RESUMO
Protected areas in Guatemala provide habitat for diverse tropical ecosystems, contain ancient archeological sites, sequester carbon, and support economic activity through eco-tourism. However, many of the forests in these protected areas have been converted to other uses or degraded by human activity, and therefore are considered "paper parks". In this study, we analyzed time series of satellite data to monitor deforestation, degradation, and natural disturbance throughout Guatemala from 2000 to 2017. A recently developed methodology, Continuous Degradation Detection (CODED), was used to detect forest disturbances of varying size and magnitude. Through sample-based statistical inference, we estimated that 854 137 ha (± 83 133 ha) were deforested and 1 012 947 ha (±139 512 ha) of forest was disturbed but not converted during our study period. Forest disturbance in protected areas ranged from under 1% of a park's area to over 95%. Our estimate of the extent of deforestation is similar to previous studies, however, degradation and natural disturbance affect a larger area. These results suggest that the total amount of forest disturbance can be significantly underestimated if degradation and natural disturbance are not taken into account. As a consequence, we found that the protected areas of Guatemala are more affected by disturbance than previously realized.
RESUMO
A new ferrocene complex, 16-ferrocenylmethyl-3ß-hy-droxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, [Fe(C5H5)(C24H27O2)]·C2H6OS, has been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The mol-ecule crystallizes in the space group P21 with one mol-ecule of dimethyl sulfoxide. A hydrogen bond links the phenol group and the dimethyl sulfoxide O atom, with an Oâ¯O distance of 2.655â (5)â Å. The ferrocene group is positioned in the ß face of the estrone moiety, with an O-C-C-C torsion angle of 44.1â (5)°, and the carbonyl bond length of the hormone moiety is 1.216â (5)â Å, typical of a C=O double bond. The average Fe-C bond length of the substituted Cp ring [Fe-C(Cp*)] is similar to that of the unsubstituted one [Fe-C(Cp)], i.e. 2.048â (3) versus 2.040â (12)â Å. The structure of the complex is compared with those of estrone and eth-oxy-methyl-estrone.
RESUMO
Four new platinum(II) complexes, namely tetra-ethyl-ammonium tri-bromido-(2-methyl-1,3-benzo-thia-zole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C8H7NS)] (1), tetra-ethyl-ammonium tri-bromido-(6-meth-oxy-2-methyl-1,3-benzo-thia-zole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C9H9NOS)] (2), tetra-ethyl-ammonium tri-bromido-(2,5,6-trimethyl-1,3-benzo-thia-zole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C10H11NS)] (3), and tetra-ethyl-ammonium tri-bromido-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1,3-benzo-thia-zole-κN)platinate(II), [NEt4][PtBr3(C8H6N2O2S)] (4), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. These species are precursors of compounds with potential application in cancer chemotherapy. All four platinum(II) complexes adopt the expected square-planar coordination geometry, and the benzo-thia-zole ligand is engaged in bonding to the metal atom through the imine N atom (Pt-N). The Pt-N bond lengths are normal: 2.035â (5), 2.025â (4), 2.027â (5) and 2.041â (4)â Å for complexes 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The benzo-thia-zole ligands are positioned out of the square plane, with dihedral angles ranging from 76.4â (4) to 88.1â (4)°. The NEt4 cation in 3 is disordered with 0.57/0.43 occupancies.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Encefalopatias/parasitologia , Ventrículos Cerebrais/parasitologia , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico , Ventrículos Cerebrais/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Guatemala , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Meningite/diagnóstico , Rhode Island , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of an early emergency department (ED) protocol-driven resuscitation (septic shock protocol [SSP]) on the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective pediatric cohort with clinical sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from the ED before (2009, PRE) and after (2010, POST) implementation of the SSP. AKI was defined by pRIFLE (pediatric version of the Risk of renal dysfunction; Injury to kidney; Failure of kidney function; Loss of kidney function, End-stage renal disease creatinine criteria). RESULTS: A total of 202 patients (PRE, n = 98; POST, n = 104) were included (53% male, mean age 7.7 ± 5.6 years, mean Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction [PELOD] 8.9 ± 12.7, mean Pediatric Risk of Mortality score 5.3 ± 13.9). There were no differences in demographics or illness severity between the PRE and POST groups. POST was associated with decreased AKI (54% vs 29%, P < .001), renal-replacement therapy (4 vs 0, P = .04), PICU, and hospital lengths of stay (LOS) (1.9 ± 2.3 vs 4.5 ± 7.6, P < .01; 6.3 ± 5.1 vs 15.3 ± 16.9, P < .001, respectively), and mortality (10% vs 3%, P = .037). The SSP was independently associated with decreased AKI when we controlled for age, sex, and PELOD (OR 0.27, CI 0.13-0.56). In multivariate analyses, the SSP was independently associated with shorter PICU and hospital LOS when we controlled for AKI and PELOD (P = .02, P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: A protocol-driven implementation of a resuscitation bundle in the pediatric ED decreased AKI and need for renal-replacement therapy, as well as PICU and hospital LOS and mortality.