RESUMO
Hyperparasitism is defined as the interaction where one parasite is infected by another parasite. In bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae), both hyperparasites and microparasites (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and arthropods such as mites) have been documented. Fungi belonging to the order Laboulbeniales are microscopic parasites of a wide diversity of arthropod hosts. Three genera exclusively target bat flies: Arthrorhynchus, which parasitizes species within Nycteribiidae in the Eastern Hemisphere, while genus Gloeandromyces and Nycteromyces parasitize Streblidae in the Western Hemisphere. Among the hyperparasitic arthropods, mites of family Neothrombidiidae, particularly the monospecific genus Monunguis, are known to parasitize bat flies. Here we present the first records of the hyperparasites Monunguis streblida and Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus parasitizing Streblidae bat flies in Colombia and a summary of these hyperparasitic interactions in the Neotropics. We detected fungi and mites parasitizing bat flies that were collected in the Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, in field expeditions in 2018, 2022, and 2023. We identified 17 bat flies and two species of hyperparasites, specifically M. streblida and the fungi Gloeandromyces. Our search for reports of these interactions in the Neotropics revealed that seven species of Trichobius (Streblidae) are parasitized by M. streblida, whereas Paratrichobius longicrus (Streblidae) is parasitized by Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus. These interactions have been reported in 11 countries, but our records are the first of M. streblida and Laboulbeniales fungi parasitizing bat flies in Colombia. So far, a total of 14 species of fungi and one species of mite have been associated with 19 species of bat flies, which in turn, are linked to 15 species of Neotropical bats.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Dípteros , Animais , Dípteros/microbiologia , Dípteros/parasitologia , Quirópteros/parasitologia , Colômbia , Ácaros/microbiologia , Ácaros/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-ParasitaRESUMO
Infectious keratitis is a vision-threatening microbial infection. The increasing antimicrobial resistance and the fact that severe cases often evolve into corneal perforation necessitate the development of alternative therapeutics for effective medical management. Genipin, a natural crosslinker, was recently shown to exert antimicrobial effects in an ex vivo model of microbial keratitis, highlighting its potential to serve as a novel treatment for infectious keratitis. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin in an in vivo model of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) keratitis. Clinical scores, confocal microscopy, plate count, and histology were carried out to evaluate the severity of keratitis. To assess the effect of genipin on inflammation, the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), were evaluated. Genipin treatment alleviated the severity of bacterial keratitis by reducing bacterial load and repressing neutrophil infiltration. The expression of interleukin 1B (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 8 (IL8), interleukin 15 (IL15), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFNγ), as well as MMP2 and MMP9, were significantly reduced in genipin-treated corneas. Genipin promoted corneal proteolysis and host resistance to S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infection by suppressing inflammatory cell infiltration, regulating inflammatory mediators, and downregulating the expression of MMP2 and MMP9.
Assuntos
Ceratite , Infecções por Pseudomonas , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Projetos Piloto , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Ceratite/microbiologia , Córnea/metabolismo , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
(1) Background: Malaria, a vector-borne infectious disease, is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, responsible for increased extreme morbidity and mortality rates. Despite advances in approved vaccines, full protection has not yet been achieved upon vaccination, thus the development of more potent and safe immuno-stimulating agents for malaria prevention is a goal to be urgently accomplished. We have focused our research on a strategy to identify Plasmodium spp. epitopes by naturally acquired human antibodies and rodent malaria infection models immunized with site-directed non-natural antigens. (2) Methods: Some predictive algorithms and bioinformatics tools resembling different biological environments, such as phagosome-lysosome proteolytic degradation, affinity, and the high frequency of malaria-resistant and -sensitive HLA-II alleles were regarded for the proper selection of epitopes and potential testing. Each epitope's binding profile to both host cells and HLA-II molecules was considered for such initial screening. (3) Results: Once selected, we define each epitope-peptide to be synthesized in terms of size and hydrophobicity, and introduced peptide-bond surrogates and non-natural amino acids in a site-directed fashion, and then they were produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Molecules were then tested by their antigenic and immunogenic properties compared to human sera from Colombian malaria-endemic areas. The antigenicity and protective capacity of each epitope-peptide in a rodent infection model were examined. The ability of vaccinated mice after being challenged with P. berghei ANKA and P. yoelii 17XL to control malaria led to the determination of an immune stimulation involving Th1 and Th1/Th2 mechanisms. In silico molecular dynamics and modeling provided some interactions insights, leading to possible explanations for protection due to immunization. (4) Conclusions: We have found evidence for proposing MSP1-modified epitopes to be considered as neutralizing antibody stimulators that are useful as probes for the detection of Plasmodium parasites, as well as for sub-unit components of a site-directed designed malaria vaccine candidate.
