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Citrus bergamia is a citric species known as bergamot. The species is widely used due to its derivatives, such as juices, extracts, and essential oil. Specifically, the bergamot essential oil (BEO) is of great interest, with a chemical composition rich in terpenes and esters. Considering its chemical composition, bioactivity, and great economic potential, the characterization of BEO should be studied. However, this essential oil is almost unexplored in terms of a characterization associated with colloids. Chemical characterization was carried out by gas-chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer and by gas-chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was carried out to confirm the bioactivity of this important essential oil. Dynamic light scattering analysis was performed to create a pattern of droplet size distribution of BEO. Major compounds of BEO were linalyl acetate, limonene, and linalool. The BEO was active against E. coli and presented a MIC value of 2.000 µg/mL, while values of MIC and MBC higher than 2.000 µg/mL were observed for S. aureus. The dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 65.7 ± 2.2 nm. After a 1:10 dilution it was observed reduction of mean diameter and enhancement of the percentagem of low size droplets, resepctively 44.1 ± 1.2 nm and 14.5 ± 0.5 nm (28.8 ± 1.2%). Higher droplets and reduced polydispersity index were observed after 1:100 dilution. In the present study, the chemical characterization was in accordance with the species, as the characteristic chemical markers of the species were found. Moreover, it has presented antibacterial activity as expected for the BEO. The analysis of the colloid showed a pattern of droplet size distribution following the Ostwald ripening mechanism after dilution.

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Monogeneans are ectoparasites that may cause losses in production and productivity in the aquaculture of Colossoma macropomum. Chemotherapeutics used in aquaculture usually have major adverse effects on fish; hence, the use of essential oils has been considered advantageous, but these are not soluble in water. Thus, the use of nanostructures to enhance water solubility of compounds and improve bioactivity may be very promising. This study investigated the antiparasitic activity of nanoemulsion prepared with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L), against monogenean parasites from the gills of C. macropomum. The particle size distribution and zeta potential suggested that a potentially kinetic stable system was generated. The nanoemulsion from C. officinalis oleoresin achieved high efficacy (100%) at low concentrations (200 and 300 mg/L) after 15 min of exposure. This was the first time that a nanoemulsion was generated from C. officinalis oleoresin using a solvent-free, non-heating and low-energy method. Moreover, this was the first time that an antiparasitic against monogeneans on fish gills, based on nanoemulsion of C. officinalis oleoresin, was tested.

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Outbreaks of diseases pose a major threat to sustainable aquaculture development worldwide. Application of herbal products to combat parasitic diseases provides an alternative approach for sustainable aquaculture. This study investigated the in vitro antiparasitic effects of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion prepared using the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus, against monogeneans infesting Colossoma macropomum. Gill arches from C. macropomum (47.6 ± 14.5 g and 13.5 ± 1.4 cm) that were naturally parasitized by Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were immersed in different dispersions of the P. emarginatus nanoemulsions (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L). The major compounds presented in the essential oil of P. emarginatus were ß-elemene, ß-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Characterization of these nanoemulsions showed that they have a small mean droplet size and low polydispersity index, which is concordant with stable systems. In this in vitro trial, the P. emarginatus nanoemulsion concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/L presented 100% helminthic efficacy against monogeneans of the gills of C. macropomum. The highest two concentrations used (400 and 600 mg/L) were seen to immobilize the parasites after only 15 min. Therefore, it would be worthwhile testing these concentrations in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of C. macropomum.

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Recently, a putative new pestivirus species, provisionally named as Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV), was associated with the congenital tremor in piglets in North America and consequently in Europe and Asia. The present research aimed to describe the detection and characterization of APPV employing NS5B gene partial sequencing, gross pathology and histologic examination of piglets displaying congenital tremor from two different farms of Southern Brazil. No gross lesions were observed, and the histological findings revealed moderate vacuolization of the white matter of the cerebellum. RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of APPV in samples from the two farms, which the samples were distinct in nature. Phylogenetic reconstruction reinforced the high genetic variability within the APPVs previously reported. This is the first report of APPV in South America suggesting that this new group of viruses may be widespread in swine herds in other countries as it is in Brazil.

