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Background: Glycation products have been linked to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in a number of clinical settings. This study examined the correlation between early glycation products (HbA1c and glycated albumin (ALB-g)) and advanced glycation end products (pentosidine (PTD)) with BMD in two groups of participants: those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and those without diabetes or any other comorbidities (noDM). All of the participants had resided in southeastern Mexico for a minimum of 10 years. Material and Methods: This study included 204 participants: 112 (55%) with DM2 and 92 (45%) healthy subjects. We utilized dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure both the total and segment-specific BMD and adipose mass. In addition, the fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, PTD, and ALB-g parameters were measured. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: There was an inverse correlation between PTD and BMD in all anatomical regions among postmenopausal women (PMW) in the DM2 group, whereas in non-PMW, only the waist-to-height ratio was statistically significant. A negative correlation was observed between HbA1c levels and BMD in the arms and legs of DM2 individuals. However, in the noDM group, a negative correlation was found between HbA1c levels and BMD in the pelvis, while a positive association was observed between HbA1c and indicators of adipose tissue. ALB-g, demonstrated a negative correlation with fat mass. After performing binary logistic regressions, the following odds ratios (OR) for osteopenia/osteoporosis risk were determined: PTD OR 1.1 (p = 0.047) for DM2 PMW, HbA1c OR 1.4 (p = 0.048), and fat mass content OR 1.011 (p = 0.023) for the entire sample. Conclusions: Glycation products are associated with BMD differentially depending on the analyzed anatomical segment, but PTD, HbA1c, and fat mass are significant predictors of low bone mass. In prospective studies, this association could be determined using other techniques involving three-dimensional analysis of bone architecture to evaluate bone architecture.

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Milk is considered a complete meal that requires supervision to determine its suitability for human consumption. The development of sustainable devices that evaluate food properties has gained importance due to the necessity of integrating these instruments into the production chain. However, the materials employed to develop it, such as polymers, semiconductors, and glass, lack sustainability and require specialized equipment to fabricate them. Different chemical techniques have been used to miniaturize these detection systems such as microfluidics, which have been used in milk component detection using colorimetry. In this work, a cantilever beam paper-based microfluidic system is proposed to evaluate differences in milk, according to nutritional information, using its electromechanical response. A 20-microliter milk drop is deposited in the system, which induces hygroexpansion and deflection due to liquid transport within the paper. Likewise, a conductive path is added on the beam top surface to supply a constant current that induces heat to evaporate the solution. According to the results obtained, it is possible to point out differences between trademarks with this microfluidic system. The novelty of this system relies on the paper electromechanical response that integrates the hygroexpansion-induced displacement, which can be used for further applications such as milk microtesters instead of colorimetric tests that use paper as a property-evaluation platform in combination with chemical reactions.

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Nowadays, the use of renewable, green/eco-friendly technologies is attracting the attention of researchers, with a view to overcoming recent challenges that must be faced to guarantee the availability of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Therefore, this work proposes a methodology based on Genetic Algorithms (GA) and multivariate regression for estimating and modeling the State of Charge (SOC) in Electric Vehicles. Indeed, the proposal considers the continuous monitoring of six load-related variables that have an influence on the SOC (State of Charge), specifically, the vehicle acceleration, vehicle speed, battery bank temperature, motor RPM, motor current, and motor temperature. Thus, these measurements are evaluated in a structure comprised of a Genetic Algorithm and a multivariate regression model in order to find those relevant signals that better model the State of Charge, as well as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The proposed approach is validated under a real set of data acquired from a self-assembly Electric Vehicle, and the obtained results show a maximum accuracy of approximately 95.5%; thus, this proposed method can be applied as a reliable diagnostic tool in the automotive industry.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de mama es una proliferación maligna de las células epiteliales que revisten los conductos o lobulillos mamarios. Objetivo: caracterizar la efectividad de técnicas analgésicas preventivas con bloqueos regionales en el control del dolor postoperatorio tardío del cáncer de mama, en el Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "León Cuervo Rubio", durante el período 2017 a 2019. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, longitudinal y prospectiva en coordinación con el servicio de Anestesiología y Cirugía del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "León Cuervo Rubio". El universo de estudio fue de 260 pacientes con diagnóstico positivo de cáncer de mama y la muestra escogida fue de 176 pacientes, la misma cumplió con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: el mayor número de mujeres afectadas estuvo enmarcado entre la quinta y séptima década de la vida para un 65,6 % del total incluido en el estudio, en los dos grupos predominó la ausencia de dolor a dolor ligero; se observó que las complicaciones fueron escasas en los dos grupos, aunque con un ligero incremento en el grupo A con predominio de las náuseas y vómitos en 23 pacientes (26,14 %). Conclusiones: se evidenció una estabilidad hemodinámica en ambos grupos de estudio, donde la variación de la intensidad del dolor es mínima y la complicación postoperatorio más frecuente es las náuseas y los vómitos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: breast cancer is a malignant proliferation of epithelial cells lining the breast ducts or lobules. Objective: to characterize the effectiveness of preventive analgesic techniques with regional blocks in the control of late postoperative pain of breast cancer at Leon Cuervo Rubio Provincial Surgical Clinical Teaching Hospital during the period 2017 to 2019. Methods: an observational, analytical, longitudinal and prospective research was conducted in coordination with the service of Anesthesiology and Surgery at Leon Cuervo Rubio Provincial Surgical Clinical Teaching Hospital. The study target group comprised 260 patients with positive diagnosis of breast cancer and the sample chosen was 176 patients, it met the inclusion criteria. Results: the greatest number of affected women was between the fifth and seventh decade of life, representing 65,6 % of the total included in the study, in both groups there was a predominance of absence of pain to slight pain; it was observed that complications were scarce in both groups, although with a slight increase in group A with a predominance of nausea and vomiting in 23 patients (26,14 %). Conclusions: hemodynamic stability was evidenced in both study groups, where the variation in pain intensity was minimal and the most frequent postoperative complication was nausea and vomiting.

