RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the burden of young-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Mexico from 1990 to 2019, and to assess the association between young-onset CKD burden with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index (HAQ). METHODS: Secondary analysis of data using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) by sex, age groups, states, and subcauses. Mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), were obtained. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the young-onset CKD mortality rate increased by 87.3% (126.3% for men and 48.1% for women). In 2019, this rate was highest in Tlaxcala, Estado de México, Puebla, Veracruz, Jalisco, and Guanajuato (all above 8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants); Sinaloa and Quintana Roo had the lowest mortality rates (under 3.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants). While men had a higher rate of YLL, women were more likely to present YLD due to CKD. In 1990 there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between the HAQ Index and the young-onset CKD DALY rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the last 30 years, the burden of early-onset chronic CKD has had an unprecedented increase among the Mexican population, compromising the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals. This will be unattainable if actions to promote healthy lifestyles and prevent kidney disease are not immediately established and articulated, starting with the youngest age groups.
Assuntos
Carga Global da Doença , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , México/epidemiologia , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Saúde GlobalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Life expectancy (LE) and Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) are summary indicators that reflect a population's general life conditions and measure inequities in health outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify the differences in LE and HALE by sex, age group, and state in Mexico from 1990 to 2019. Also, to evaluate whether the changes in HALE are related to sociodemographic indicators and indicators of access to and quality of health services. METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed based on the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Data were obtained for LE (by sex and state) and HALE (by sex, age group, and state) for the years 1990, 2010, and 2019. The correlations between HALE with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index were estimated for 1990 and 2019 (by total population and sex). RESULTS: LE and HALE had an absolute increase of 6.7% and 6.4% from 1990 to 2019, mainly among women, although they spent more years in poor health (11.8 years) than men. The patterns of LE and HALE were heterogeneous and divergent by state. In 2019, the difference in HALE (for both sex) between the states with the highest (Hidalgo) and the lowest (Chiapas) value was 4.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Progress in LE and HALE has slowed in recent years; HALE has even had setbacks in some states. Gaps between men and women, as well as between states, are persistent. Public and population policymaking should seek to lengthen LE and focus on ensuring that such years are spent in good health and with good quality of life.
Assuntos
Carga Global da Doença , Qualidade de Vida , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , México , Expectativa de Vida , Expectativa de Vida SaudávelRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The syndemic approach allows the analysis of clusters of diseases that affect a population in contexts of geographic, social and economic inequalities at the same moment and time. This study aims to analyze, from a syndemic perspective, the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and depressive symptoms in Mexican adults and its association with individual, contextual and structural factors. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study based on secondary data from Mexico's National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. The sample of this study consisted of 16 835 adults, which represented a total of 78 463 734 persons aged ≥ 20 years. Bivariate descriptive analyses were performed and logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the association between T2D and depressive symptoms with various co-variables. In addition, interactions between T2D and depressive symptoms with obesity, educational level, and socioeconomic status were tested. RESULTS: In the study population, 12.2% of adults aged 20 years and older self-reported having T2D, 14.7% had depressive symptoms and 2.8% had both diseases. There was a statistically significant relationship between T2D and depressive symptoms. The prevalence of T2D and depressive symptoms was higher compared to people who did not have these two conditions. Obesity increased the probability of having T2D, while violence was statistically associated with people having depressive symptoms. A low level of education increased the odds ratio of having T2D and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The availability of analytical frameworks such as the syndemic perspective could help to identify areas of opportunity for decision making and actions for population groups that-because of their individual, contextual and structural disadvantages-are at greater risk of experiencing poorer health outcomes due to the presence of T2D and depressive symptoms.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Sindemia , Adulto , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , México/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , ObesidadeRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad por suicidio se ha incrementado sostenida e ininterrumpidamente en México desde hace más de 40 años. Objetivo: El principal objetivo fue analizar los factores sociodemográficos asociados con la mortalidad por suicidio en México entre 2012 y 2016. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional y transversal. Las bases de datos de defunciones se obtuvieron del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía en México para 2012-2016. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística binomial para analizar qué factores sociodemográficos se relacionan con la posibilidad de que las personas fallezcan por suicidio en México. Resultados: Las mujeres tuvieron una menor posibilidad de fallecer por suicidio y conforme aumenta la edad, las personas tienen menos posibilidad de suicidarse. Tener algún grado de escolaridad o realizar una actividad económica incrementó la posibilidad de fallecer por suicidio. Conclusiones: Se espera que este estudio aporte mayor evidencia que ayude a generar políticas de prevención, atención oportuna, y la disminución del impacto de esta causa de muerte en la sociedad.
