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Thyroid dysfunction has been reported in association with several chronic diseases, including advanced liver disease. â¢The bundle discussed here is aimed at proposing systematic assistance according to the best evidence-based practices available. â¢The process of constructing and validating the bundle was carried out in the following stages: a) bibliographic survey; b) bundle elaboration; and c) content validation. â¢The bundle was considered valid to facilitate medical decision making, aiding physicians to manage, in a practical and effective manner, the thyroid function of patients with liver cirrhosis. Background - Thyroid dysfunction has been reported in association with several chronic diseases, including advanced liver disease. This disease and its management are often neglected in clinical practice. The bundle discussed here is aimed at proposing systematic assistance according to the best evidence-based practices available. Objective - To construct and validate a bundle to evaluate thyroid function in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods - The process of constructing and validating the bundle was carried out in the following stages: a) bibliographic survey; b) bundle elaboration; and c) content validation. The bibliographic survey was carried out in an integrative review about evidence related with the thyroid function of patients with liver cirrhosis. The findings from the integrative review were considered as supporting evidence for the elaboration of the bundle. The tool then created used accessible language and was evidence-based, ensuring that information was based on current literature. Results - The bundle was restructured to provide guidance on the management of patients with liver dysfunctions, including: cirrhosis due to general causes, cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The orientations in the bundle included: exams to be requested to screen for thyroid disorders, and guidance about the treatment of these dysfunctions and their associated complications. We analyzed specialist evaluation of the bundle using the Content Validity Index (CVI). We carried out a binomial test to evaluate consistency and specialist agreement regarding the items in the bundle, considering values >0.61 as a good level. The items in the bundle were considered to be valid (CVI >0.80). The general CVI of the instrument was 0.95 (CI95%: 0.91-0.98). Conclusion - The bundle was considered valid to facilitate medical decision making, aiding physicians to manage, in a practical and effective approach, the thyroid function of patients with liver cirrhosis. This tool should not be used as a replacement for individual, evaluation of the physician providing assistance. We recommend the structured bundle to be added to medical practice, considering its simple application, low cost, and potential to contribute for the management of these patients.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Doença CrônicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: Thyroid dysfunction has been reported in association with several chronic diseases, including advanced liver disease. This disease and its management are often neglected in clinical practice. The bundle discussed here is aimed at proposing systematic assistance according to the best evidence-based practices available. Objective: To construct and validate a bundle to evaluate thyroid function in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: The process of constructing and validating the bundle was carried out in the following stages: a) bibliographic survey; b) bundle elaboration; and c) content validation. The bibliographic survey was carried out in an integrative review about evidence related with the thyroid function of patients with liver cirrhosis. The findings from the integrative review were considered as supporting evidence for the elaboration of the bundle. The tool then created used accessible language and was evidence-based, ensuring that information was based on current literature. Results: The bundle was restructured to provide guidance on the management of patients with liver dysfunctions, including: cirrhosis due to general causes, cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary biliary cholangitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The orientations in the bundle included: exams to be requested to screen for thyroid disorders, and guidance about the treatment of these dysfunctions and their associated complications. We analyzed specialist evaluation of the bundle using the Content Validity Index (CVI). We carried out a binomial test to evaluate consistency and specialist agreement regarding the items in the bundle, considering values >0.61 as a good level. The items in the bundle were considered to be valid (CVI >0.80). The general CVI of the instrument was 0.95 (CI95%: 0.91-0.98). Conclusion: The bundle was considered valid to facilitate medical decision making, aiding physicians to manage, in a practical and effective approach, the thyroid function of patients with liver cirrhosis. This tool should not be used as a replacement for individual, evaluation of the physician providing assistance. We recommend the structured bundle to be added to medical practice, considering its simple application, low cost, and potential to contribute for the management of these patients.
