RESUMO

Soil management systems, as well as the long-term application of nitrogen fertilization, might promote changes in soil quality (SQ). The knowledge of how agronomic practices influence SQ is the main factor in the development of most sustainable management systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term management systems on SQ through the analysis of 10 soil quality indicators (SQIs), to select the most sensitive SQIs through principal components analysis (PCA) and to propose a mathematical model that could estimate the activities of enzymes based on SQI values with simple and low-cost procedures in relation to enzyme measurement. Soil samples were collected from three experiments in which soils were used for this purpose over more than two decades. The first experiment consisted of winter fallow and maize seeding as a summer crop in a conventional tillage system (CT) that received nitrogen fertilization at doses of 0, 90 and 180 kg ha-1. The second and third experiments consisted of no-tillage (NT) using maize/maize (NT M/M) and legume/maize (NT L/M) crop rotation, respectively, both using nitrogen fertilization at the same doses as in the first experiment. The no-tillage system with legume/maize crop rotation favored the development of microorganisms and improved the soil quality. The effects of nitrogen fertilization on SQIs varied according to the management system. The microbial respiration (MR), the metabolic quotient (q CO2), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen microbial biomass (NMC), urease enzyme activity (UEA), dehydrogenase activity (DA) and amylase activity (AA) were the most efficient SQIs. The adjusted mathematical models presented a good predictive capacity to estimate the urease activity in CT and NT M/M and the amylase activity in the CT system.

RESUMO

A adubação potássica é de fundamental importância para cultura da alfafa em termos de rendimento, qualidade e persistência da forrageira, sobretudo em solos naturalmente pobres em K, como Latossolos e Argissolos. Assim, para avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de K na produção e estado nutricional da alfafa, conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação utilizando-se amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura média (LV) (0,6 mmolc dm-3 de K) e um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura arenosa/média (PVA) (2,2 mmolc dm-3 de K). Adotou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 (seis doses de K e dois solos), com quatro repetições. As doses de K utilizadas foram: 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg kg-1 de K. Adubação potássica aumentou o teor de K no solo e na parte aérea das plantas. Com a concentração de K na parte aérea por volta de 10 g kg-1, as plantas apresentaram sintomas típicos de deficiência deste nutriente. O fornecimento de K elevou também a concentração de N na parte aérea das plantas cultivadas no LV. Com exceção do primeiro corte das plantas cultivadas no PVA, a adição de K incrementou a produção de massa seca da alfafa. Os níveis críticos de K no solo e na parte aérea de alfafa foram, 1,8 mmolc dm-3 e 16,7 g kg-1, respectivamente.

Potassium fertilization is very important to alfalfa crop in terms of yield, quality and persistence of forage, especially on soils naturally poor K. Thus, to assess the effects of K fertilization in alfalfa production and nutritional status, was carried out an experiment in a greenhouse using samples of a Dystrophic Oxisol medium texture (LV) (0.6 mmolc dm-3 K) and a Dystrophic Ultisol sandy/medium texture (PVA) (2.2 mmolc dm-3 K). A completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 6 x 2 (six K rates and two soils) was used, with four replications. The K rates used were: 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1 K. Potassium fertilization increased K content in soil and shoots. Dry matter production was increased with the K addition. However, in the PVA, this occurred only in the second cut. In LV, potassium fertilization increased N concentration in alfalfa shoots in both cuts. Plants with K concentration around 10 g kg-1 had typical symptoms of this nutrient deficiency. The K critical levels of K in soil and shoots were 1.8 mmolc dm-3 and 16.7 g kg-1, respectively.

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RESUMO

The nitrogen (N) utilization by maize grown in a no-tillage system is dependent on the quality of the preceding crop residues, which may promote differences in N fertilization efficiency with respect to time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state, dry matter production and grain yield of maize grown in a clayey soil (Typic Acrustox) under a no-tillage system. The split-plot experimental design was set up in randomized complete blocks with three replications, in which the main plot was treated with different N application strategies and the split-plots were planted with winter crops (soybean and maize). The fertilizer strategies (rate: 120 kg ha-1 of N) used were as follows: (0 ­ 0), (20 ­ 100), (60 ­ 60), (120 ­ 0) and (0 ­ 120), with the first number corresponding to the rate of N (kg ha-1) applied before planting and the second number corresponding to the top dressing rate (V4-5 stage). Nitrogen fertilization raised the N content (in shoots and leaves) and maize yield (in the shoot dry matter and grain). The maize grown after soybean had both greater N concentrations and production (dry matter and grain) relative to the maize grown after maize. Applying 120 kg ha-1 N did not significantly affect the evaluated variables, regardless of the winter crop.

O aproveitamento do N pelo milho cultivado em sistema plantio direto é dependente da qualidade dos resíduos da cultura antecessora, que por sua vez podem promover diferenças na eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em função da época em que esta é realizada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional e as produções de massa seca e grãos do milho cultivado em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico argiloso sob plantio direto. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas corresponderam às estratégias de aplicação de N e as subparcelas às culturas de entressafra (soja e milho). As estratégias de adubação (dose: 120 kg ha-1 de N) foram: (0 ­ 0), (20 ­ 100), (60 ­ 60), (120 ­ 0) e (0 ­ 120), onde o primeiro número corresponde à dose de N (kg ha-1) aplicada em pré-semeadura e o segundo à dose aplicada em cobertura (estádio V4-5). A adubação nitrogenada elevou os teores de N na parte aérea e na folha diagnose e, consequentemente, as produtividades de massa seca e grãos de milho. Na ausência da aplicação de N, o milho em sucessão a soja apresentou concentrações superiores de N na parte aérea e na folha diagnose e maiores produtividades de massa seca da parte aérea e de grãos em relação à sucessão milho-milho. Ao se aplicar a dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N, as estratégias de aplicação desse nutriente não influenciaram significativamente as variáveis avaliadas, independentemente da cultura de entressafra.

Assuntos