RESUMO
It has been reported that ventilation with large tidal volumes causes pulmonary edema in rats by the stimulation and release of proinflammatory mediators. Our objective was to determine the level at which volutrauma induced by changes in Airway Pressure (PAW) and Inspiratory Volume (VI) produce significant changes on the Fluid Filtration Rate (FFR) and Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) in lungs perfused with blood (cellular groups) or with a buffer-albumin solution (acellular groups), with a Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) 0 or 2 cmH2O and to study the effect of a vasodilator with antiinflammatory properties (fenoterol) in blood-perfused groups. Three experimental groups were used: the cellular groups studied the effect of increased PAW and IV in isolated lungs perfused with blood and PEEP 0 and 2; the acellular groups studied the increased PAW and IV in isolated lungs perfused with a buffer-albumin solution and PEEP 0 and 2; The fenoterol group studied the effect of increased PAW and IV in isolated lungs perfused with blood + fenoterol and PEEP 2. The results show that an increase of FFR is produced earlier in acellular groups than in cellular ones and that the damage in cellular groups is microscopically and macroscopically inferior when compared to acellular groups. Fenoterol did not inhibit edema formation, and that PEEP 2, both in the cellular and the acellular groups, has a protective effect. We propose the possible existence of mediators with protective effects against the formation of pulmonary edema in the blood. These data suggest that volutrauma induced pulmonary edema has a predominantly traumatic origin when the lungs are perfused with blood.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Artéria Pulmonar/fisiologia , Circulação Pulmonar , Edema Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fenoterol/farmacologia , Filtração , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Fator de Ativação de Plaquetas/antagonistas & inibidores , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/efeitos adversos , Atelectasia Pulmonar/etiologia , Edema Pulmonar/etiologia , Edema Pulmonar/prevenção & controle , Coelhos , Mecânica Respiratória , Volume de Ventilação PulmonarRESUMO
Es bien conocido que el uso de la ventilación mecánica con altos volúmenes causa edema pulmonar y que uno de los mecanismos propuestos es la estimulación y aumento de mediadores proinflamatorios. Por este motivo, se realizó un estudio con el objeto de, a través de la creación de volutrauma con aumentos graduales de la Presión de Vía Aérea (PVA) y Volumen Inspiratorio (VI), conocer a que nivel se producen cambios significativos sobre la Tasa de Filtración de Líquidos (TFL) y Presión de Arteria Pulmonar (PAP), mostrar la diferencia entre los pulmones perfundidos con sangre o con solución acelular, con Presión Positiva al final de la Espiración (PEEP) 0 y 2 cmH2O y por último determinar el efecto del uso de un vasodilatador con efecto antiinflamatorio (fenoterol). Se utilizaron 3 grupos experimentales: en los grupos celulares se estudió el efecto de los aumentos de PVA y VI en pulmones aislados y perfundidos con sangre utilizando PEEP 0 y PEEP 2. En los grupos acelulares se estudiaron los aumentos de PVA y VI en pulmones aislados y perfundidos con una solución buffer-albúmina utilizando PEEP 0 y PEEP 2. En el grupo fenoterol se estudió el efecto de los aumentos de PVA y VI en pulmones aislados y perfundidos con sangre y con fenoterol utilizando un PEEP de 2. Los resultados obtenidos nos señalan: a) el aumento de la TFL se produce más tempranamente en los grupos acelulares que en los celulares; b) en los grupos celulares tanto macroscópica como microscópicamente el daño pulmonar fue menor que en los grupos acelulares; c) el PEEP 2 tuvo un efecto protector tanto en los grupos celulares como acelulares; d) el fenoterol acelera el efecto del volutrauma en los grupos celulares con PEEP 2. Estos resultados permiten concluir la posible existencia de mediadores con efecto protector que retardan la formación del edema pulmonar por volutrauma en los pulmones perfundidos con sangre, los cuales pueden ser inhibidos mediante el uso de fenoterol. Se sugiere que el volutrauma...