RESUMO Contexto: A disfunção tireoidiana tem sido relatada em associação com várias doenças crônicas, incluindo a doença hepática avançada. O seu reconhecimento e manejo são, muitas vezes, negligenciados na prática clínica. O bundle consiste em um pacote de cuidados, com a finalidade de promover a assistência de forma sistematizada, a partir da melhor prática baseada em evidências. Objetivo: Construir e validar um bundle para avaliação da função tireoidiana em pacientes com cirrose hepática. Métodos: O processo de construção e validação do bundle foi realizado a partir das seguintes etapas: a) levantamento bibliográfico; b) elaboração do bundle; e c) validação do conteúdo. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado a partir de revisão integrativa sobre as evidências relacionadas à função tireoidiana em pacientes com cirrose hepática. Os achados encontrados na revisão integrativa foram considerados como subsídios para construção do bundle. A ferramenta construída se baseou em evidências científicas, de forma a garantir informação pautada em literatura atual e com linguagem acessível. Resultados: O bundle foi estruturado com base nas seguintes finalidades: fornecer orientações sobre o manejo de pacientes com disfunção hepática, categorizado por: cirrose por causas gerais, cirrose por vírus da hepatite C, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica, colangite biliar primária e carcinoma hepatocelular. As orientações do bundle incluíram: exames a serem solicitados no rastreio dos distúrbios tireoidianos; orientações sobre indicação de tratamento destas disfunções e possíveis complicações associadas. A análise da avaliação do bundle pelos especialistas foi realizada a partir do cálculo do Índice de Validade do Conteúdo (IVC). Foi feito o cálculo do teste binomial para avaliar a concordância e consistência dos especialistas em relação aos itens do bundle, aceitando-se como bom nível o valor >0,61. Os itens do bundle foram considerados validados (IVC >0,80). O instrumento apresentou IVC geral de 0,95 (IC95%: 0,91-0,98). Conclusão: O bundle foi considerado válido para facilitar a tomada de decisão para o médico conduzir, de maneira prática e efetiva, o manejo da função tireoidiana em pacientes com cirrose hepática. Defende-se que a ferramenta não deve ser utilizada em substituição à avaliação individualizada e autonomia do médico assistente. Recomenda-se que a forma estruturada seja incorporada ao atendimento médico tendo em vista a fácil aplicabilidade, o baixo custo e o potencial para contribuir com o manejo desses pacientes.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Initial diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is frequently associated with advanced stages and a poor prognosis. Thus, the need for earlier diagnoses and detection in relatives at risk for the disease has led to increased use of RET genetic screening. Subjects and methods: We performed RET screening in 247 subjects who were referred to the Brazilian Research Consortium for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (BRASMEN) Center in the State of Ceará. Direct genetic sequencing was used to analyze exons 8, 10, 11, and 13-16 in MTC index cases and specific exons in at risk relatives. Afterward, clinical follow-up was offered to all the patients with MTC and their affected relatives. Results: RET screening was performed in 60 MTC index patients and 187 at-risk family members. At the initial clinical assessment of the index patients, 54 (90%) were diagnosed with apparently sporadic disease and 6 (10%) diagnosed with hereditary disease. After RET screening, we found that 31 (52%) index patients had sporadic disease, and 29 (48%) had hereditary disease. Regarding at-risk relatives, 73/187 were mutation carriers. Mutations in RET codon 804 and the rare p.M918V mutation were the most prevalent. Conclusions: Performing RET screening in Ceará allowed us to identify a different mutation profile in this region compared with other areas. RET screening also enabled the diagnosis of a significant number of hereditary MTC patients who were initially classified as sporadic disease patients and benefited their relatives, who were unaware of the risks and the consequences of bearing a RET mutation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/genética , Triagem de Portadores Genéticos/métodos , Fatores de Tempo , Brasil , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Transfecção/métodos , Rearranjo Gênico/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Etários , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Medição de Risco , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Estudos de Associação GenéticaRESUMO
It is well known that persistent infection with high-risk HPV (hr-HPV), mostly HPV-16 and 18, is the main cause of cervical cancer development. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or SOD2) are highly expressed in different neoplasia. The present study investigated SOD2 protein expression and the presence of hr-HPV types in 297 cervical samples including non-neoplastic tissue, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). Strong SOD2 expression was significantly higher in ADC (82%) than CIN3 (52%) or SCC (64%). There was no association between SOD2 expression and HPV 16 and/or 18 detection for every lesion analyzed. Binary Logist Regression revealed that strong SOD2 expression (OR: 27.50, 6.16-122.81) and HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 (OR: 12.67, 4.04-39.74) were independently more associated with CIN3 than non-neoplastic cervix. Strong SOD2 expression (OR: 3.30, 1.23-8.86) and HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 (OR: 3.51, 1.03-11.87) were independently more associated with ADC than SCC. Similar findings for SOD2 expression were observed by the Cochran Mantel-Haenszel test, controlling for HPV-16 and/or HPV 18. In conclusion, the expression of SOD2 was increased in CIN3 and SCC, and more increased in cervical ADC than in SCC. Strong SOD2 expression was statistically independent of the presence of HPV 16 and/or 18. These findings suggest that the mitochondrial antioxidant system and HPV infection could follow independent pathways in the carcinogenesis of cervical epithelium and in the differentiation to SCC or ADC of the cervix.