Abstract Introduction: Mortality due to suicide has increased steadily and continuously in Mexico for more than 40 years. Objective: The main objective was to analyze the sociodemographic factors associated with suicide mortality rates in Mexico between 2012 and 2016. Materials and methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. Death databases were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico for 2012-2016. A binomial logistic regression model was adjusted to analyze which sociodemographic factors are related to the possibility that people die of suicide in Mexico. Results: Women had a lower chance of dying from suicide, and as age increases, people are less likely to commit suicide. Having some level of schooling or performing an economic activity increased the possibility of death by suicide. Conclusions: This study is expected to provide more evidence to help generate prevention policies, timely care, and the reduction of the impact of suicide on society.
Assuntos
Suicídio , México , Fatores de Risco , MortalidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: El intento de suicidio es el principal factor de riesgo del suicidio consumado. OBJETIVO: Analizar la prevalencia de intento de suicidio en adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria y bachillerato de la Ciudad de México, y sus factores asociados. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo con la Encuesta de Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes de la Ciudad de México en 2012. El cuestionario validado, fue anónimo, estructurado y autoaplicado, contiene siete secciones: Sociodemográfica; Consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas; Problemas relacionados con el consumo de drogas; Conducta antisocial; Ámbito social; Ámbito interpersonal y Ámbito personal. Se crearon índices de clima familiar, comunicación con los padres y autoestima utilizando análisis de componentes principales. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística binomial y se analizaron las razones de momios (OR). RESULTADOS: La prevalencia estimada de intento de suicidio fue 6,8%. Los factores que incrementan la posibilidad de intento de suicido fueron: ser mujer (OR 3,1), tener menos de 16 años (OR 1,6), vivir en un clima familiar malo (OR 1,5) o con mala comunicación con los padres (OR 1,8), tener baja autoestima (OR 1,9), problemas de conducta o aprendizaje (OR 1,4) o tener una enfermedad mental (OR 3,6); haber sido forzados a tener contacto sexual (OR 2,6); o consumir drogas, tabaco o alcohol (OR 1,7, 1,2 y 1,7). CONCLUSIONES: La prevención del intento de suicidio se debe dirigir a mujeres menores de 16 años; con un desorden psiquiátrico, problema de conducta o baja autoestima; que convivan en un ambiente familiar desfavorable; con comportamientos de riesgo como consumo de tabaco, alcohol o drogas; o que hayan sido forzados a tener contacto sexual.