Assuntos
Malária Falciparum , Malária , Parasitos , Peptidomiméticos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Epitopos , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito , Plasmodium falciparum , Antígenos de Protozoários , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Malária Falciparum/prevenção & controle , Malária/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Imunoglobulinas , PeptídeosRESUMO
Rickettsioses are vector-borne zoonotic diseases whose etiological agents are bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Orientia. In Colombia, literature published on rickettsioses during the 20th century is limited and disperse; to date, there are no detailed publications that compile the affected regions or the involved Rickettsia species in each outbreak. Since early works of Luis Patiño-Camargo, the study of rickettsioses gained major importance with the subsequent description of significant outbreaks in some departments of the country. During the 1940s, many articles were published reporting outbreaks probably caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, and Rickettsia prowazekii, as well as studies on their diagnosis, vaccination, and prophylaxis. One of the most notorious works was published by Patiño-Camargo where he named the R. rickettsii rickettsiosis as "Tobia fever". However, in the subsequent decades, these entities entered a prolonged period of neglected research and surveillance, and just gained importance until the 21st century, when new fatal cases began to be reported in the country; thus, many questions remained unanswered during this overlooked period. The present work reviewed online databases, repositories, and libraries to compile literature related to rickettsioses in Colombia published during the 20th century. Gathered data show that typhus group rickettsioses (including infections by R. typhi and R. prowazekii) were broadly distributed in departments from the Andean and Caribbean regions, and that spotted fever group rickettsioses cases (including infections by R. rickettsii) were registered in other locations different from Tobia (Cundinamarca), like Atlántico, Bolivar, and Santander departments. These findings contribute to the knowledge of these diseases, their historical distribution, public health burden, and set new horizons for rickettsioses research in different Colombian locations.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rickettsia , Rickettsia prowazekii , Rickettsia , Masculino , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Rickettsia rickettsiiRESUMO
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the most common protozoan in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, due to its ability to maintain and be transmitted by vectors such as Stomoxys spp. and Tabanus spp. This protozoan causes high morbidity and mortality rates in horses in African, American and Asian countries. In the years 2021 and 2022, a high mortality rate was reported among horses with symptoms associated with Trypanosoma spp. in the municipality of Arauca, department of Arauca, Colombia. The investigation described here was therefore carried out, seeking to identify the pathogens and risk factors that led to the death of the horses in this region of Colombia. Cases: Blood samples were collected from Colombian criollo horses and dogs, as were samples of ticks, flies and horseflies that infested the horses. A variety of tissue samples were removed from the horses a few min after their death for histopathological analysis. Two questionnaires were applied to obtain information about the horses and the environment in which they live. The results of the clinical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, jaundice, high fever, dehydration and lethargy. The horses were also infested with Amblyomma mixtum (17.6%) and Dermacentor nitens (82.4%) ticks, and with Tabanus pungens (74%), Tabanus spp. (26%), and Stomoxys calcitrans flies (100%), while the dogs were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (77.7%) and Amblyomma mixtum (22.2%) ticks. The blood smear test results revealed the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in 66.6% (n = 4) of the horse blood samples, and in 50% (n = 1) of the dog blood samples. PCR performed to identify the Trypanosoma species confirmed the presence of T. evansi. Histological examination of the spleen revealed the involvement and dissemination of T. evansi in the tissues. The horses also showed the presence of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV). Discussion: This is the first updated specific report of T. evansi in criollo horses in the savannah flood zone of the municipality of Arauca, Colombia. The main risk associated with T. evansi infection in horses was found to be infestation with the natural vector T. pungens and the mechanical vector S. calcitrans, which are efficient ectoparasites for the transmission of this parasite. The presence of T. evansi in dogs represents a constant risk to horses, because dogs may serve as a reservoir for the maintenance of the hemoparasite in the population under study. Another risk factor for horses could be the presence of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), a species of bat that has been described as a vector and reservoir of T. evansi in Colombia. The presence of EIAV antibodies in the horses under study can be attributed to the exposure of sick horses to vectors of this virus, such as Tabanus spp., S. calcitrans and inanimate needle-shaped fomites. This is the first study that identifies the coinfection of T. evansi and EIAV in horses in the floodplain region of Colombia. In view of the importance of these 2 pathologies to the health of horses, a greater number of tests and a larger animal population will be required to determine if this coinfection is the cause of the death of criollo horses in this region of Colombia. Lastly, the owners reported that pharmacological control with trypanocides has not been successful in most of the outbreaks that occurred during the years 2021 and 2022. This may suggest that Trypanosoma evansi is developing resistance to these drugs; therefore, specific studies will be required in the future to test this hypothesis.