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OBJECTIVE: Initial diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is frequently associated with advanced stages and a poor prognosis. Thus, the need for earlier diagnoses and detection in relatives at risk for the disease has led to increased use of RET genetic screening. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed RET screening in 247 subjects who were referred to the Brazilian Research Consortium for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (BRASMEN) Center in the State of Ceará. Direct genetic sequencing was used to analyze exons 8, 10, 11, and 13-16 in MTC index cases and specific exons in at risk relatives. Afterward, clinical follow-up was offered to all the patients with MTC and their affected relatives. RESULTS: RET screening was performed in 60 MTC index patients and 187 at-risk family members. At the initial clinical assessment of the index patients, 54 (90%) were diagnosed with apparently sporadic disease and 6 (10%) diagnosed with hereditary disease. After RET screening, we found that 31 (52%) index patients had sporadic disease, and 29 (48%) had hereditary disease. Regarding at-risk relatives, 73/187 were mutation carriers. Mutations in RET codon 804 and the rare p.M918V mutation were the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: Performing RET screening in Ceará allowed us to identify a different mutation profile in this region compared with other areas. RET screening also enabled the diagnosis of a significant number of hereditary MTC patients who were initially classified as sporadic disease patients and benefited their relatives, who were unaware of the risks and the consequences of bearing a RET mutation.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Triagem de Portadores Genéticos/métodos , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ret/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Rearranjo Gênico/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Transfecção/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background. A number of studies have shown that the black population exhibits higher levels of leisure-time physical inactivity (LTPI), but few have investigated the factors associated with this behavior. Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze associated factors and the explanatory model proposed for LTPI in black adults. Methods. The design was cross-sectional with a sample of 2,305 adults from 20-96 years of age, 902 (39.1%) men, living in the city of Salvador, Brazil. LTPI was analyzed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A hierarchical model was built with the possible factors associated with LTPI, distributed in distal (age and sex), intermediate 1 (socioeconomic status, educational level and marital status), intermediate 2 (perception of safety/violence in the neighborhood, racial discrimination in private settings and physical activity at work) and proximal blocks (smoking and participation in Carnival block rehearsals). We estimated crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) using logistic regression. Results. The variables inversely associated with LTPI were male gender, socioeconomic status and secondary/university education, although the proposed model explains only 4.2% of LTPI. Conclusions. We conclude that male gender, higher education and socioeconomic status can reduce LTPI in black adults.
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Objetivo: analisar associação entre práticas alimentares (PrA) com maior ação preventiva e baixo risco cardiometabólico (RCM) em mulheres obesas. Métodos: estudo de caso-controle, com pareamento pela idade, com 306 mulheres obesas (66 casos), não hipertensas, normolipídicas e não diabéticas, realizado em ambulatórios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em 2006; foram obtidos dados antropométricos, laboratoriais, de pressão arterial e dieta habitual; definiu-se as PrA a partir de um índice (IPrA), baseado na pirâmide alimentar adaptada. Resultados: baixo RCM esteve associado significativamente à dieta com maior ação preventiva em mulheres obesas com nível socioeconômico mais elevado, à frequência diária de consumo de frutas (≥3) e leguminosas (≥2) e ao não consumo de gordura saturada. Conclusão: sugere-se que o aumento da ingestão de frutas, hortaliças e leguminosas e a redução do consumo de gorduras poderia apresentar algum impacto nos fatores de risco cardiometabólico em mulheres obesas.
Objective: analyze the association between dietary practices (DPr) with greater preventive action and low cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in obese women. Methods: a case-control-study, matched by age, of 306 (66 cases), non-hypertensive, normolipidemic and non-diabetic obese women, conducted in public health outpatient services. Anthropometric, laboratory, blood pressure and usual diet data were obtained. DPr were defined using an index (DPrI) based on the adapted food pyramid. Results: low CMR was significantly associated with a diet having greater preventive action, in obese women of higher socioeconomic status, and also with daily frequency of fruit (≥3) and leguminous vegetables (≥2) consumption, as well as non-consumption of saturated fat. Conclusion: it is suggested that an increase in the intake of fruit, leguminous vegetables and other greens and a reduction in fat consumption may have some impact on cardiometabolic risk factors among obese women.
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Humanos , Feminino , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
Purpose. To describe the acquisition, persistence, and clearance of HPV infection in women with CIN 2 followed up for 12 months. Methods. Thirty-seven women with CIN 2 biopsy, who have proven referral to cervical smear showing low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and tested for HPV, were followed up for one year with cervical smear, colposcopy, and HPV test every three months. HPV DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction and genotyping by reverse line blot hybridization assay. Results. CIN 2 regression rate was 49% (18/37), persistence as CIN 1 or CIN 2 was 22% (8/37), and progression to CIN 3 was 29% (11/37). Multiple HPV types were observed at admission in 41% (15/37) of cases. HPV 16 was detected at admission in 58% (11/19) of the cases that persisted/progressed and in 39% (7/18) of the cases that regressed. HPV 16 was considered possibly causal in 67% (10/15) of the cases that persisted or progressed and in 10% (1/10) of the cases that regressed (P = 0.01). Conclusion. Multiple HPV infections were frequently detected among women with CIN 2 at admission and during the followup. The CIN 2 associated with HPV 16 was more likely to persist or to progress to CIN 3.