Assuntos
Humanos , Coelhos , Fenoterol , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Edema Pulmonar , Medicina , VenezuelaRESUMO
The use of Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as a strategy of mechanical ventilation offers its advantages, such as improved oxygenation, without causing alveolar overstretching and barotrauma. We aim to investigate the effect of several levels of PEEP on barotrauma and, whether an optimal level of PEEP exists. Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits (2.5-3.5 kg) were divided into four groups with PEEP settings of 0, 4, 8 and 12 cmH2O, at increasing levels of inspiratory volume (IV). This was done in blood perfused rabbit lungs and in lungs perfused with a Buffer-Albumin Solution. We observed that lungs ventilated with PEEP 0 cmH2O suffered pulmonary rupture at high IV (300cc), with significant increases of Pap (Pulmonary artery pressure) and FFR (Fluid filtration rate). Lungs ventilated with PEEP 8 and 12 suffered pulmonary rupture at lower IV (200cc and 150cc vs. 300cc respectively) On the other hand, lungs ventilated with PEEP 4 cmH2O reached the highest IV (400cc), in addition, they showed the lowest elevations of Pap and FFR. The acellular lungs ventilated with PEEP 4, 8 and 12 showed pulmonary rupture at lower IV when compared with cellular ones (300cc vs. 400cc: 100cc vs. 200cc and 100cc vs. 150cc respectively). We concluded that an optimal PEEP exists, which protects against barotrauma, however, excess of PEEP could enhance its development. The blood could contain some mediators which attenuate the damage induced by barotrauma.
Assuntos
Barotrauma/terapia , Lesão Pulmonar , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/efeitos adversos , Respiração com Pressão Positiva/métodos , Animais , Técnicas In Vitro , CoelhosRESUMO
El uso de Presión Positiva Espiratoria Final (PPEF) como estrategia de ventilación mecánica es beneficioso, permite una mejor oxigenación, sin ocasionar estiramiento alveolar y barotrauma El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el efecto del uso de varios niveles de PPEF sobre el barotrauma y determinar si existe un nivel de PPEF óptimo protector. Cuarenta y ocho conejos New Zeland se dividieron en cuatro grupos con PPEF establecidos en 0, 4, 8 y 12 cmH2O, a niveles crecientes de volumen inspiratorio (VI). Se utilizó un modelo de pulmones de conejo aislados y perfundidos con sangre (PC) o Solución Buffer-Albúmina (PA). Las preparaciones celulares con PPEF 0 cmH2O sufrieron ruptura a VI elevados (300cc), observándose incrementos significativos de la Pap (Presión de arteria pulmonar) y de la TFL (Tasa de filtración de líquidos). Las preparaciones con PPEF 8 y 12 cmH2O sufrieron ruptura a más bajos VI (200cc y 150cc vs. 300cc respectivamente). Las preparaciones celulares con PPEF 4 cmH2O alcanzaron el VI más elevado (400cc) con el menor incremento de Pap y TFL. Las preparaciones acelulares con PPEF 4, 8 y 12 sufrieron ruptura pulmonar a menores VI en comparación con las celulares (300cc vs. 400cc; 100cc vs. 200cc y 100cc vs. 150cc respectivamente), desarrollaron mayor edema con Pap más baja. Se pudo concluir que existe una PPEF óptima que protege contra el barotrauma, excesos de PPEF, pueden, por el contrario, acelerar el desarrollo del mismo. En la sangre podría existir algún mediador que atenúa el daño producto del barotrauma
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos , Barotrauma , Volume de Reserva Inspiratória , Respiração com Pressão Positiva , Pulmão/lesões , Edema Pulmonar , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Ventiladores Mecânicos , Medicina , VenezuelaRESUMO
Serum (IS) was obtained 0.5, 2, 4 or 6 h after inoculating s.c. six rabbits (approximately 2 kg) in each time period with 1 mg/kg of Tityus discrepans (Td) venom; the control was serum obtained from four rabbits 4 h after injecting them 1 ml s.c. of 0.9% NaCl. IS produced a transient (<25 min) rise in pulmonary artery pressure of isolated and perfused rabbit lungs, other lung parameters were not altered. We found that both scorpion venom and IS produced a approximately 50% transient increase of transendothelial electric resistance in cultured tissue human umbilical cord vein. Neither venom nor IS changed the transepithelial electrical resistance of tissue cultured human airway epithelia. The experiments suggest that humoral factors contained in the inoculated serum modify vascular endothelium in a much more effective manner than the venom by itself. These experiments also make it unlikely that vascular endothelium is the source of the humoral factors contained in inflammatory serum.