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RESUMEN Introducción: las onicomicosis son infecciones fúngicas de la lámina ungueal y tejidos adyacentes. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del tratamiento alternativo con oleozón tópico en pacientes con onicomicosis de los consultorios 24 y 25 del Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" de la provincia de Pinar del Río, de 2017-2018. MétodoS: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal a los pacientes diagnosticados con onicomicosis en los consultorios 24 y 25 del Policlínico "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" durante el 2017-2018, el universo estuvo conformado por 90 pacientes con el diagnostico de esta enfermedad, se trabajó con la totalidad de ellos; se estratificó en tres grupos, grupo A (ketoconazol tópico más fluconazol tableta), grupo B (oleozón tópico) y grupo C (fluconazol tableta más oleozón tópico). Resultados: predominó el grupo etáreo de 60-69 (31,1 %) y el sexo masculino (65,6 %), predominaron los pacientes que presentaron cambios de coloración en las uñas (32 %), en el grupo A el 56,7 % de los pacientes presentaron mejoría entre tres y seis meses, el grupo B el 93,3 % en el mismo periodo que el grupo A y en el grupo C el 100 % se curaron en el mismo periodo que los demás grupos. Conclusiones: predominó el grupo de 60-69 años de edad, el sexo masculino fue el más afectado. El signo más frecuente fue el cambio de coloración y el síntoma el dolor; el tratamiento combinado fue el más efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: onychomycoses are fungal infections of the nail plate and adjacent tissues. Objective: to determine the efficacy of alternative treatment with topical oleozon in patients with onychomycosis of the 24th and 25th Doctor's Offices belonging to Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Rio province during 2017-2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with onychomycosis in the 24th and 25th Doctor's Offices belonging to Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Rio province during 2017-2018. The target group comprised 90 patients diagnosed with this disease, working with all of them, which were stratified into three groups, group-A (topical ketoconazole plus fluconazole tablet), group-B (topical oleozon) and group-C (fluconazole tablet plus topical oleozon). Results: the age group 60-69 (31,1 %) and male sex (65,6 %) predominated, patients with nail discoloration changes predominated (32 %), in group-A 56,7 % of patients showed improvement between 3 and 6 months, group-B 93,3 % in the same period as group-A and in group-C 100 % were cured in the same period as the other groups. Conclusions: the age group from 60-69 predominated, male sex was the most affected. The most frequent sign was discoloration change and the symptom was pain; combined treatment was the most effective.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el lenguaje oral está basado principalmente en la información acústica. La hipoacusia es la pérdida parcial de la capacidad auditiva. A partir de los 40 decibelios en adelante, su presencia repercute en la adquisición de las funciones del lenguaje y el desarrollo integral del niño. Objetivo: describir la evolución de un caso clínico hipoacúsico con implante coclear, tras la aplicación de una terapia auditivo-verbal. Presentación de caso: se presenta un niño de 10 años y siete meses de edad, con retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje debido a una Hipoacusia Neurosensorial Bilateral Profunda de presunto origen congénito. Después de ser diagnosticado tempranamente con esta enfermedad, fue incluido en el Programa Nacional de Implante Coclear con vistas a mejorar sus capacidades auditivas y facilitar así la retroalimentación auditiva. Luego de la cirugía se le comenzó a aplicar una terapia auditivo verbal para propiciar la adquisición adecuada de las funciones del lenguaje. Conclusiones: los niños con problemas de audición pueden aprender a escuchar y a hablar mediante un diagnóstico y una intervención temprana, la tecnología apropiada y con la dedicación de padres y terapeutas que comparten la visión de darle voz al futuro del niño. Es importante tener en cuenta que el tratamiento adecuado, la capacidad intelectual de los niños y el ambiente familiar, condicionan la evolución exitosa de las terapias aplicadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: oral language is mainly based on acoustic information. Hypoacusis is the partial loss of hearing capacity; from 40 decibels and above, its presence has an impact on the acquisition of language functions and the overall development of the child. Objective: to describe the evolution of a clinical case of a hearing impaired patient with cochlear implant after the application of an auditory-verbal therapy. Case report: a 10-year-old and 7 months boy with delayed language development due to a Deep Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss of presumed congenital origin, after being diagnosed early with this disease he was included in the National Cochlear Implant Program in order to improve his hearing abilities and thus facilitate auditory feedback. After surgery, he began to undergo auditory-verbal therapy to promote the proper acquisition of language functions. Conclusions: hearing impaired children can learn to listen and speak through early diagnosis and intervention, appropriate technology and with the perseverance of parents and therapists who share the vision of giving voice to the future of the child. It is important to keep in mind that the appropriate treatment, the intellectual capacity of children and the family environment condition the successful evolution of the therapies applied.