Assuntos
Animais , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , Vírus da Anemia Infecciosa Equina/isolamento & purificação , Cavalos/parasitologia , ColômbiaRESUMO
Three studies on the biology of Ornithodoros puertoricensis are available in the literature, using different hosts and incubation temperatures. In a previous study, we identified O. puertoricensis in the Colombian Caribbean. The aim of the present work was to analyze life cycle data along one generation from these specimens under laboratory conditions. Eggs of O. puertoricensis were collected in between fragments of bahareque material in a rural dwelling in the municipality of Planeta Rica (Córdoba Department, Colombia), and transported to the laboratory. All post-egg stages (i.e., larvae, nymphs, and adults) were incubated at 27 °C and 85% RH and fed on laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Sixteen engorged larvae were obtained to start a laboratory colony. Average feeding period for larvae was 4.6 days (4-5). The first nymphal instar (N1) did not require feeding and the subsequent nymphal stages (N2, N3, and N4) and adults had feeding periods ranging from 55 to 75 min. Average pre-molting period in nymphs was 15 days (10-21). Most of the N3 molted to males and all N4 molted to females. Two gonotrophic cycles were recorded: the first had a preoviposition period of 12 days (7-18) and produced 190 eggs (171-223), the second lasted 6.6 days (6-7) and produced 146 eggs (104-201). The mean life cycle duration (from parental eggs to F1 eggs) was 70.7 days (58.7-82.7) without fasting periods. The collected data agree with previous studies even with differences in hosts and maintenance conditions.
Assuntos
Argasidae , Carrapatos , Animais , Camundongos , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
Ticks of genus Ornithodoros are nidicolous parasites associated with a wide array of vertebrates. In humans, their bites cause hypersensitivity reactions and are capable to transmit pathogens of health concern. In the department of Córdoba, Caribbean region of Colombia, the first report of an Ornithodoros soft tick was made in 1980 by Betancourt, who described the collection of Ornithodoros talaje in human dwellings. Nevertheless, current the records of O. talaje made in South America have been questioned and likely correspond to misidentifications with morphologically similar species. Between October and December of 2020, we visited rural areas of four localities from three municipalities within the department of Córdoba: Cuero Curtido and Severá (municipality of Cereté), El Espanto (municipality of Planeta Rica), and Arroyo Negro (municipality of San Carlos). Search for soft ticks was performed in 46 human domiciles and peridomiciliary areas. We searched in areas frequented by domestic animals, inspecting cracks in the walls and fowl nests. Infestation by soft ticks was found in 13% (6/46) of visited houses. Overall, 215 ticks were collected (26 larvae, 144 nymphs and 45 adults) from nests of domestic birds or in the adjacent walls. Larvae, nymphs and adults were morphologically identified as Ornithodoros puertoricensis. Molecular identification of ticks was confirmed by sequencing the tick mitochondrial 16S gene of adults, pools of nymphs and larvae. Pairwise comparisons showed a 99% of identity with O. puertoricensis from Panama. This study reports for the first time O. puertoricensis associated with domestic fowl in rural dwellings in Colombia, and expands the geographical distribution of this tick species toward the Córdoba department. Importantly, local people described exposure to tick bites while sleeping in infested houses; therefore, the transmission of soft tick-borne pathogens is now of concern in the region.
RESUMO
Amblyomma nodosum is a Neotropical tick species distributed from Mexico to Argentina, with adult individuals infesting different mammal species, including anteaters (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Few reports in Colombia have recorded this species in departments such as Meta, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. In this paper we describe this species using taxonomic, morphometric and molecular methods after collecting individuals parasitizing collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the departments of Cundinamarca and Tolima. Adult specimens were identified based on current taxonomic keys and different morphometric variables were documented in nonengorged individuals. Also, DNA was extracted for PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA, COI and ITS2 genes. Phylogenetic trees were built. One hundred and thirty-four adult ticks were collected and identified as Amblyomma nodosum, based on morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first study to report the presence of this tick species in the department of Cundinamarca, using multiple identification approaches, thus expanding its geographical records in Colombia.