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Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico em dietas de leitões machos castrados, durante a fase de creche (21 aos 54 dias de idade), sobre o desempenho, características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal e ocorrência de diarreia. Foram utilizados 368 leitões de mesma linhagem, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (1: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (oriundos do núcleo), 2: 1.830g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (330g oriundos do núcleo + 1.550g da suplementação), 3: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 500g de ß-glucano t/ração e 4: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 250g de Colistina t/ração) e quatro repetições com 23 animais por unidade experimental. O desempenho foi avaliado pelo ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. As características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal estudadas foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade das criptas intestinais, perímetro de vilosidade e a relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. A ocorrência de diarreia foi observada diariamente pela avaliação de escore fecal. A suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, β-glucano e antibiótico na dieta de leitões machos castrados, na fase de creche, não influenciaram o desempenho e a ocorrência de diarreia. Maior altura de vilosidade e maior profundidade de criptas no duodeno e íleo foram verificadas nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano. No jejuno foi observado maior perímetro de vilosidade nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano e nos animais que não receberam suplemento adicional na dieta.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in diets for castrated male piglets during the nursery phase (21 to 54 days of age) on performance, morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa and occurrence of diarrhea. A total of 368 piglets of the same strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (1- 330 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (derived of nucleus); 2 - 1,830 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (330g derived of nucleus + 1550g of supplementation); 3 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 500g ß-glucan/t of diet; and 4 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 250g colistin/t of diet) and four replications with 23 animals per experimental unit. Performance was assessed through weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa studied were villus height, intestinal crypt depth, villus circumference and villus height:crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum ratio. The occurrence of diarrhea was observed daily by the evaluation of fecal score. Supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in the diet of castrated male piglets in the nursery phase did not affect performance and occurrence of diarrhea. Greater villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum were verified in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan. In the jejunum, greater villus circumference was observed in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan and in the animals that did not receive additional supplemented diet.(AU)

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Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico em dietas de leitões machos castrados, durante a fase de creche (21 aos 54 dias de idade), sobre o desempenho, características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal e ocorrência de diarreia. Foram utilizados 368 leitões de mesma linhagem, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (1: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (oriundos do núcleo), 2: 1.830g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (330g oriundos do núcleo + 1.550g da suplementação), 3: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 500g de ß-glucano t/ração e 4: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 250g de Colistina t/ração) e quatro repetições com 23 animais por unidade experimental. O desempenho foi avaliado pelo ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. As características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal estudadas foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade das criptas intestinais, perímetro de vilosidade e a relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. A ocorrência de diarreia foi observada diariamente pela avaliação de escore fecal. A suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico na dieta de leitões machos castrados, na fase de creche, não influenciaram o desempenho e a ocorrência de diarreia. Maior altura de vilosidade e maior profundidade de criptas no duodeno e íleo foram verificadas nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano. No jejuno foi observado maior perímetro de vilosidade nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano e nos animais que não receberam suplemento adicional na dieta.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in diets for castrated male piglets during the nursery phase (21 to 54 days of age) on performance, morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa and occurrence of diarrhea. A total of 368 piglets of the same strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (1- 330 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (derived of nucleus); 2 - 1,830 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (330g derived of nucleus + 1550g of supplementation); 3 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 500g ß-glucan/t of diet; and 4 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 250g colistin/t of diet) and four replications with 23 animals per experimental unit. Performance was assessed through weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa studied were villus height, intestinal crypt depth, villus circumference and villus height:crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum ratio. The occurrence of diarrhea was observed daily by the evaluation of fecal score. Supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in the diet of castrated male piglets in the nursery phase did not affect performance and occurrence of diarrhea. Greater villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum were verified in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan. In the jejunum, greater villus circumference was observed in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan and in the animals that did not receive additional supplemented diet.(AU)