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BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that genomic instability is associated with several mechanisms involving oxidative stress, which can increase the rate of DNA breaks. Such factors include smoking, impairments in body composition, an unhealthy lifestyle, and a hereditary history of cancer. The aim was to evaluate the degree of association of genomic instability in smokers and non-smokers, and how the risk could change depending on the lifestyle and other causes. For this purpose, a survey of tobacco consumption, dietary patterns, physical activity, antecedents of cancer, and body composition assessment was carried out. Genomic instability was evaluated through a single-cell gel electrophoresis using peripheral blood mononuclear cells in three different conditions of oxidative stress. The analysis of genomic damage degree was performed through a dimension reduction procedure (principal component analysis) from 16 parameters per treatment (adding up 48 parameters of genomic damage per subject) and a binary logistic regression model for DNA fragmentation risk. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 82 participants, divided into three age groups: young adults (18-35 years), adults (36-59 years), and older adults (60-95 years). As expected, the results showed a significant positive correlation of age with genomic damage rates, represented by 2 PCA groups (p = 0.027, p = 0.004). There were consistent significant positive associations of genomic damage rates with smoking index and three PCA groups (p = 0.007, p = 0.004, p = 0.009). The smoking status and age group analysis revealed that there were significant differences for adult smokers with the same aforementioned PCA groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.010). In addition, higher DNA damage rates were found in subjects with incorrect diet patterns, long sitting hours, and previous exposure to radiation. The analysis with binary logistic regression displayed two models in which lifestyles (age, diet, and/or sedentarism) did not change the significance of smoking index for DNA fragmentation risk; however, when physical activity was present in the model, the smoking index was not a significant factor for DNA damage risk. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is well known that smoking affects human health in different ways, DNA fragmentation can be analyzed by a damage phenotypic analysis and integrate a risk analysis reshaped by diet and lifestyle in general.