INTRODUCTION: Attempted suicide is the main risk factor for completed suicides. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalen ce of attempted suicide in junior high school and high school students in Mexico City, and its asso ciated factors. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with data from the Mexico National Survey on Drug Use Among Students (ENCODE) 2012. The validated survey was anonymous, structured and self-applied, and contains seven sections: Sociode mographic; Tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Problems related to drug use; Antisocial behavior; Social sphere; Interpersonal sphere and Personal sphere. Family atmosphere, communication with parents, and self-esteem indexes were created using principal component analysis. A binomial logistic regres sion model was adjusted, and the odds ratio (OR) were analyzed. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of attempted suicide was 6.8%. The factors that increased the attempted suicide possibility were: being a woman (OR 3.1), be under 16 years old (OR 1.6), living in an unfavorable family atmosphere (OR 1.5) or having a poor communication with parents (OR 1.8), having low self-esteem (OR 1.9), behavioral or learning problems (OR 1.4) or suffering a mental illness (OR 3.6); having been forced into sexual contact (OR 2.6); or drugs use, smoking or alcohol consumption (OR 1.7, 1.2 and 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The attempted suicide prevention should be focused on women younger than 16 years, with any psychiatric disorder, behavioral problem or low self-esteem, who live in an unfavorable family atmosphere, with risky behavior such as smoking, or alcohol or drugs consumption, or who have been forced into sexual contact.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Autoimagem , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Etários , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Relações Familiares , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo Dado que la violencia es un problema de salud pública de primera magnitud en México y Colombia, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por causas violentas -homicidios, suicidios, accidentes de tránsito (AT) y otros accidentes (OT) - entre 2000-2013, a nivel nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad. Métodos Se emplearon estadísticas vitales de mortalidad de fuentes oficiales. Se calcularon los años de vida perdidos (AVP) entre 0-100 años de edad y la contribución de las causas de muerte violentas al cambio en la esperanza de vida al nacimiento (e 0 ). Resultados En Colombia se observó un descenso significativo de la mortalidad por violencia a partir de 2002, en todas las causas de muerte consideradas y en ambos sexos. En México, no se presentó un incremento significativo de la mortalidad por violencia en conjunto; por causas de muerte se observó una reducción de la mortalidad por AT y OA, la cual fue anulada por el incremento sostenido de la mortalidad por suicidios y el aumento de homicidios a partir de 2008. A partir de 2011, México presentó un mayor número de AVP por el conjunto de causas violentas que Colombia, en ambos sexos, lo que claramente ilustra las tendencias opuestas de la mortalidad por violencia en ambos países. Conclusiones La mortalidad por violencia se puede prevenir por medio de programas y estrategias que tomen en cuenta las edades donde tiene mayor impacto, con una perspectiva de género y con un enfoque multidisciplinario.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective Given that violence is a public health problem of the first order in Mexico and Colombia, the main objective of this research was the trend, level and impact analysis of mortality due to violence [homicides, suicides, traffic accidents (TA) and other accidents (OA)] between 2000 and 2013, nationally by sex and age groups. Methods and Materials Mortality vital statistics from official sources were used. The years of life lost (YLL) between 0 and 100 years of age and the contribution of deaths by violent causes to life expectancy at birth (e 0 ) change were calculated. Results In Colombia an important decrease of mortality due to violence was observed since 2002 in all the selected causes of death and both sexes. In Mexico, there was not a meaningful increase of mortality due to all violent causes together; by causes of death, the observed decrease of mortality due to TA and OA was cancelled by the sustained increase of mortality by suicides and the increase of homicides since 2008. From 2011 to 2013, Mexico presented a higher number of YLL than Colombia due to violent causes of death that further illustrates the opposite trends in both countries. Conclusions Mortality due to violence can be prevented by implementing programs and strategies that take into account the ages where it has a biggest impact, from a gender perspective and with a multidisciplinary approach.