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BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of infection with multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) types in female adolescents is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiology of infection with multiple HPV types in adolescents and its association with demographic, behavioral and biological variables, as well as with cytological abnormalities. METHODS: This community-based study included 432 sexually active females between 15 and 19 years of age. Genotyping for 30 HPV types was performed using a reverse blot strip assay/restriction fragment length polymorphism. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors significantly associated with HPV infection. The association between HPV infection and cytological abnormalities was calculated using a prevalence ratio. RESULTS: The most common HPV types detected were 16, 51, 31, 52 and 18. Of the 121 HPV-positive women, 54 (44.6%) were infected with multiple HPV types. Having more than one lifetime sexual partner was associated with infection with any HPV infection, single HPV infection, and infection with multiple HPV types. The presence of cytological abnormalities was associated with infection with multiple HPV types. CONCLUSIONS: Co-infecting HPV genotypes occur in a high proportion of sexually active adolescents. Socio-demographic or sexual behavior factors associated with single HPV infection were similar to those associated with multiple HPV types. The higher risk of cytological abnormalities conferred by infection with multiple HPV types suggests a potential role of co-infection in the natural history of HPV infection.
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Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Doenças do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/etiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Teste de Papanicolaou , Infecções por Papillomavirus/etiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Fatores de Risco , Doenças do Colo do Útero/etiologia , Doenças do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), em particular as cardiovasculares (DCV) e o diabetes melito (DM), têm um importante papel no atual perfil de saúde da população mundial, com projeções de crescimento. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) associados à alimentação em trabalhadores atendidos em um ambulatório de nutrição. Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, avaliação antropométrica e bioquímica. A amostra foi selecionada entre trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, que frequentavam oambulatório de nutrição do Centro Estadual de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador em Salvador, Bahia, em 2010. Os resultados indicam que o IMC ? 25,0 kg/m2 foi o fator de risco de maior frequência (91,8%), seguido da hipercolesterolemia (61,8%) e da hipertrigliceridemia (50,0%). Simultaneidade de dois ou mais fatores de risco foi encontrada em 70,6% dos trabalhadores. Baixo consumo diário de frutas (14,3%), hortaliças (44,4%) e tubérculos (8,0%) e elevado consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura saturada (embutidos ? 48,9%) e açúcar simples (76,0%). O tabagismo era hábito de 3,6% dos trabalhadores. A análise das frequências das dislipidemias segundo a idade mostrou níveis elevados de colesterol total (p=0,02) e triglicérides (p=0,03) em trabalhadores com idade ?41anos. Concluiu-se que as elevadas frequências de fatores de risco modificáveis são preocupantes e reforçam a necessidade de implementação de ações que visem a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de DCNT.
Non-communicable Chronic diseases (NCCD), predominantly cardiovascular (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), play a major role in the current health profile of the world population and are expected to increase its numbers. The purpose of this article is to identify the risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD) in workers that received assistance at a neurology clinic. This is a cross sectional study whose data were collected through interviews, anthropometric and biochemical assessments. The sample was selected between workers of both sexes, who received assistance in the nutrition clinic at the State Centre of Reference on Health of Workers in Salvador, Bahia, in 2010. The results indicate that the body mass index (BMI) ?25.0 kg/m2 was the most frequent risk factor (91.8%), followed by hypercholesterolemia (61.8%) and hypertriglyceridemia (50.0%). Simultaneity of two or more risk factors was found in 70.6% of the workers. Low daily ingestion of fruits (14.3%), vegetables (44.4%), and tubers (8.0%) and a high consumption of foods rich in saturated fat (embedded: 48.9%) and simple sugars (76.0%) were verified. Smoking was a habit in 3.6% of workers. Analysis of frequencies of dyslipidemias according to age showed high levels of total cholesterol (p=0.02) and triglycerides (p=0.03) in workers of age ?41 years. It was concluded that the elevated frequency of modifiable risk factors is worrisome, reinforcing the need for implementation of actions aimed at health promotion and prevention of NCCD.
Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), en particular las cardiovasculares (DCV) y la Diabetes Mellitus (DM), desempeñan un importante rol en el actual perfil de la salud de la población mundial, con proyecciones de crecimiento. El propósito de este artículo es identificar los factores de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), asociadas a la alimentación de trabajadores atendidos en un ambulatorio de nutrición. Estudio de enfoque transversal. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas, evaluación antropométrica y bioquímica. La muestra fue seleccionada entre trabajadores de ambos sexos, que frecuentaban, en 2010, el ambulatorio de nutrición del Centro Estatal de Referencia en Salud del Trabajador, en Salvador, Bahía. Los resultados indican que el IMC ? 25,0kg/m2 fue el factor de riesgo de mayor frecuencia (91,8%), seguido de la hipercolesterolemia (61,8%), y de la hipertrigliceridemia (50,0%). Simultaneidad de dos o más factores de riesgo fue encontrada en 70,6% de los trabajadores. Bajo consumo diariode frutas (14,3%), hortalizas (44,4%) y tubérculos (8,0%) y un elevado consumo de alimentos con grasa saturada (embutidos: 48,9%) y azúcar simple (76,0%). El tabaquismo era hábito en el 3,6% de los trabajadores. El análisis de las frecuencias de las dislipidemias según la edad, constató niveles elevados de colesterol total (p=0,02) y triglicéridos (p=0,03) en trabajadores con edad ?41años. Se concluye que las elevadas frecuencias de factores de riesgo cambiables son inquietantes, reforzando la necesidad de implementación de acciones que visen a lapromoción de la salud y a la prevención de ECNT.
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Ingestão de Alimentos , Doença Crônica , Fatores de Risco , Alimentos , Doenças não TransmissíveisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with different domains of physical activity among adults of black ethnicity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 2,305 black individuals from 20-96 years of age, 902 (39.1%) of which men living in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Sociodemographic variables analyzed were: gender, age, schooling, socioeconomic status (SES), marital status, racial discrimination at work/school (RDWE), in public (RDPUP) and private (RDPRP) places and perception of police (PPN) /violence in the neighborhood (PVN), as well as total physical activity (TPA) in its different domains: leisure time (LTPA), work (WPA), commuting (CPA) and household activity (HPA). Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests, chi-square trend and prevalence ratio (PR). We also used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95%confidence interval. RESULTS: The proportions of active individuals were 39.1% for TPA, 11.2% for LTPA, 9.6% for WPA, 23.7% for CPA and 33.7% for HPA. TPA was positively associated with higher schooling and inversely associated with male gender, age over 60 years and with no PPN. LTPA was positively associated with male gender, higher schooling and higher SES. WPA was inversely associated with age over 60 years and positively associated with male gender, higher schooling and no PPN. CPA was inversely associated with age over 60 years and positively associated with male gender. HPA was inversely associated with male gender, age over 60 years and no PPN and positively associated with higher schooling and SES. CONCLUSION: Socio-demographic factors, particularly gender, age and schooling were associated with different domains of physical activity among adults of black ethnicity.
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População Negra , Atividade Motora , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores sociodemográficos associados aos diferentes domínios da atividade física em adultos de etnia negra. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de 2.305 adultos negros de 20 a 96 anos de idade, sendo 902 (39,1%) homens, residentes na cidade de Salvador, BA, Brasil. Foram analisadas as variáveis sociodemográficas sexo, idade, escolaridade, nível socioeconômico (NSE), estado civil, discriminação racial no trabalho/escola (DRTE), em ambientes públicos (DRAPU) e privados (DRAPR) e percepção de policiamento (PPB)/violência no bairro (PVB), além da atividade física total (AFT) e em diferentes domínios: tempo livre (AFTL), trabalho (AFTR), deslocamento (AFDL) e doméstico (AFDM). As associações foram analisadas por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, qui-quadrado de tendência e razão de prevalência (RP). Utilizou-se também regressão logística para estimar a razão de chances (RC) com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: As proporções de indivíduos ativos foram 39,1% para AFT, 11,2% para AFTL, 9,6% para AFTR, 23,7% para AFDL e 33,7% para AFDM. A AFT associou-se positivamente com escolaridade e inversamente com sexo masculino, idade maior que 60 anos e com não PPB. A AFTL associou-se positivamente com sexo masculino, maior escolaridade e maior NSE. A AFTR associou-se inversamente à idade maior que 60 anos e positivamente com o sexo masculino, maior escolaridade e não PPB. A AFDL associou-se inversamente à idade maior que 60 anos e positivamente ao sexo masculino. A AFDM associou-se inversamente com o sexo masculino, idade maior que 60 anos e não PPB; e positivamente com maior escolaridade e NSE. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores sociodemográficos, principalmente sexo, idade e escolaridade se mostraram associados aos diferentes domínios da atividade física em adultos de etnia negra.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with different domains of physical activity among adults of black ethnicity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 2,305 black individuals from 20-96 years of age, 902 (39.1%) of which men living in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Sociodemographic variables analyzed were: gender, age, schooling, socioeconomic status (SES), marital status, racial discrimination at work/school (RDWE), in public (RDPUP) and private (RDPRP) places and perception of police (PPN) /violence in the neighborhood (PVN), as well as total physical activity (TPA) in its different domains: leisure time (LTPA), work (WPA), commuting (CPA) and household activity (HPA). Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests, chi-square trend and prevalence ratio (PR). We also used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95%confidence interval. RESULTS: The proportions of active individuals were 39.1% for TPA, 11.2% for LTPA, 9.6% for WPA, 23.7% for CPA and 33.7% for HPA. TPA was positively associated with higher schooling and inversely associated with male gender, age over 60 years and with no PPN. LTPA was positively associated with male gender, higher schooling and higher SES. WPA was inversely associated with age over 60 years and positively associated with male gender, higher schooling and no PPN. CPA was inversely associated with age over 60 years and positively associated with male gender. HPA was inversely associated with male gender, age over 60 years and no PPN and positively associated with higher schooling and SES. CONCLUSION: Socio-demographic factors, particularly gender, age and schooling were associated with different domains of physical activity among adults of black ethnicity.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , População Negra , Atividade Motora , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the main etiological agent for cervical neoplasia. However, the presence of a single type HPV infection alone is unlikely to be sufficient to cause cervical cancer. There is epidemiologic evidence suggesting that HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis play a central role in the etiology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and subsequent cervical cancer. To evaluate the HPV prevalence and the seropositivity for C. trachomatis in women referred to the colposcopy clinic due to an abnormal cervical smear and to examine the effect of this association on the severity of cervical neoplasia. Following enrollment, 131 patients underwent colposcopy and biopsies when necessary. HPV DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping was performed by reverse line-blot hybridization assay. C. trachomatis seropositivity was tested by ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies. The prevalence of HPV infection was 86.3%. Seropositivity for C. trachomatis was 26%. Thirty-one women (27.4%) were positive for C. trachomatis antibodies and HPV-DNA. The most prevalent HPV type in C. trachomatis-seropositive women were HPV 16 (51.6%) and this HPV type was present mainly in neoplasia cases. Positivity for HPV, particularly HPV types 16 and 18, and C. trachomatis seropositivity was significantly associated with a diagnosis of high grade neoplasia. Borderline significance was observed after adjustment for HPV. C. trachomatis seropositivity is associated with high grade neoplasia in women infected with HPV, mainly when the types 16 and 18 were involved.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Biópsia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colposcopia , Comorbidade , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a intensidade e duração de atividade física suficiente para discriminar a ausência de comorbidades cardiovasculares em mulheres obesas. O desenho foi de corte transversal com amostra constituída por 387 mulheres obesas com faixa etária de 21 a 75 anos e IMC = 31,2 kg/m². Foram construídas diversas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) e comparadas às áreas sob as mesmas entre diferentes intensidades de atividade física (caminhada, moderada e vigorosa) e ausência das comorbidades cardiovasculares. Verificou-se também a sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o melhor ponto de corte para a duração da atividade física mais apropriada para predizer a ausência das comorbidades cardiovasculares. Foi utilizado o intervalo de confiança a 95%. Entre as diferentes intensidades de atividade física as maiores áreas sob a curva ROC foram encontradas na caminhada: 0,68 (0,62-0,73) com ponto de corte para duração de 150 min/semana e na atividade moderada: 0,64 (0,58-0,70), com ponto de corte para duração de 150 min/semana. A prática da atividade física deve ser sugerida para mulheres obesas na intensidade e duração suficientes visando contribuir para a ausência de comorbidades cardiovasculares nesta população.