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INTRODUCTION: Objective: the exact prevalence of obesity in Mexico is not well known and varies between sources, but more than 30% of Mexico's population are obese. Obesity is associated with several diseases such as metabolic syndrome; the latter, along with cancer, have become public health concerns worldwide, and their association has been widely studied in developed countries. The aim of this study was to identify the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome and to describe its characteristics among first-time cancer patients at a referral center in Mexico. Methods: a prospective, observational, cohort study of first-time patients of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico in the period of September 2016-2017. We identified 1,165 first-time patients, and 316 patients with known or recently diagnosed metabolic syndrome were included. Results: median age was 55 years old and most were female (81%). The most frequent tumors were breast, gynecological, and hematological. Obesity (class 1-3) and abnormal glucose and/or previous diabetes mellitus diagnosis were mostly observed in patients with skin and soft tissue tumors; dyslipidemia, high triglycerides, and/or low HDL-cholesterol were mostly observed in patients with gastrointestinal tumors. Conclusion: the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among first-time cancer patients was 27%. As obesity and cancer are of public concern in Mexico, the implementation of preventive strategies for metabolic syndrome patients, focusing on the first level of care during early stages in order to reduce the risk of cancer, is needed.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: la prevalencia de la obesidad en México es mayor del 30% de la población total. La obesidad se asocia con diversas enfermedades, entre ellas el síndrome metabólico; este y el cáncer se han convertido en problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial, y su asociación ha sido ampliamente estudiada en países desarrollados. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico y describir las características entre pacientes oncológicos de primera vez en un hospital de tercer nivel en México. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional y de cohortes que incluye a pacientes oncológicos atendidos por primera vez en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología durante el periodo de septiembre 2016 a 2017. Identificamos 1165 pacientes; 316 tenían el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico y fueron incluidos en el presente estudio. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue de 55 años y la mayoría de los pacientes eran del sexo femenino (81%). Las neoplasias más frecuentes fueron las de mama, ginecológicas y hematológicas. La obesidad (clase 1-3) y la glucosa anormal y/o un diagnóstico previo de diabetes mellitus se observaron mayormente en pacientes con neoplasias de piel y tejidos blandos; los pacientes con neoplasias gastrointestinales presentaron mayormente dislipidemia, triglicéridos elevados y/o HDL bajo. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en nuestros pacientes oncológicos fue de 27%. Al ser la obesidad y el cáncer problemas de salud pública en México, la implementación de medidas preventivas para pacientes con síndrome metabólico debe enfocarse en el primer nivel de atención, durante etapas tempranas, para poder reducir el riesgo de cáncer.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the safety of colpotomy in terms of intra- and post-operative complications in women taken to laparoscopy for the removal of benign masses. Materials and methods: Case series of patients with benign adnexal or uterine masses taken to laparoscopic surgery and removal of the specimen through colpotomy. The patients signed the informed consent. Patients with obliterated posterior cul-de-sac, narrow vagina, absence or uterus, deep endometriosis, inflammatory pelvic disease, masses of less than 4 cm, were excluded. Consecutive sampling was used. Sociodemographic, clinical, qualitative and quantitative variables were studied by means of a descriptive analysis of the data. The research study was endorsed by the ethics committee of the institution. Results: During the study period, 12 procedures for the removal of benign pelvic masses using posterior colpotomy were performed. Mean age was 34.3 years (IQR: 29-39,5). Of these cases, 50% were nulliparous women. Mean surgical time was 127 minutes (IQR: 90-150). There were no conversions to laparotomy, and there were no intra- or postoperative complications. Conclusions: Posterior colpotomy is an option that can be considered in the removal of benign pelvic masses of more than 5 cm in size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la seguridad de la colpotomía en mujeres llevadas a laparoscopia por masas benignas en términos de complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos que incluyó pacientes con masas anexiales o uterinas benignas, sometidas a laparoscopia operatoria con extracción de la pieza quirúrgica mediante colpotomía, previo consentimiento informado. Se excluyeron pacientes con fondo de saco posterior obliterado, vagina estrecha, ausencia de útero, endometriosis profunda, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, masas menores de 4 cm, muestreo consecutivo. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, cualitativas y cuantitativas mediante un análisis descriptivo. La investigación fue avalada por el comité de ética médica de la institución. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se realizaron 12 extracciones de masas pélvicas benignas por colpotomía posterior. La mediana de la edad fue de 34,3 años (Rango Intercuartílico - RIC: 29-39,5). El 50 % de las pacientes eran nulíparas. La mediana de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 127 minutos (RIC: 90-150). No se realizó ninguna conversión a laparotomía. No se presentaron complicaciones intra ni posoperatorias. Conclusiones: La colpotomía posterior es una alternativa por considerar en la extracción de masas pélvicas benignas cuando tengan un tamaño mayor a 5 cm.