Objetivo: Tendo em vista que a violência é um problema de saúde pública de primeira magnitude no México e na Colômbia, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os níveis, tendências e impacto da mortalidade por causas violentas - homicídios, suicídios, acidentes de trânsito (AT) e outros acidentes (OT) - entre 2000-2013, a nível nacional, por sexo e grupos etários. Métodos: Estatísticas de mortalidade vital de fontes oficiais foram usadas. Foram calculados os anos de vida perdidos (YLL) entre 0-100 anos e a contribuição das causas violentas de morte para a variação da expectativa de vida ao nascer (e 0 ). Resultados: Na Colômbia, observou-se uma redução significativa da mortalidade por violência desde 2002, em todas as causas de morte consideradas e em ambos os sexos. No México, não houve aumento significativo na mortalidade por violência como um todo; Por causas de morte, observou-se redução da mortalidade por AT e OA, que foi anulada pelo aumento sustentado da mortalidade por suicídios e aumento dos homicídios a partir de 2008. A partir de 2011, o México apresentou um maior número de YLL para o conjunto de causas violentas do que a Colômbia, em ambos os sexos, o que ilustra claramente as tendências opostas na mortalidade por violência em ambos os países. Conclusões: A mortalidade por violência pode ser prevenida por meio de programas e estratégias que levam em consideração as idades em que ela tem maior impacto, com uma perspectiva de gênero e com enfoque multidisciplinar.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Violência/prevenção & controle , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Expectativa de Vida , Mortalidade , Colômbia , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Given that violence is a public health problem of the first order in Mexico and Colombia, the main objective of this research was the trend, level and impact analysis of mortality due to violence [homicides, suicides, traffic accidents (TA) and other accidents (OA)] between 2000 and 2013, nationally by sex and age groups. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Mortality vital statistics from official sources were used. The years of life lost (YLL) between 0 and 100 years of age and the contribution of deaths by violent causes to life expectancy at birth (e 0 ) change were calculated. RESULTS: In Colombia an important decrease of mortality due to violence was observed since 2002 in all the selected causes of death and both sexes. In Mexico, there was not a meaningful increase of mortality due to all violent causes together; by causes of death, the observed decrease of mortality due to TA and OA was cancelled by the sustained increase of mortality by suicides and the increase of homicides since 2008. From 2011 to 2013, Mexico presented a higher number of YLL than Colombia due to violent causes of death that further illustrates the opposite trends in both countries. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality due to violence can be prevented by implementing programs and strategies that take into account the ages where it has a biggest impact, from a gender perspective and with a multidisciplinary approach.
OBJETIVO: Dado que la violencia es un problema de salud pública de primera magnitud en México y Colombia, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los niveles, tendencias e impacto de la mortalidad por causas violentas -homicidios, suicidios, accidentes de tránsito (AT) y otros accidentes (OT) - entre 2000-2013, a nivel nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad. MÉTODOS: Se emplearon estadísticas vitales de mortalidad de fuentes oficiales. Se calcularon los años de vida perdidos (AVP) entre 0-100 años de edad y la contribución de las causas de muerte violentas al cambio en la esperanza de vida al nacimiento (e 0 ). RESULTADOS: En Colombia se observó un descenso significativo de la mortalidad por violencia a partir de 2002, en todas las causas de muerte consideradas y en ambos sexos. En México, no se presentó un incremento significativo de la mortalidad por violencia en conjunto; por causas de muerte se observó una reducción de la mortalidad por AT y OA, la cual fue anulada por el incremento sostenido de la mortalidad por suicidios y el aumento de homicidios a partir de 2008. A partir de 2011, México presentó un mayor número de AVP por el conjunto de causas violentas que Colombia, en ambos sexos, lo que claramente ilustra las tendencias opuestas de la mortalidad por violencia en ambos países. CONCLUSIONES: La mortalidad por violencia se puede prevenir por medio de programas y estrategias que tomen en cuenta las edades donde tiene mayor impacto, con una perspectiva de género y con un enfoque multidisciplinario.
Assuntos
Suicídio , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Causas de Morte , México/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , HomicídioRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Attempted suicide is the main risk factor for completed suicides. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalen ce of attempted suicide in junior high school and high school students in Mexico City, and its asso ciated factors. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with data from the Mexico National Survey on Drug Use Among Students (ENCODE) 2012. The validated survey was anonymous, structured and self-applied, and contains seven sections: Sociode mographic; Tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Problems related to drug use; Antisocial behavior; Social sphere; Interpersonal sphere and Personal sphere. Family atmosphere, communication with parents, and self-esteem indexes were created using principal component analysis. A binomial logistic regres sion model was adjusted, and the odds ratio (OR) were analyzed. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of attempted suicide was 6.8%. The factors that increased the attempted suicide possibility were: being a woman (OR 3.1), be under 16 years old (OR 1.6), living in an unfavorable family atmosphere (OR 1.5) or having a poor communication with parents (OR 1.8), having low self-esteem (OR 1.9), behavioral or learning problems (OR 1.4) or suffering a mental illness (OR 3.6); having been forced into sexual contact (OR 2.6); or drugs use, smoking or alcohol consumption (OR 1.7, 1.2 and 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The attempted suicide prevention should be focused on women younger than 16 years, with any psychiatric disorder, behavioral problem or low self-esteem, who live in an unfavorable family atmosphere, with risky behavior such as smoking, or alcohol or drugs consumption, or who have been forced into sexual contact.