Assuntos
Amblyomma/classificação , Eutérios/parasitologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Animais , Colômbia , FilogeniaRESUMO
Abstract Amblyomma nodosum is a Neotropical tick species distributed from Mexico to Argentina, with adult individuals infesting different mammal species, including anteaters (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Few reports in Colombia have recorded this species in departments such as Meta, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. In this paper we describe this species using taxonomic, morphometric and molecular methods after collecting individuals parasitizing collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the departments of Cundinamarca and Tolima. Adult specimens were identified based on current taxonomic keys and different morphometric variables were documented in nonengorged individuals. Also, DNA was extracted for PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA, COI and ITS2 genes. Phylogenetic trees were built. One hundred and thirty-four adult ticks were collected and identified as Amblyomma nodosum, based on morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first study to report the presence of this tick species in the department of Cundinamarca, using multiple identification approaches, thus expanding its geographical records in Colombia.
Resumo Amblyomma nodosum é uma espécie de carrapato Neotropical distribuída do México à Argentina com indivíduos adultos, infestando diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo tamanduás (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Na Colômbia, limitados relatos têm registrado essa espécie em alguns departamentos como Meta, Tolima e Valle del Cauca. Neste trabalho, espécimes foram identificados por meio de métodos taxonômicos, morfométricos e moleculares após serem coletados parasitando indivíduos de tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) dos departamentos de Cundinamarca e Tolima. Espécimes adultos foram identificados por meio de chaves taxonômicas e diversas variáveis morfométricas foram ristradas em indivíduos não ingurgitados. Além disso, o DNA foi extraído para amplificação pela PCR e por sequenciamento dos genes 16S rDNA, COI e ITS2. Árvores filogenéticas foram construídas. No total, 134 carrapatos adultos foram coletados e identificados como Amblyomma nodosum por meio de análises morfológicas, morfométricas, moleculares e de filogenia. Este é o primeiro estudo que relata, por meio de múltiplas ferramentas de identificação, esta espécie no departamento de Cundinamarca ampliando assim seus registros geográficos na Colômbia.
Assuntos
Animais , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Eutérios/parasitologia , Amblyomma/classificação , Filogenia , ColômbiaRESUMO
Amblyomma nodosum is a Neotropical tick species distributed from Mexico to Argentina, with adult individuals infesting different mammal species, including anteaters (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Few reports in Colombia have recorded this species in departments such as Meta, Tolima and Valle del Cauca. In this paper we describe this species using taxonomic, morphometric and molecular methods after collecting individuals parasitizing collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the departments of Cundinamarca and Tolima. Adult specimens were identified based on current taxonomic keys and different morphometric variables were documented in nonengorged individuals. Also, DNA was extracted for PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA, COI and ITS2 genes. Phylogenetic trees were built. One hundred and thirty-four adult ticks were collected and identified as Amblyomma nodosum, based on morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first study to report the presence of this tick species in the department of Cundinamarca, using multiple identification approaches, thus expanding its geographical records in Colombia.(AU)
Amblyomma nodosum é uma espécie de carrapato Neotropical distribuída do México à Argentina com indivíduos adultos, infestando diversas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo tamanduás (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Na Colômbia, limitados relatos têm registrado essa espécie em alguns departamentos como Meta, Tolima e Valle del Cauca. Neste trabalho, espécimes foram identificados por meio de métodos taxonômicos, morfométricos e moleculares após serem coletados parasitando indivíduos de tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) dos departamentos de Cundinamarca e Tolima. Espécimes adultos foram identificados por meio de chaves taxonômicas e diversas variáveis morfométricas foram ristradas em indivíduos não ingurgitados. Além disso, o DNA foi extraído para amplificação pela PCR e por sequenciamento dos genes 16S rDNA, COI e ITS2. Árvores filogenéticas foram construídas. No total, 134 carrapatos adultos foram coletados e identificados como Amblyomma nodosum por meio de análises morfológicas, morfométricas, moleculares e de filogenia. Este é o primeiro estudo que relata, por meio de múltiplas ferramentas de identificação, esta espécie no departamento de Cundinamarca ampliando assim seus registros geográficos na Colômbia.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Xenarthra/parasitologia , Carrapatos/classificação , FilogeniaRESUMO