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BACKGROUND: Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) constitute a group of small synthetic peptides that stimulate the growth hormone secretion and the downstream axis activity. Mounting evidences since the early 1980s delineated unexpected pharmacological cardioprotective and cytoprotective properties for the GHRPs. However, despite intense basic pharmacological research, alternatives to prevent cell and tissue demise before lethal insults have remained as an empty niche in the clinical armamentarium. Here, we have rigorously reviewed the investigational development of GHRPs and their clinical niching perspectives. METHODOLOGY: PubMed/MEDLINE databases, including original research and review articles, were explored. The search design was date escalated from 1980 and included articles in English only. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: GHRPs bind to two different receptors (GHS-R1a and CD36), which redundantly or independently exert relevant biological effects. GHRPs' binding to CD36 activates prosurvival pathways such as PI-3K/AKT1, thus reducing cellular death. Furthermore, GHRPs decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) spillover, enhance the antioxidant defenses, and reduce inflammation. These cytoprotective abilities have been revealed in cardiac, neuronal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic cells, representing a comprehensive spectrum of protection of parenchymal organs. Antifibrotic effects have been attributed to some of the GHRPs by counteracting fibrogenic cytokines. In addition, GHRP family members have shown a potent myotropic effect by promoting anabolia and inhibiting catabolia. Finally, GHRPs exhibit a broad safety profile in preclinical and clinical settings. Despite these fragmented lines incite to envision multiple pharmacological uses for GHRPs, especially as a myocardial reperfusion damage-attenuating candidate, this family of "drugable" peptides awaits for a definitive clinical niche.

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The epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been underdiagnosed because it does not have a specific clinical presentation, and the signs and symptoms are similar to the irritable bowel syndrome and pelvic inflammatory disease. EOC is less common than breast and cervical cancer, but it is more lethal. On the whole, EOC has an early dissemination to peritoneal cavity, which delays a timely diagnosis and increases the rate of advanced diagnosed disease. The diagnosis usually surprises the women and the primary care physician. Therefore, it is necessary to count on prevention and early diagnosis programs. EOC has 80% response to surgical treatment, but nearly 70% of the patients may relapse in five years. The objectives of this document are presenting a summary of the EOC epidemiology and comment about advancements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this cancer. That will raise awareness about the importance of this disease.

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Abstract The epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been underdiagnosed because it does not have a specific clinical presentation, and the signs and symptoms are similar to the irritable bowel syndrome and pelvic inflammatory disease. EOC is less common than breast and cervical cancer, but it is more lethal. On the whole, EOC has an early dissemination to peritoneal cavity, which delays a timely diagnosis and increases the rate of advanced diagnosed disease. The diagnosis usually surprises the women and the primary care physician. Therefore, it is necessary to count on prevention and early diagnosis programs. EOC has 80% response to surgical treatment, but nearly 70% of the patients may relapse in five years. The objectives of this document are presenting a summary of the EOC epidemiology and comment about advancements in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this cancer. That will raise awareness about the importance of this disease.

Resumen El cáncer ovárico epitelial (COE) ha sido subdiagnosticado debido a que no tiene presentación clínica específica y a que los signos y síntomas son similares al síndrome de colon irritable y a la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica. Es menos común que el cáncer de mama o el cervicouterino, pero es más letal. En general, tiene diseminación temprana a cavidad peritoneal, lo cual retrasa un pronóstico oportuno e incrementa la tasa de diagnóstico de enfermedad avanzada. Usualmente, el diagnóstico sorprende a la mujer y al médico de primer contacto. Entonces, es necesario contar con programas de prevención y diagnóstico temprano. El COE tiene 80% de respuesta quirúrgica, pero cerca de 70% de las pacientes puede recaer en cinco años. Los objetivos de este documento son presentar un resumen de la epidemiología del COE y comentar los avances en prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de este cáncer. Esto despertará la conciencia acerca de la importancia de esta enfermedad.

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La utilización de las plaquetas con fines terapéuticos ha cobrado gran interés en los últimos años por las grandes propiedades que presentan como reparadoras de tejidos. Además de su papel en la coagulación y la hemostasia, las plaquetas contienen gránulos alfa con varias moléculas (factores de crecimiento) que son secretadas tras su activación. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, donde se exponen las principales propiedades y funciones de las plaquetas que le confieren propiedades terapéuticas en diferentes lesiones del sistema osteomioarticular. Se presentan además sus componentes y funciones. Se llega a conclusiones destacando la utilidad de las plaquetas con fines terapéuticos en pacientes con afecciones ortopédicas.

