RESUMO
AIMS: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, obesity, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015 at a diabetes reference center in Rio de Janeiro. Sociodemographic data and those related to outpatient follow-ups were obtained from the medical records. The assessment of food consumption was performed using a 24 h food recall. Obesity was defined as body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) ≥ +1 z-score. Glycemic control was assessed using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Dietary patterns were generated by factorial analysis, and each individual's adherence to these dietary patterns was determined by the factor loadings and then classified into terciles. RESULTS: The study population included 120 children and adolescents, among whom 5 dietary patterns were identified. The prevalence of obesity was 31.7% (n = 38), and 64.2% (n = 77) of the participants had inadequate glycemic control. We observed that individuals with higher adherence to dietary pattern five, characterized by a greater consumption of ultra-processed foods, had higher odds of having higher HbA1c levels (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.18-11.16). CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods can be detrimental to glycemic control in children and adolescents. Thus, food intake monitoring is of paramount importance as part of the multidisciplinary care of patients with T1DM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Padrões Dietéticos , Estudos Transversais , Controle Glicêmico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Confinement is an effective measure to control COVID-19, but it can have repercussions on lifestyle-related behaviors, especially among adolescents. Poor quality diet and low physical activity could trigger weight gain and the appearance of chronic non-communicable diseases at an early age. AIM: To investigate the changes in eating and physical activity patterns before and during the first COVID-19 confinement in Chilean adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chilean adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years were invited to answer an online survey with 47 questions about dietary habits and physical activity. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 420 participants and only four adolescents declined to answer it. Changes in eating patterns were evidenced, such as an increase in lunch consumption from 54.1 to 83%, and a decrease in the consumption of both healthy and unhealthy foods. Also, significant changes were observed in physical activity patterns, and an increase in the time spent sitting, from 4.7 to 5.8 hours during confinement. CONCLUSIONS: The first confinement for COVID-19 modified eating and physical activity patterns in Chilean adolescents towards unhealthy habits, which if maintained, could negatively affect their health and quality of life.
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COVID-19 , Adolescente , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Criança , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Confinement is an effective measure to control COVID-19, but it can have repercussions on lifestyle-related behaviors, especially among adolescents. Poor quality diet and low physical activity could trigger weight gain and the appearance of chronic non-communicable diseases at an early age. AIM: To investigate the changes in eating and physical activity patterns before and during the first COVID-19 confinement in Chilean adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chilean adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years were invited to answer an online survey with 47 questions about dietary habits and physical activity. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 420 participants and only four adolescents declined to answer it. Changes in eating patterns were evidenced, such as an increase in lunch consumption from 54.1 to 83%, and a decrease in the consumption of both healthy and unhealthy foods. Also, significant changes were observed in physical activity patterns, and an increase in the time spent sitting, from 4.7 to 5.8 hours during confinement. CONCLUSIONS: The first confinement for COVID-19 modified eating and physical activity patterns in Chilean adolescents towards unhealthy habits, which if maintained, could negatively affect their health and quality of life.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease affecting up to 25% of the population worldwide. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been associated with improved clinical parameters of NAFLD. Our purpose was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study performed on NAFLD individuals diagnosed by ultrasound. Patients received n-3 PUFA (n = 13) or placebo (n = 11) supplementation for six months. Circulating miR-122 expression (determined by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), liver fibrosis (FibroScan®), red blood cells (RBC) fatty acids (gas chromatography), and biochemical tests were performed at baseline and after intervention. After the intervention, in the n-3 PUFA group, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega index increased significantly in RBC (p = 0.022 and p = 0.012, respectively), in addition to a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.002) and liver fibrosis (p = 0.039). However, there was no change in the expression of circulating miR-122 in both groups. Our results showed that omega-3 PUFA were incorporated in erythrocytes after six months of fish oil supplementary intake, and that n-3 PUFA were effective in reducing ALP and liver fibrosis without altering the expression of circulating miR-122 in individuals with NAFLD.