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Conidiobolomycosis and pythiosis are important diseases of sheep in midwestern Brazil. Veterinary practitioners consider it difficult to differentiate between these diseases because they have similar clinical features. In this study, 186 sheep were subjected to necropsy examination over a 6-year period. Thirty (16.1%) cases of rhinitis in sheep that were caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges (n = 15) or Pythium insidiosum (n = 15) were investigated further. The lesions of C. lamprauges infection were mainly rhinopharyngeal (86.7%), localized to the ethmoidal region and associated with exophthalmos. The lesions appear as a white to yellow, firm mass that microscopically appears as a granulomatous inflammatory reaction with numerous giant cells. In contrast, P. insidiosum infection is associated with rhinofacial (93.3%) lesions that mainly involve the frontal region and hard palate and appear as an irregular, friable, yellow to red mass. Microscopically, pythiosis presents as diffuse necrotizing eosinophilic rhinitis. Immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antisera raised specifically against the two organisms was used to confirm the identity of the infectious agent in each disease. This study reports the first immunohistochemical diagnosis of conidiobolomycosis and the first description of a rhinopharyngeal lesion caused by P. insidiosum in sheep.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto ósseo corticoesponjoso na osteogênese em falha cortical ulnar de galinhas domésticas. Foram utilizadas 18 galinhas, com aproximadamente 70 semanas de idade e peso corpóreo médio de 2,5kg. Criou-se uma falha óssea na porção diafisária média da ulna em ambas as asas, sendo a direita utilizada como grupo-controle (grupo I) e a esquerda como grupo-tratado (grupo II). As aves foram subdivididas aleatoriamente em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o período de observação (14, 35, 60 e 90 dias). No grupo II, dois fragmentos ósseos da carena do esterno foram retirados, seccionados e implantados na falha óssea. Ao término do período de observação de cada subgrupo, as aves foram abatidas com tiopental sódico para realização dos exames histopatológico e radiográfico post-mortem, com classificação dos resultados em escala semiquantitativa (escore). O grupo II demonstrou osteogênese mais evidente aos 35 e 90 dias de pós-cirúrgico (P<0,05). Ao comparar os grupos I e II, sem levar-se em consideração o tempo de observação, foi possível observar que houve diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o enxerto ósseo corticoesponjoso demonstra potencial osteogênico satisfatório na espécie estudada, entretanto retarda o tempo de remodelação óssea quando aplicado sobre falhas estáveis pequenas.

The aim of this survey was to evaluate the effect of cortico-cancellous bone grafting in osteogenesis in cortical ulnar failure in domestic chickens. Eighteen chickens weighing 2.5kg with approximately 70 weeks of age were used. A bone defect in the middle portion of the ulna shaft was created in both wings; the right wing in the control group (Group I) and the left in the treated group (Group II). The birds were randomly divided into four subgroups according to the observation period (14, 35, 60 and 90 days). In group II, two bone fragments of the keel of the sternum were removed, sectioned and implanted in the bone defects. At the end of the observation period for each subgroup, the birds were euthanaized with sodium thiopental to perform the histopathological and radiographic postmortem, with ranking of results in a semi-quantitative scale (score). Group II showed a more evident osteogenisis at 35 and 90 days after surgery (P<0.05). In comparing both groups, without time observation, there was statistical difference (P<0.05). In conclusion, the cortico-cancellous bone graft demonstrated satisfactory osteogenic potential in the specie studied, however, it delays the bone remodeling time when applied in stable small failures.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto ósseo corticoesponjoso na osteogênese em falha cortical ulnar de galinhas domésticas. Foram utilizadas 18 galinhas, com aproximadamente 70 semanas de idade e peso corpóreo médio de 2,5kg. Criou-se uma falha óssea na porção diafisária média da ulna em ambas as asas, sendo a direita utilizada como grupo-controle (grupo I) e a esquerda como grupo-tratado (grupo II). As aves foram subdivididas aleatoriamente em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o período de observação (14, 35, 60 e 90 dias). No grupo II, dois fragmentos ósseos da carena do esterno foram retirados, seccionados e implantados na falha óssea. Ao término do período de observação de cada subgrupo, as aves foram abatidas com tiopental sódico para realização dos exames histopatológico e radiográfico post-mortem, com classificação dos resultados em escala semiquantitativa (escore). O grupo II demonstrou osteogênese mais evidente aos 35 e 90 dias de pós-cirúrgico (P<0,05). Ao comparar os grupos I e II, sem levar-se em consideração o tempo de observação, foi possível observar que houve diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o enxerto ósseo corticoesponjoso demonstra potencial osteogênico satisfatório na espécie estudada, entretanto retarda o tempo de remodelação óssea quando aplicado sobre falhas estáveis pequenas.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to evaluate the effect of cortico-cancellous bone grafting in osteogenesis in cortical ulnar failure in domestic chickens. Eighteen chickens weighing 2.5kg with approximately 70 weeks of age were used. A bone defect in the middle portion of the ulna shaft was created in both wings; the right wing in the control group (Group I) and the left in the treated group (Group II). The birds were randomly divided into four subgroups according to the observation period (14, 35, 60 and 90 days). In group II, two bone fragments of the keel of the sternum were removed, sectioned and implanted in the bone defects. At the end of the observation period for each subgroup, the birds were euthanaized with sodium thiopental to perform the histopathological and radiographic postmortem, with ranking of results in a semi-quantitative scale (score). Group II showed a more evident osteogenisis at 35 and 90 days after surgery (P<0.05). In comparing both groups, without time observation, there was statistical difference (P<0.05). In conclusion, the cortico-cancellous bone graft demonstrated satisfactory osteogenic potential in the specie studied, however, it delays the bone remodeling time when applied in stable small failures.(AU)