The use of platelets for therapeutic purposes has gained great interest in recent years by their large properties as tissue repair. Besides its role in clotting and hemostasis, platelet alpha granules contain several molecules (growth factors) that are secreted upon activation. A literature review was performed to present the main features and functions of platelets that give them therapeutic properties in different injuries of the osteomioarticular system. Its components and functions are also presented here. Platelets usefulness for therapeutic purposes in patients with orthopedic conditions is highlighted.

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The ventral tegmental area (VTA), and in particular dopamine (DA) neurons in this region of midbrain, has been shown to play an important role in motivation (goal-directed behavior), reward, and drug addiction. Most evidence that implicates VTA DA neurons in these functions are based on widely accepted but indirect electrophysiological characterization, including the hyperpolarization activated non-specific cation current (Ih), spike frequency, and inhibition by D2 receptor agonists. In this study, we used a known neuronal dopamine transporter (DAT) fluorescent substrate [4-(4- (dimethylamino) styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide] (ASP+) to visualize DAT-containing cell bodies of DA neurons in VTA region in rat brain slices. Uptake of 100 nM of ASP+ in brain slices of rat VTA region marked 38% of visible neurons, while other neurons from this region and 100% neurons from hippocampus slices were not fluorescent. Using patch-clamp techniques, we have found that pronounced Ih current was present in all fluorescent neurons from VTA area, also spike frequency was similar to the widely accepted values for DA neurons. Furthermore, additional study has shown that there are 84% coincidence of ASP+ fluorescence in neuronal cell bodies and Falck-Hillarp labeling of DA cells. Electrophysiological recordings during ASP+ application have confirmed that low concentrations (100 nM) of ASP+ have no visible effect on neuronal activity during 1-2 hours after staining. Thus, uptake of fluorescent monoamine analog ASP+ by DAT can be an additional criterion for identification of DAT-containing neurons in slices.

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Objetivo: presentar dos casos de pacientes con cáncer de cérvix estadios IA2, con deseos de paridad, que fueron sometidas a traquelectomía radical vaginal como cirugía conservadora de la fertilidad, y realizar una revisión de la literatura científica disponible acerca de las complicaciones, tasas de recurrencia, calidad de vida y fertilidad posterior.Materiales y métodos: se presentan dos casos de pacientes con cáncer de cérvix estadios IA2 con deseo de fertilidad futura, que fueron sometidas a traquelectomía radical vaginal con linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica, en el Hospital San José, institución privada de referencia ubicada en Bogotá, Colombia, en el año 2011. La búsqueda de la literatura se hizo a través de Medline en idioma inglés y español. Se buscaron reportes y series de casos, ensayos clínicos controlados y revisiones de tema en el periodo comprendido entre 1980 al 2011.Conclusión: la traquelectomía radical vaginal y la linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica son una alternativa que se debe considerar para el manejo conservador de la fertilidad en pacientes con estadios tempranos de cáncer invasivo de cérvix.

Objective: Presenting two cases of patients suffering from stage IA2 cervical cancer who were wishing to preserve future fertility were submitted to radical vaginal trachelectomy as fertlity- sapring surgery. A review of the available scientific literature about the complications, recurrence rates, quality of life and later fertility was also made. Materials and methods: Two cases of patients suffering stage IA2 cervical cancer wishing for future fertility are presented; they were submitted to radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic laparoscopic lymphadenectomy at the San José hospital (a private reference institution) in Bogotá, Colombia, during 2011. A literature search was made via Medline in both English and Spanish. Case reports, series of cases, controlled clinical assays and reviews of the topic from 1980 to 2011 were sought. Conclusion: Radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic laparoscopic lymphadenectomy represents an alternative for the conservative management of fertility in patients suffering early stages of invasive cervical cancer.

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Micro cantilever beams have been intensively used in sensing applications including to scanning profiles and surfaces where there resolution and imaging speed are critical. Force resolution is related to the Q-factor. When the micro-cantilever operates in air with small separation gaps, the Q-factor is even more reduced due to the squeeze-film damping effect. Thus, the optimization of the configuration of an AFM micro-cantilever is presented in this work with the objective of improving its Q-factor. To accomplish this task, we propose the inclusion of holes as breathing chimneys in the initial design to reduce the squeeze-film damping effect. The evaluation of the Q-factor was carried out using finite element model, which is implemented to work together with the squeeze-film damping model. The methodology applied in the optimization process was genetic algorithms, which considers as constraints the maximum allowable stress, fundamental frequency and spring constant with respect to the initial design. The results show that the optimum design, which includes holes with an optimal location, increases the Q-factor almost five times compared to the initial design.