The aim of this study was to analyze the intensity and duration of physical activity sufficient to discriminate the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities in obese women. This was a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 387 obese women, aged 21 to 75 years with body mass index = 31,2 kg/m². Different curves Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were constructed and compared to areas under the same among different intensities of physical activity (walking, moderate and vigorous) and the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities. We also observed the sensitivity and specificity to identify the best cutoff for the duration of physical activity most appropriate for predicting the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities. The confidence interval at 95% was used. Among the different intensities of physical activity the major areas on the ROC curve was found in walking: 0,68 (0,62-0,73) with cutoff point for duration of 150 min/week and moderate activity: 0,64(0,58-0,70) with cutoff point for duration of 150 min/week. The physical activity should be suggested for obese women in the intensity and duration sufficient to contribute to the absence of cardiovascular comorbidities in this population.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Atividade Motora , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Obesidade/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed whether HPV (human papillomavirus) testing contributes towards defining histological abnormalities in women with atypical glandular cells (AGC) diagnosed at cervical cytology. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and eight women with conventional cervical cancer screening smears suggestive of AGC not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS) and favor neoplastic (AGC-FN) were consecutively enrolled. All women underwent colposcopic examinations and biopsy was performed according to the cytopathologic and/or colposcopic abnormalities present. All specimens were tested for high risk HPV genotypes by Roche's polymerase chain reaction reverse line blot assay. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between HPV findings and a diagnosis of high-grade pre-invasive or invasive disease (CIN 2 or worse) taking negative tests or CIN 1 as a reference. Odds ratios (OR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to evaluate the magnitude of the association between HPV testing and CIN 2 or worse. Sensitivity, specificity and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were also calculated. RESULTS: Final diagnosis revealed a negative outcome in 80 cases (74%), cervical epithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1) in 13 cases (12%), CIN 2 or worse in 12 cases (11%) and glandular neoplasia in 3 (3%) cases. The overall detection rate of HPV was 21% (23/108). Neoplasia was significantly associated with positive HPV-DNA in women with AGC-NOS (OR=15.21; 95%CI: 2.64-87.50); however, there was no significant association between a histological diagnosis of neoplasia and HPV positivity in women with AGC-FN (OR=3.00; 95%CI: 0.36-24.92). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HPV-DNA testing for the detection of CIN 2 or worse in women with AGC-NOS were 71%, 86%, 29% and 97%, respectively. In women with AGC-FN, these values were 50%, 75%, 66% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HPV testing at the time of colposcopy for patients with AGC in whom no colposcopic abnormality is found may be a powerful ancillary tool for identifying women at a high risk of underlying significant cervical lesions.
Assuntos
Colo do Útero/patologia , Colo do Útero/virologia , DNA Viral/metabolismo , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/diagnóstico , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço Vaginal , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colposcopia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/patologia , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/virologia , Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between elevated levels of plasmatic adiponectin (AdipoQ) and low cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in obese women (O(b)W). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case-control study, matched by age, of 306 O(b)W, BMI > 30 kg/m², with 66 cases (21.6%) - all non-hypertensive, normolipidemic, and non-diabetic - conducted in SUS (Brazil's Public Health System) outpatient referral services for obesity in the City of Salvador, Brazil. Secondary data were collected from medical records; primary and complementary data were obtained from a clinical pathology laboratory. Values of AdipoQ > 10.00 µg/ml (> 3(rd) quartile) were considered elevated. Descriptive, bivariate, and conditional logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: A statistically significant positive association between low CMR and AdipoQ > 10.00 µg/ml in physically active (AOR = 5.1; CI95%: 1.8-14.3), non-smoking (AOR = 3.6;CI95%: 1.6-8.4) O(b)W was found. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that physically active, non-smoking O(b)W, with higher AdipoQ levels, present greater chances of a low CMR. It becomes important to reinforce encouragement of the adoption of healthy behaviors, by means of public policies.
Assuntos
Adiponectina/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of single or multiple-human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and phylogenetic groups on the prevalence and severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women undergoing colposcopy after an abnormal cervical smear. Colposcopy was performed in 198 cases and biopsy was performed in 193 patients. All specimens were tested for 27 HPV genotypes using the Roche polymerase chain reaction reverse line blot assay. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in women with an abnormal cervical smear was 86% (171 of 198). The prevalence of HPV 16 in high-grade CIN (2/3) was 52% (40 of 76), being detected in 88.8% of cases (8 of 9) of invasive carcinoma. The prevalence of HPV types 31 and 35 in high-grade CIN was 10.5% (8 of 76) and 6.6% (5 of 76), respectively. Single or multiple-type infection involving HPV 16 were significantly associated with a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (≥ CIN 2) [odds ratio (OR) 6.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.88-23.44 and OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.13-12.15] even after adjustment for HPV-DNA. A statistically significant association was also found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 9 and a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (OR: 7.62; 95% CI: 1.28-51.58); however, no association was found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 7. HPV 16 is the most important predictor of high-grade cervical neoplasia. Multiple-type infections are predictors of high-grade cervical neoplasia when type 16 is present.