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Ressuscitação/métodos , Choque/terapia , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Criança , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Choque/etiologia , Choque/mortalidade , Texas/epidemiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PIP: In 1979, when the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN), a popular revolutionary front, deposed Nicaragua's ruling Somoza family, the Nicaraguan population's health status ranked with that of Bolivia and Honduras as the worst in Latin America. The Sandinista government committed itself to improving health services and health status such that in 1982, the World Health Organization commended the major advances in health care made in the government's first few years. That progress, however, has not been maintained as Sandinista health, nutrition, literacy, and agrarian programs have been abandoned by the government under pressure from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the US government to privatize and cut public spending. The progress made over the past decade is now being undone by an imposed structural adjustment policy and the burden of international debt. The IMF has disregarded social equity as a criterion for its programs. Under current conditions, the health and well-being of the Nicaraguan people will continue to deteriorate. Until the Nicaraguan debt situation is resolved, there is no hope for sustainable growth and development.^ieng
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Proteção da Criança/economia , Proteção da Criança/estatística & dados numéricos , Agências Internacionais , Pobreza , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , NicaráguaRESUMO
Report provides general information on Grenada and goes on to explain the nature of nutrition and diet-related problems in Grenada. Indicates that the health and nutrition status in Grenada has experienced both positive and negative changes. Low birth rates have indicated nutritient deficiencies in pregnant mothers. Children who have been surveyed also reveal a mild to moderate rate of malnutrition. points out that some of the factors affecting the status of nutrition in Grenada, are economic in nature: unemployment, government policy in relation to the agricultural sector, living conditions and health services, among others. An analysis is made of current policies affecting the nutritional status. Recommendations include the strengthening of health services, health systems, human resources, food and nutrition, among others
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Humanos , Lactente , Criança , Programas e Políticas de Nutrição e Alimentação , Estado Nutricional , Nutrição da Criança , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Anemias Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , GranadaRESUMO
Detailed clinical interviews focusing on depression and alcohol abuse/dependence were conducted with 1870 managers and professionals drawn from a major US corporation. Among men, the lifetime and 1-year prevalence rates of DSM-III-R major depression were 23% and 9%, respectively. Among women, the rates were 36% and 17%, respectively. Lifetime and 1-year prevalence rates of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse/dependence were 16% and 4% for men, and 9% and 4% for women. Imposing a requirement that alcohol-related symptoms cluster together in time reduced the lifetime and 1-year prevalence rates to 11% and 3% for men and 5% and 2% for women. The odds ratio for the lifetime occurrence of depression and alcohol abuse/dependence with such clustering was 2.28. The three most important risk factors for depression were being female, separated or divorced, and having a family history of depression. For alcohol abuse/dependence, the most important risk factors were being male, unmarried, and having a family history of alcoholism. Manager/professional status, length of employment, hours worked per day, and supervisory responsibility were not statistically associated with either DSM-III-R major depression or alcohol abuse/dependence.