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Objetivo: presentar dos casos y revisar la literatura acerca de la etiología de la enfermedad y los métodos utilizados para su diagnóstico. Casos clínicos: los casos fueron atendidos en el Hospital de San José, Hospital Universitario de referencia de tercer nivel de atención, a donde llegaron remitidas, por infertilidad y dolor pélvico crónico, dos pacientes. Sus ecografías mostraban imágenes hiperecogénicas en endometrio. Se les realizó histeroscopia, encontrando múltiples formaciones óseas flotantes en cavidad endometrial, extraídas con pinza grasper, cuyos cortes histológicos confirmaron el diagnóstico de metaplasia ósea endometrial. La primera mujer quedó en estado de embarazo 8 meses después de la intervención, finalmente tuvo un recién nacido a término sano. La segunda mujer inició dos embarazos que terminaron en abortos tempranos completos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, SciELO y Ovid, en donde se incluyeron artículos publicados en los últimos 15 años. Conclusión: la metaplasia ósea es un problema de diferenciación celular, de las células madre estromales del endometrio secundario, a raíz de una deficiencia de superóxido dismutasa. Esta entidad se sospecha por ecografía transvaginal y se debe diagnosticar y tratar con histeroscopia.

Objective: presenting two cases and reviewing the pertinent literature concerning the methods used in diagnosing the entity and its etiology. Clinical cases: the cases were attended in the third-level San José teaching hospital where they had been referred due to infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Their echographies revealed hyperechogenic images in the endometrium. Hysteroscopy was performed, revealing multiple osseous formations floating within the endometrial cavity; these were extracted with grasper tweezers and their histological sections confirmed a diagnosis of osseous metaplasia of the endometrium. The first woman became pregnant 8 months later, delivering a healthy newborn at full-term; the second woman became pregnant twice but her attempts ended in complete early abortions. Materials and methods: a search was made of MEDLINE databases via PUBMED, SciELO and Ovid, including articles published during the last 15 years. Conclusion: osseous metaplasia is a cause of infertility involving cellular differentiation of secondary endometrial stromal (stem) cells leading to superoxide dismutase deficiency; this is suspected by transvaginal echography (ultrasound) and should be diagnosed and treated with hysteroscopy.

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RESUMO

Se describe el proceso de implementación del Programa Familias Fuertes (PFF), dirigido a padres con hijos adolescentes entre 10 y 14 años. Se considera la adolescencia como la etapa donde la mayoría de los jóvenes son más susceptibles a problemas de índole psicosocial. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), ha adaptado y estandarizado a la realidad Latino americana el PFF. Los objetivos del programa fueron ayudar a los padres o tutores a aprender aptitudes de crianza que apoyen el desarrollo del joven, enseñar maneras efectivas de disciplinar, guiar a sus hijos, ofrecer a los jóvenes orientaciones saludables para el futuro, enseñar aptitudes para enfrentar el estrés y la presión de grupo e incrementar el aprecio de los jóvenes al esfuerzo de sus padres o tutores. Se evaluó la implementación del PFF en el Barrio El Chile de Tegucigalpa. La muestra incluyó dos grupos de 22 familias en cada grupo. Las familias en el grupo de intervención participaron en siete sesiones, 82% fueron del sexo femenino y 18% masculino, con edad promedio de 12 años. Las familias en el grupo control, 48% fueron del sexo femenino y 52% masculino y recibieron material educativo sobre nutrición. Cada sesión incluyó manifestación de elogios entre todos los participantes, dinámicas que llevaron a la reflexión, relacionadas con el comportamiento de los jóvenes y la relación con sus padres, también se prepararon a los adolescentes para la sesión conjunta con sus padres; se concluía presentando productos y tareas para la semana. Los jóvenes participantes descubrieron objetivos y metas para su vida futura, reflexionaron sobre cómo apreciar a los padres a través de juegos asumiendo el papel de padres, destacando más ventajas que desventajas de ser padres, comprendiendo los compromisos y preocupaciones que éstos tienen, lo que les lleva a tener muchas veces dificultades y frustraciones y a actuar de manera conflictiva. Reconocieron las cualidades de sus padres...

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