-week postlesion time. GSH related enzyme activities and GSH content from other areas outside the lesioned striatum were not affected. GST activation could represent a beneficial compensatory response to neutralize some of the oxidant agents generated by the lesion. However, this effect together with the reduction in GRD activity could be the cause or a contributing factor to the observed QA-induced deficit in GSH availability and, consequently, further disrupt the oxidant homeostasis of the injured striatal tissue. Therefore, these results provide evidence that the in vivo excitotoxic injury to the brain might affect oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium by eliciting changes in glutathione metabolism.
Assuntos
Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/enzimologia , Glutationa/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Quinolínico/farmacologia , Animais , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Redutase/antagonistas & inibidores , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The existence, frequency and origin of the middle superior alveolar nerves was studied in 100 cases. 40 dried bones and 40 formaldehyded bones with the nerves in situ, were observed by transilumunation; and 20 hemi sectioned heads were disected with the help of transilumination. The middle superior alveolar nerve was found in 57 cases, in 35 arose from the Maxillary nerve trunk in the infraorbital canal and in 22 arose from the Maxillary nerve trunk in the tuberosity face of the maxillary bone, very near of the beginning of the infraorbital canal. A enlarged review of the literature and the comparison with our findings, was made too.