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Thermal Lens Spectrometry has traditionally been carried out in the single-beam and the mode-mismatched dual-beam configurations. Recently, a much more sensitive dual-beam TL setup was developed, where the probe beam is expanded and collimated. This feature optimizes Thermal Lens (TL) signal and allows the use of thicker samples, further improving the sensitivity. In this paper, we have made comparisons between the conventional and optimized TL configurations, and presented applications such as measurements of very low absorptions and concentrations in water and Cr(III) aqueous solution in the UV-vis range. For pure water we found linear absorption coefficients as low as the Raman scattering one due to the stretching vibrational modes of OH group. The detection limit was estimated 1 × 10(-6)cm(-1) with a 180-mW excitation power using a 100-mm cell length. This sensitivity is very high, considering that water has a photothermal enhancement factor ∼ 33 times smaller than CCl(4), for example. For Cr(III) species in aqueous solution, the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated in ∼ 40 ng mL(-1) at 514 nm, or ∼ 10 ng mL(-1) at 405 nm, which is ∼ 30 times smaller than the LOD achieved with conventional transmission techniques. The more recent TL configuration is very attractive to obtain absorption spectra, since the result does not depend critically on the beam parameters, unlike the other configurations. The main drawbacks of this optimized TL configuration are the longer acquisition time and the need for larger samples.

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BACKGROUND: Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is involved in the toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of thiopurine drugs, and its gene exhibits genetic polymorphisms that differ across diverse populations. Four TPMT polymorphisms (TPMT*2, *3A, *3B and *3C) account for 80-95% of alleles that cause reduced enzyme activity. To date, only a single study in the Mexican population involving 108 individuals has been performed, but the regional and ethnic origin of this population was not described. Accordingly, information about the TPMT polymorphism in the Mexican population is limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the TPMT allele and genotype frequencies in a sample of newborns from Mexico City. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty DNA samples from unrelated, anonymous individuals were obtained from dried blood spots collected on filter paper as part of the Newborn Screening National Program. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for the TPMT*2 allele and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism for TPMT*3A, TPMT*3B, TPMT*3C alleles were used to determine the respective allelic and genotypic frequencies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Of 720 TPMT alleles analysed, 49 (6.81%) were deficiency alleles. The most common deficiency allele was TPMT*3A (5.69%), followed by TPMT*3C (0.56%), TPMT*3B (0.28%) and TPMT*2 (0.28%). Fourty-five newborns were heterozygous for one mutant allele (12.5%) and two showed a genotype with two deficiency alleles (0.56%). Despite its unique ethnic composition, our Mexican population exhibited variant allele frequencies that were similar to some Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that approximately 1 in 180 persons born in Mexico City might have low or undetectable TPMT enzyme activity, a frequency that, overall, is somewhat higher than that reported for Caucasian populations generally (1 in 300).