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Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/terapia , Idoso , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MicroRNAs/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/sangue , Projetos Piloto , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIM: to describe physical activity and ultra-processed foods consumption, their changes and sociodemographic predictors among adolescents from countries in Europe (Italy and Spain) and Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Colombia) during the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic period. METHODS: Cross-sectional study via web survey. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and weekly ultra-processed food consumption data were used. To compare the frequencies of physical activity status with sociodemographic variables, a multinomial logistic and a multiple logistic regression for habitual ultra-processed foods was performed. In final models, p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Sample of 726 adolescents, mostly females (59.6%) aged 16-19 years old (54.3%). Adolescents from Latin America presented odds ratio (OR) 2.98 (CI 95% 1.80-4.94) of being inactive and those whose mothers had higher level of education were less active during lockdown [OR 0.40 (CI 95% 0.20-0.84)]. The habitual ultra-processed consumption was also high during this period in all countries, and more prevalent in Latin America. CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of inactivity was observed in this population, but reductions of physical activity and habitual ultra-processed consumption during the pandemic were more pronounced in Latin America. Our findings reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle, i.e., exercise and diet, during periods of social isolation.
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Infecções por Coronavirus , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Fast Foods , Comportamento Alimentar , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Comportamento Sedentário , Adolescente , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Obesidade/etiologia , Razão de Chances , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Isolamento Social , América do Sul , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic can influence dietary profiles, especially those of adolescents, who are highly susceptible to acquiring bad eating habits. Adolescents' poor dietary habits increase their subsequent risk of degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular pathologies, etc. Our aim was to study nutritional modifications during COVID-19 confinement in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, compare them with their usual diet and dietary guidelines, and identify variables that may have influenced changes. Data were collected by an anonymous online questionnaire on food intake among 820 adolescents from Spain, Italy, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile. The results show that COVID-19 confinement did influence their dietary habits. In particular, we recorded modified consumption of fried food, sweet food, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Moreover, gender, family members at home, watching TV during mealtime, country of residence, and maternal education were diversely correlated with adequate nutrition during COVID-19 confinement. Understanding the adolescents' nutrition behavior during COVID-19 lockdown will help public health authorities reshape future policies on their nutritional recommendations, in preparation for future pandemics.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/psicologia , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Pneumonia Viral/psicologia , Quarentena/psicologia , Adolescente , Betacoronavirus , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Chile/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Dieta/psicologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2 , Comportamento Sedentário , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Sea cucumber body wall contains several naturally occurring bioactive components that possess health-promoting properties. Isostichopus badionotus from Yucatan, Mexico is heavily fished, but little is known about its bioactive constituents. We previously established that I. badionotus meal had potent anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. We have now screened some of its constituents for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Glycosaminoglycan and soluble protein preparations reduced 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT cells while an ethanol extract had a limited effect. The primary glycosaminoglycan (fucosylated chondroitin sulfate; FCS) was purified and tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. FCS modulated the expression of critical genes, including NF-ĸB, TNFα, iNOS, and COX-2, and attenuated inflammation and tissue damage caused by TPA in a mouse ear inflammation model. It also mitigated colonic colitis caused in mice by dextran sodium sulfate. FCS from I. badionotus of the Yucatan Peninsula thus had strong anti-inflammatory properties in vivo.
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Anti-Inflamatórios , Sulfatos de Condroitina/isolamento & purificação , Sulfatos de Condroitina/farmacologia , Glicosaminoglicanos/isolamento & purificação , Glicosaminoglicanos/farmacologia , Otite/tratamento farmacológico , Pepinos-do-Mar/química , Extratos de Tecidos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos de Tecidos/farmacologia , Animais , Sulfatos de Condroitina/uso terapêutico , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células HaCaT , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , México , Camundongos , Otite/induzido quimicamente , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. The most severe form is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Among risk factors for the development of NAFLD is excessive lipid intake. Since palm (P) oil is the most consumed oil in the world, we aimed to investigate the effects of high-fat diets made with P oil, hybrid palm (HP) oil, or olive (O) oil in liver. Twenty-four male mice (C57Bl/6J) were fed a high-fat diet (41% fat) containing P, HP, or O oils for 8 weeks and compared to a control (C) group fed a chow diet. Adiposity was measured with computed tomography. Body, adipose tissue, and liver weights, as well as liver fat (Blighâ»Dyer), blood lipid profile, glucose, and liver enzymes were measured. Liver histology (hematoxylinâ»eosin) and transcriptome (microarray-based) were performed. ANOVA tests with Newmanâ»Keuls were used. Body weight was increased in the P group (p < 0.001) and body fat in the O group (C vs. O p ≤ 0.01, P vs. O p ≤ 0.05, HP vs. O p ≤ 0.05). All high-fat diets disturbed the blood lipid profile and glucose, with marked effects of HP on very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase (p ≤ 0.001). HP had the highest liver fat (42.76 ± 1.58), followed by P (33.94 ± 1.13). O had a fat amount comparable to C (16.46 ± 0.34, 14.71 ± 0.70, respectively). P and HP oils induced hepatocyte ballooning. Transcriptome alterations of the O group were related to amino acid metabolism and fatty acid (FA) metabolism, the P group to calcium ion homeostasis, and HP oil to protein localization. Both P and HP oils induced NASH in mice via disturbed hepatocyte transcription. This raises concerns about the content of these oils in several industrialized foods.