We assessed the risk for toxoplasmosis in 10 school restaurants in Armenia (Quindio, Colombia). We analyzed the presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the food, water, and living and inert surfaces of school restaurants, and we correlated these findings with the results of food safety inspection scores and with the prevalence of specific anti-T. gondii antibodies in children who ate at these restaurants. Of the 213 samples, 6.1% were positive using PCR to test for T. gondii DNA. Positive samples were found in meat, water, cucumber, guava juice, inert surfaces, and living surfaces. In 60% (6/10) of the public school restaurants, there was at least one PCR T. gondii-positive sample. In 311 serum samples from children who attended the restaurants, 101 (33%) were positive for IgG and 12 (3.9%) for IgM anti-T. gondii. The median of the compound score for the fulfillment of inspection for food safety conditions was of 60.7% (range 50-72). Higher T. gondii PCR positivity in surfaces, food, or water at each restaurant was correlated with lower inspection scores for water supply and water storage conditions. Lower scores in physical infrastructure and disinfection procedures and higher scores in furniture were correlated with a higher prevalence of IgG anti-T. gondii in children who ate at those restaurants. Inspection scores can identify restaurants with a higher risk for the presence of T. gondii.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Armênia/epidemiologia , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Carne/parasitologia , Prevalência , Restaurantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose/sangue , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming, coccidian parasite which is known to cause neurological disorders in dogs and abortion and neonatal mortality in cows and other livestock. This study reports the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on the Neospora caninum Nc-5 gene and compares its efficacy for detecting DNA to that of a semi-nested PCR test. RESULTS: Six primers were designed based on the Nc-5 repeat region of N. caninum. Specific LAMP primers led to successful amplification of N. caninum DNA at 63 °C in 30 min. The LAMP assay was highly specific (i.e. it did not reveal cross-reactivity with other parasite species) and had a low N. caninum plasmid DNA limit of detection (1 fg), which is ten times higher than that for the semi-nested PCR. LAMP applicability was evaluated using a set of naturally-infected samples (59 from canine faeces and five from bovine abortions). Thirty-nine percent (25/64) of the naturally-infected samples were positive for N. caninum DNA by LAMP and 36% (23/64) by semi-nested PCR. However, the LAMP assay is much faster to perform than semi-nested PCR and provides results in 30 min. CONCLUSION: The optimized reaction conditions described in this study resulted in a sensitive, specific and rapid technique for detecting N. caninum DNA. Considering the advantages of LAMP for detecting N. caninum DNA, further assays aimed at testing its usefulness on a wider range of field samples are recommended.
Assuntos
Coccidiose/veterinária , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Neospora/genética , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/genética , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/diagnóstico , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Primers do DNA , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Limite de Detecção , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Gravidez , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , TemperaturaRESUMO
Developing novel generations of subunit-based antimalarial vaccines in the form of chemically-defined macromolecule systems for multiple antigen presentation represents a classical problem in the field of vaccine development. Many efforts involving synthesis strategies leading to macromolecule constructs have been based on dendrimer-like systems, the condensation of large building blocks and conventional asymmetric double dimer constructs, all based on lysine cores. This work describes novel symmetric double dimer and condensed linear constructs for presenting selected peptide multi-copies from the apical sushi protein expressed in Plasmodium falciparum. These molecules have been proved to be safe and innocuous, highly antigenic and have shown strong protective efficacy in rodents challenged with two Plasmodium species. Insights into systematic design, synthesis and characterisation have led to such novel antigen systems being used as potential platforms for developing new anti-malarial vaccine candidates.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Protozoários/química , Vacinas Antimaláricas/química , Vacinas Antimaláricas/farmacologia , Plasmodium falciparum/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminocaproatos/química , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Antígenos de Protozoários/metabolismo , Epitopos , Humanos , Malária/prevenção & controle , Malária Falciparum/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peptídeos/imunologia , Plasmodium berghei/patogenicidade , Plasmodium yoelii/patogenicidade , Conformação Proteica , Multimerização Proteica , Coelhos , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/química , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologiaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-transversal en el municipio de Puerto Boyacá para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la miiasis por Cochliomyia hominivorax en bovinos. En 44 fincas ganaderas seleccionadas en un muestreo por conveniencia, se efectuó una entrevista personal a cada ganadero acerca del uso del suelo, sistema de producción ganadera y productos para el tratamiento de la miiasis traumática, entre el 6 y el 15 de febrero del 2007. El material suministrado para recolección de larvas fue recogido entre la última semana de abril y la primera semana de mayo del 2007. Análisis de frecuencias, medidas de asociación y pruebas no paramétricas fueron utilizados. Se detectaron 49 casos (0,4 por ciento) de miiasis por C. hominivorax en 12.325 bovinos registrados, en 18 (41 por ciento) de 44 fincas ganaderas. La causa de herida más frecuente fue abrasión por alambre de púas en 16 casos (32,7 por ciento). Los lugares de infestación más frecuente fueron el ombligo y el escroto con 9 casos (18,4 por ciento) cada uno. Se encontró asociación entre grupos etarios en bovinos y la presentación de casos por C. hominivorax (P=0,000; α=0,05). Se halló asociación entre el sistema de producción bovina y la presentación de casos por C. hominivorax (P=0,044; α=0,05). Se registró el uso de productos no adecuados en el tratamiento de la miiasis traumática como creolina (31 fincas), gasolina (4 fincas), aceite quemado (2 fincas), Baygon® (1 finca) y Vanodine® (1 finca). Se concluye que las fincas ganaderas seleccionadas compartieron factores de riesgo, según el sistema de producción ganadera. Se requiere intervención para evitar perjuicios en animales y consumidores por la utilización de productos no apropiados.
A Cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in countryside of Puerto Boyacá town for identification of Cochliomyia hominivorax myiasis risk factors on cattle. Fourty four cattle farms were selected with a not-random sampling. Personal interviews were carried out to livestock farmers. Land use, livestock production system, and products for treatment of screwworm myiasis were investigated on February 6-15 of 2007. Stuff and instructions were supplied for taking larvae from animal wounds afterwards register survey application. Those materials were collect since last week on April of 2007 until first week on May of 2007. Frequency analysis, cross-tabs measures and non parametric tests were used. 49 screwworm myiasis cases (0.4 percent) out of 12,325 registered cattle were found, in 18 (41 percent) out of 44 selected cattle farms. The main cause of wounds recorded was injury by barbed wire with 16 cases (32.7 percent). Body sites more frequently infested were navel and scrotum with 9 cases (18.4 percent) each one. Association between age group in cattle and screwworm myiasis cases was founded (P=0.000; α=0.05). Association between cattle production system and screwworm myiasis cases was founded (P=0.044; α=0.05). Usual handling of non appropriate products for screwworm myiasis treatment like creolina (31 farms), gasoline (4 farms), used motor lubricant oil (2 farms), Baygon® (1 farm) and Vanodine® (1 farm) was registered. It may be concluded that selected cattle farms shared risk factors, depending on cattle production system. It demands epidemiological intervention to avoid damages to animals and consumers for using of inappropriate products for treatment of traumatic myiasis.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Indústria Agropecuária/efeitos adversos , Infecção por Mosca da Bicheira/veterinária , Miíase/veterinária , Fatores de Risco , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
El aumento del numero de mascotas, la falta de educación y el manejo un adecuado por parte de los propietarios, ha generado un incremento de poblaciones callejeras de caninos, que son una de las más importantes fuentes de contaminación de los ambientes urbanos, con huevos de helmintos y con quistes y ooquistes de protozoarios. El presente estudio determino la prevalencia de parásitos gastrointestinales en caninos recolectados por el Centro de Zoonosis de Bogotá a partir de 650 muestras fecales, distribuidas proporcionalmente por localidades. Mediante pruebas coprológicas se diagnosticó presencia de helmintos y protozoarios gastrointestinales, causantes de enfermedades zoonóticas en la población humana
The increase in the number of pets, the lack of education and inadequate management by pet owners has led to an increase in stray canine populations, which are one of the most important sources of contamination of urban environments with helminth eggs and with cysts and oocysts of protozoa. The present study determined the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in canines collected by the Zoonosis Center of Bogotá from 650 fecal samples, distributed proportionally by localities. The presence of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa, which cause zoonotic diseases in the human population, was diagnosed by coprological tests: 156 samples (24%) showed no helminth or protozoan eggs or cysts, while positivity was observed in 494 (76%). The presence of Ancylostomidae eggs (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinada stenocephala) was evidenced in 355 samples (71.9%), in 47 samples (9.5%) the presence of Toxocara canis eggs, in 9 (1.8%) the presence of Dipylidium caninum eggs, 8 samples (1.6%) Giardia spp. cysts and 6 samples (1.2%) Sarcocystis spp. oocysts. The high percentage of infected animals indicates that free canines are directly involved in the dissemination of helminths and protozoa relevant to public health in Bogota, such as Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, Giardia spp. and Sarcocystis spp. Although the parasitic problems generated by helminths are considered to have been overcome, this study reveals that their importance is maintained in free canine populations where there is no sanitary management, in addition to the fact that protozoa are important pathogens within emerging zoonotic diseases.