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The aim of this study was to evaluate, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the calcium fluoride uptake by human enamel in situ after topical application using three fluoridated mouthrinses: a neutral pH solution (Fluordent), an acidulated solution (Fluorgard) and a solution associated with chlorhexidine (Duplak). Twenty-four samples from 6 third sound human molars were divided into two groups: 5-min treatment and 10-min treatment. In both the 5-min and 10-min treatment samples, those treated with the chlorhexidine-associated solution showed higher formation of CaF2-like material. In the 10-min treatment group, the samples treated with the neutral solution showed higher formation of CaF2. These results indicated that the products used deposited CaF2 on the enamel surface and may be recommended to aid the prevention and control of dental caries.

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155 specimens of mussels (Modiolus capax) were gathered during March 1993 in a subtidal bed, located in northern Ocotal, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. For each individual in the random sample, shell length, breadth and height were measured and total weight, shell weight empty and meat weight were controlled. Analysis of data determined relationships of length to weight, length to breadth and length to height of Lt = 1.31977 Pt + 29.05478, Lt = 0.36605 D + 3.98744 and Lt = 0.50434 A + 2.73786. The mean Conditional Index for the population was 39 +/- 0.07.

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1. The morphological aspects of globules deposited in vitro when a NaF solution is applied to sound human enamel were studied by scanning electron microscopy. 2. Particles, presumably of calcium fluoride-like material, formed on the surfaces of an unerupted tooth and consisted of subunits showing a "cauliflower" appearance, indicating agglomeration of even smaller particles. The number and size of the crystals increased with time of exposure. 3. These particles represent highly resistant fluoride reservoirs and may be of clinical significance.

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1. The morphological aspects of globules deposited in vitro when a NaF solution is applied to sound human enamel were studied by scanning electron microscopy. 2. Particles, presumably of calcium fluoride-like material, formed on the surfaces of an unerupted tooth and consisted of subunits showing a "cauliflower" appearance, idnciating agglomeration of even smaller particles. The number and size of the crystals increased with time of exposure. 3. These particles represent highly resistant fluoride reservoirs and may be of clincial significance

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Subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis preferently or exclusively located in the cervical area is often unilateral, self-limited and of probable viral origin. Women under 30 years of age are affected in 80% of cases. Cure is produced in 2 to 3 months although sometimes a much longer course may be observed. Recurrence in the same or other areas may also occur. The histological pattern is characteristic with foci of necrosis with dust-like nuclear rests, absence of neutrophils, scarcity of plasma cells and a notorious proliferation of T4, lymphoimmune histiocytes that partially or completely erase the lymphoid structure. The aspect of a non Hodgkin large cell lymphoma may be stimulated.

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Se informa de un caso de fetus in fetu intraabdominal y a nivel testicular en un nino de nueve meses, observado en el Hospital Universitario de Puebla U.A.P., que ingreso por gastroenteritis y bronconeumonia, diagnosticado adecuadamente por metodos radiologicos en donde la tomografia jugo un papel importante. El paciente fallecio por una neumonia de celulas gigantes y se presentan los hallazgos anatomopatologicos mas descriptivos. Se revisa la literatura y sus posibles teorias etiopatogenicas, haciendo una diferenciacion con otros tipos de teratoma, postulandose los requisitos para su clasificacion

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PIP: In view of the scarce information about family planning among the Mexican population, audiovisual material was prepared to promote the mehtods and benefits of family planning. The material consists of 22 slides, recorded explanation, and music. Psychological factors, such as sensory perception, image symbiolism, language, education, sex, attention span, motivation, and identification, and social factors, such as status and recognition, were taken into consideration. The program is presently shown to an average of 120 persons daily, including outpatients and hospital patients. Its use led to a considerable increase in the number of patients who voluntarily attend the family planning clinic for medical advice on fertility control.^ieng

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