RESUMO
This review updates current concepts of the genetic risk factors, etiologic events, nephtitogenic responses and treatment of the major immunologically mediated types of glomerulonephritis (GN). These include post-infectious GN, IgA nephropathy, anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and lupus nephritis. Although the etiology(s) of most GNs remain undefined, many are now believed to be initiated by environmental insults, particularly infectious processes, that trigger host responses in genetically susceptible individuals which lead to GN. Mechanistic concepts of these diseases have evolved from earlier views that most were consequent to glomerular trapping of preformed immune complexes to the current view that most of these diseases are auto-immune in nature mediated by both antibodies and T cells reactive with self-antigens. Therapy of GN has lagged behind advances in understanding pathogenesis. Newly appreciated roles for older mediators like complement and complement regulatory proteins offer new therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite/fisiopatologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/fisiopatologia , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/terapia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/fisiopatologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/terapia , Humanos , Glomérulos Renais/fisiopatologia , Nefrite Lúpica/fisiopatologia , Nefrite Lúpica/terapiaRESUMO
Resumo A presente revisão traz os conceitos mais atuais acerca dos fatores de risco genéticos, eventos etiológicos, respostas nefritogênicas e tratamento dos principais tipos de glomerulonefrite (GN) imunomediada. Tais patologias incluem GN pós-infecciosa, nefropatia por IgA, doença por anticorpo antimembrana basal glomerular (anti-MBG), vasculite associada a ANCA (VAA) e nefrite lúpica. Apesar da(s) etiologia(s) da maioria dos casos de GN permanecer indefinida, acredita-se que seu início se deva, em grande parte, a insultos ambientais, particularmente na forma de processos infecciosos que deflagram respostas de hospedeiro em indivíduos geneticamente suscetíveis, levando assim a quadros de GN. A concepção mecanicista em torno dessas patologias evoluiu a partir da visão mais antiga de que a maioria seria consequência do aprisionamento glomerular de complexos imunes pré-formados para a percepção atual de que as mesmas, em sua maioria, são doenças autoimunes por natureza mediadas por anticorpos e linfócitos T reativos a auto-antígenos. O tratamento da GN não tem acompanhado os progressos na compreensão de sua patogênese. Os papéis recentemente atribuídos a mediadores mais antigos como complemento e proteínas reguladoras do complemento lançam luz sobre novos alvos terapêuticos.
Abstract This review updates current concepts of the genetic risk factors, etiologic events, nephtitogenic responses and treatment of the major immunologically mediated types of glomerulonephritis (GN). These include post-infectious GN, IgA nephropathy, anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and lupus nephritis. Although the etiology(s) of most GNs remain undefined, many are now believed to be initiated by environmental insults, particularly infectious processes, that trigger host responses in genetically susceptible individuals which lead to GN. Mechanistic concepts of these diseases have evolved from earlier views that most were consequent to glomerular trapping of preformed immune complexes to the current view that most of these diseases are auto-immune in nature mediated by both antibodies and T cells reactive with self-antigens. Therapy of GN has lagged behind advances in understanding pathogenesis. Newly appreciated roles for older mediators like complement and complement regulatory proteins offer new therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
Humanos , Glomerulonefrite/fisiopatologia , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Nefrite Lúpica/fisiopatologia , Nefrite Lúpica/terapia , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/fisiopatologia , Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilos/terapia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/fisiopatologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/terapia , Glomérulos Renais/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Twelve March 2015 will mark the 10th anniversary of World Kidney Day (WKD), an initiative of the International Society of Nephrology and the International Federation of Kidney Foundations. Since its inception in 2006, WKD has become the most successful effort ever mounted to raise awareness among decision-makers and the general public about the importance of kidney disease. Each year WKD reminds us that kidney disease is common, harmful and treatable. The focus of WKD 2015 is on chronic kidney disease (CKD) in disadvantaged populations. This article reviews the key links between poverty and CKD and the consequent implications for the prevention of kidney disease and the care of kidney patients in these populations.