Assuntos
Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Adulto Jovem , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre níveis elevados de adiponectina plasmática (AdipoQ) e baixo risco cardiometabólico (RCM) em obesas (MOb). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle, pareado pela idade com 306 MOb, IMC > 30 kg/m², sendo 66 (21,6 por cento) casos - todos não hipertensos, normolipídicos e não diabéticos - realizados em ambulatórios referência do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para obesidade em Salvador. Dados secundários foram coleta-dos dos prontuários médicos, primários e complementares em laboratório de patologia clínica. Valores de AdipoQ > 10,00 µg/mL (> 3º quartil) foram considerados elevados. Foram realizadas análises: descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: Associação positiva, estatisticamente significante (ES), entre baixo RCM e AdipoQ > 10,00 µg/mL em MOb ativas fisicamente (OR= 5,1; IC95 por cento: 1,8-14,3), não fumantes (OR= 3,6; IC95 por cento: 1,6-8,4). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que MOb ativas fisicamente, não fumantes e com níveis mais elevados de AdipoQ apresentam mais chances de baixo RCM. Torna-se importante reforçar, por meio de políticas públicas, o estímulo à adoção de comportamentos saudáveis.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between elevated levels of plasmatic adiponectin (AdipoQ) and low cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in obese women (ObW). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case-control study, matched by age, of 306 ObW, BMI > 30 kg/m², with 66 cases (21.6 percent) - all non-hypertensive, normolipidemic, and non-diabetic - conducted in SUS (Brazil's Public Health System) outpatient referral services for obesity in the City of Salvador, Brazil. Secondary data were collected from medical records; primary and complementary data were obtained from a clinical pathology laboratory. Values of AdipoQ > 10.00 µg/ml (> 3rd quartile) were considered elevated. Descriptive, bivariate, and conditional logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: A statistically significant positive association between low CMR and AdipoQ > 10.00 µg/ml in physically active (AOR = 5.1; CI95 percent: 1.8-14.3), non-smoking (AOR = 3.6;CI95 percent: 1.6-8.4) ObW was found. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that physically active, non-smoking ObW, with higher AdipoQ levels, present greater chances of a low CMR. It becomes important to reinforce encouragement of the adoption of healthy behaviors, by means of public policies.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adiponectina/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Índice de Massa Corporal , Glicemia/análise , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Obesidade/sangue , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Data on epidemiology of HPV infection are needed for the development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine recommendations, especially in countries where HPV vaccination is not yet included in public vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of serum antibodies to HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and associated factors among young women after birth of the first child. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a large public maternity hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Three hundred one women aged 15 to 24 years who gave birth to their first child were recruited between 43 and 60 days after delivery. Seroprevalence was performed using a type-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on HPV Late protein 1 viruslike particles. The association of seroreactivity with these 4 HPV types with selected demographic and behavioral factors was assessed by Generalized Linear Model analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-eight (19.3%) women (95% confidence interval, 15.0%-24.2%) had antibodies to any of the 4 viruslike particles tested. The overall seroprevalence rates of the HPV types were: HPV16, 9.0%; HPV18, 7.0%; and HPV 6+11, 7.7%, which are targeted by the HPV prophylactic vaccines. In the multivariate analysis, only age (inversely, P = 0.044 for trend) and previous sexually transmitted disease (P = 0.008) were 2 factors independently associated with HPV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: These data offer additional information on the epidemiology of HPV in a group of young Brazilian women after first delivery and contribute to establish a baseline of HPV seroprevalence against which post-HPV vaccine era seroprevalence can be compared.
Assuntos
Papillomavirus Humano 11 , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Papillomavirus Humano 18 , Papillomavirus Humano 6 , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Paridade , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos/análise , Anticorpos/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Feminino , Papillomavirus Humano 11/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 16/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 18/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 6/imunologia , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/sangue , Infecções por Papillomavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Paridade/fisiologia , Gravidez , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with low cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in obese women (O(b)W) seen at outpatient specialty clinics of SUS (Brazilian Social Security Health System), in the City of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case-control study, matched by age, of 306 O(b)W (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)), including 66 (21. 6%) cases - normotensive, normolipidemic and nondiabetic patients - and 240 (78.4%) controls. Secondary data were obtained from clinical records, and primary data were collected by means of a household survey and laboratory assays. Descriptive, bivariate, and conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A positive, statistically significant association was found between low CMR and a diet containing the desirable ingestion of fruit (AOR = 20. 1, CI 95% 5.6-71.9); 1st CRP quartile (AOR = 4. 1, CI 95% 2.0-8. 3), and 3rd and 4th AdipoQ quartiles (AOR = 2.3, CI 95% 1.1-4. 8). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a diet rich in soluble fibers as well as lower levels of CRP, and higher levels of AdipoQ, encumber, retard or impede the emergence of other metabolic risk factors or metabolic diseases in O(b)W.