Assuntos
Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Relações Familiares , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Autoimagem , Fatores Sexuais , Fumar/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo Analizar el nivel y la tendencia de la mortalidad por Diabetes mellitus (DM) en México, así como su contribución al cambio en la esperanza de vida temporaria entre los 20 y 100 años de edad, a nivel nacional para el periodo 1990-2010. Material y Métodos La información se obtuvo de las Estadísticas Vitales de Mortalidad y de los censos de población del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Se calcularon las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidady para analizar el impacto de la DM en el cambio de la esperanza de vida temporaria (80e20), se empleó la propuesta de Pollard de 1982. Resultados Entre 1990 y 2010, la tasa estandarizada de diabetes para personas mayores a 20 años aumentó 224,0%. La contribución de la DM para hombres al cambio en la esperanza de vida temporaria entre 1990 y 2000 fue una disminución 0,31 años; para mujeres fue una reducción de 0,32 años; para 2000-2010 continuó la disminución de la esperanza de vida de hombres y mujeres debido a la DM (0,34 años y 0,12 años respectivamente). Conclusiones La mortalidad por DM continúa incrementándose en el país, especialmente para hombres, en cambio para mujeres se observa un avance modesto en la reducción de la mortalidad. Se considera indispensable la aplicación de programas y servicios de salud destinados a disminuir la mortalidad por esta causa de muerte, enfocados en la prevención, detección temprana de la enfermedad y tratamiento oportuno, con rutas concretas de acción sobre grupos vulnerables.(AU)
Objective To analyze the level and trend of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Mexico, and its contribution to the changes in temporary life expectancy between 20 and 100 years of age, in the period 1990-2010. Materials and Methods Data comes from National Mortality Vital Statistics and from the Population Census from the Mexican National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI). We calculated standardized mortality rates. To analyze the impact of DM on the temporary life expectancy (80e20) we used Pollards method. Results Between 1990 and 2010, the standardized mortality rate for people 20 years and older increased by 224 %. The contribution of DM for men to the change in life expectancy during 1990-2000 was a reduction of 0.31 years; for women was a reduction of 0.32 years; in the period 2000-2010 the reduction continued for both men and women (0.34 and 0.12 years respectively). Conclusions Mortality from DM continues to increase, especially for men, but for women a modest reduction was observed. It is essential to apply health services and programs aimed at reducing mortality from this cause, focused on prevention, early detection and timely treatment, with concrete actions on vulnerable groups.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Expectativa de Vida , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Censos , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level and trend of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Mexico, and its contribution to the changes in temporary life expectancy between 20 and 100 years of age, in the period 1990-2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data comes from National Mortality Vital Statistics and from the Population Census from the Mexican National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI). We calculated standardized mortality rates. To analyze the impact of DM on the temporary life expectancy (80e20) we used Pollards method. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2010, the standardized mortality rate for people 20 years and older increased by 224 %. The contribution of DM for men to the change in life expectancy during 1990-2000 was a reduction of 0.31 years; for women was a reduction of 0.32 years; in the period 2000-2010 the reduction continued for both men and women (0.34 and 0.12 years respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from DM continues to increase, especially for men, but for women a modest reduction was observed. It is essential to apply health services and programs aimed at reducing mortality from this cause, focused on prevention, early detection and timely treatment, with concrete actions on vulnerable groups.