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Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Óleo de Palmeira/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Transcriptoma , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adiposidade , Animais , Biópsia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Função Hepática , Masculino , Camundongos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Azeite de Oliva/química , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Changes in lipid metabolism occur during the development and progression non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the fatty acid (FA) profile in red blood cells (RBC) from patients with liver fibrosis remains unexplored. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile in RBC, dietary lipid intake and insulin resistance indicators in patients with NAFLD, according to the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Using elastography, patients were classified with (n = 52) and without (n = 37) advanced liver fibrosis. The fatty acid profile in RBC was analyzed using gas chromatography and the lipid intake was evaluated through a 24-h dietary recall. Subjects with advanced liver fibrosis had higher levels of palmitic, stearic and oleic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and insulin (p < 0.05), and lower levels of elongase very long chain fatty acids protein-6 and the delta-5-desaturase enzymatic activity (p < 0.05). These results suggest a lack of regulation of enzymes related to FA metabolism in patients with advanced fibrosis.
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Eritrócitos/química , Insulina/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/sangue , Ácido Palmítico/sangue , Acetiltransferases/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Registros de Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Técnicas de Imagem por Elasticidade , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/sangue , Elongases de Ácidos Graxos , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Ácido Oleico/sangue , Ácidos Esteáricos/sangueRESUMO
Hybrid palm oil, which contains higher levels of oleic acid and lower saturated fatty acids in comparison with African palm oil, has been proposed to be somehow equivalent to extra virgin olive oil. However, the biological effects of its consumption are poorly described. Here we have explored the effects of its overconsumption on lipid metabolism in a non-human primate model, the common marmoset. Dietary supplementation of marmoset with hyperlipidic diet containing hybrid palm oil for 3 months did not modify plasma lipids levels, but increased glucose levels as compared to the supplementation with African palm oil. Liver volume was unexpectedly found to be more increased in marmosets consuming hybrid palm oil than in those consuming African palm oil. Hepatic total lipid content and circulating transaminases were dramatically increased in animals consuming hybrid palm oil, as well as an increased degree of fibrosis. Analysis of liver miRNAs showed a selective modulation of certain miRNAs by hybrid palm oil, some of which were predicted to target genes involved in cell adhesion molecules and peroxisomal pathways. Our data suggest that consumption of hybrid palm oil should be monitored carefully, as its overconsumption compared to that of African palm oil could involve important alterations to hepatic metabolism.
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Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Óleo de Palmeira/efeitos adversos , Animais , Glicemia , Callithrix , Feminino , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/análise , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Masculino , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Modelos Animais , Tamanho do Órgão , Óleo de Palmeira/química , Transaminases/sangueRESUMO
Sea cucumber is widely consumed as a putative functional food. It contains many biologically-active substances, but only limited research on its properties in vivo has been done. The effects of different meals containing Isostichopus badionotus, a sea cucumber from southeast Mexico, on growth performance and body lipid profile in young rats were analyzed. Sea cucumber body wall was either lyophilized, cooked (100 °C, 1 h in water) and lyophilized, or oven-dried (70 °C for 12 h). It was then ground and incorporated into cholesterol-containing diets. I. badionotus meals supported growth and improved lipid profile in rats. In particular, serum cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides concentration and atherogenic index values were greatly reduced by some I. badionotus containing diets. Liver total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol were also reduced. Cooking or heat-treatment of the meals lowered but did not abolish their hypolipidemic potency. Gene expression analysis of several key genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism in liver showed that diets containing I. badionotus repressed the induction of key genes associated with dyslipidemia exerted by cholesterol supplementation. Consumption of I. badionotus from the Yucatan Peninsula is beneficial for dyslipidemia, although biological effect is clearly dependent on preparation method.