RESUMO
Individuals of lower socioeconomic position (SEP) experience a greater rate of alcohol-related harms, yet they consume equal or lower amounts of alcohol than higher-SEP individuals. This phenomenon, called the "alcohol harm paradox" (AHP), gained attention recently, and different mechanisms have been proposed to explain it. Since both SEP and alcohol have been suggested to be associated with periodontitis risk, we conducted a secondary analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2012 and 2013 to 2014 cycles, aiming to examine 1) whether the association between alcohol consumption and periodontitis is modified by SEP and 2) the extent to which the effect of SEP inequalities on periodontitis is mediated by and/or interacts with alcohol consumption. We set educational attainment as the main SEP proxy and tested the poverty income ratio in subsequent sensitivity analyses. Effect measure modification analysis was employed, considering heavy drinking as exposure, and causal mediation analysis based on the potential outcome's framework decomposed the effect of SEP on periodontitis in proportions attributable to mediation and interaction. Models were fitted using binary logistic regression and adjusted for sex, ethnicity, age, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, binge drinking, and regular preventive dental visits. The analytical sample comprised 4,057 participants. After adjusting for covariates, less educated heavy drinkers presented 175% (odds ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04-3.72) higher odds of periodontitis than their counterparts, and super-additive associations were found (relative excess risk due to interaction: 1.35; 95% CI, 0.49-2.20). Additionally, -69.5% (95% CI, -122.1% to -16.8%) of the effects of education on periodontitis were attributable to interaction with heavy drinking, consistent with the AHP. No contribution was found for the mechanism of mediation. Heavy drinking disproportionately impacts the occurrence of periodontitis in lower-SEP individuals. Lower-SEP individuals seem to experience differential effects of heavy drinking on periodontitis.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Periodontite , Humanos , Periodontite/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , Escolaridade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Classe Social , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , IdosoRESUMO
An ecological analysis of a tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) community across a landscape gradient presenting differential anthropogenic disturbance in the Atlantic Forest ecoregion in Argentina was performed. Ticks were collected from vegetation and hosts between September 2014 and August 2016. A total of 12 697 free-living ticks and 3347 specimens from hosts were collected, including 317 ticks infesting humans. The values obtained show considerable species diversity in the forest environment accompanied by low equitability. The similarity index derived from a comparison of forest and agricultural environments was higher than that calculated by comparing forest and urban environments. The data suggest that although a cycle of one generation per year is apparent in some species, more than one cohort may co-exist within the populations of some of these species. Well-marked patterns of the seasonal distribution of free-living tick species emerged in environments with no anthropic modification. The results indicate that forest environments are more suitable habitats than agricultural and urban environments for many species of native tick, but are unsuitable for exotic species that have successfully established in environments that have been modified by man.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Ecossistema , Ixodidae/fisiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Animais , Argentina , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Aves , Florestas , Humanos , Mamíferos , Prevalência , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Criança , Vacina contra Coqueluche , Coqueluche , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Vigilância da PopulaçãoAssuntos
Humanos , Criança , Coqueluche , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Vacina contra Coqueluche , Vigilância da PopulaçãoRESUMO
This work evaluates the influences of five parameters (pH, PEG molecular mass, PEG concentration, concentration of buffer K2HPO4-KH2PO4 and NaCl concentration) on xylanolitic complex partitioning produced by P. janthinellum in aqueous two-phase systems, using a 2(5) factorial experimental design. A mathematical model to quantify the influence of these parameters was attained and statistically tested. The optimum point for total protein extraction was obtained under the following conditions: pH 7.0, PEG 10 000, 3.67% PEG, 10% potassium phosphate and 12.4% NaCl. The partition coefficient (K) value experimentally obtained was 5.25 and that predicted by the model was 5.89.
Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/isolamento & purificação , Penicillium/química , Xilanos/metabolismo , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hidrólise , Peso Molecular , Fosfatos/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Cloreto de Sódio/químicaRESUMO
The partitioning of xylanase produced by Penicillium janthinellum in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and phosphate (K2HPO4/KH2PO4) was studied employing a statistical experimental design. The aim was to identify the key factors governing xylanase partitioning. The interactions of five factors (PEG concentration molecular weight, concentration of buffer K2HPO4/KH2PO4, pH, and NaCl concentration) and their main effects on the partition coefficient (K) were evaluated by means of a 2(5) full-factorial experimental design with four center points. The %PEG, %NaCl, and pH were the most important factors affecting the response variable (K). Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted and an empirical second-order polynomial model was constructed on the basis of the results. The optimum partition conditions were pH 7.0, PEG = 8.83% and NaCl = 6.02%. Adequacy of the model for predicting optimum response value was tested under these conditions. The experimental xylanase partition coefficient (K) was 2.21, whereas its value predicted by the model was 2.33. These results indicate that the predicted model was adequate for the process. PEG molecular weight and phosphate concentration did not affect the xylanase partition coefficient.