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Background: To evaluate the thermal insulation of protective liners and glass ionomer cement during light-curing procedures. Material and Methods: Human third molars underwent Class I preparations with dimensions 5 mm long × 4 mm wide × 4 mm deep in a standardized manner ensured a consistent ±0.5 mm dentin thickness at the pulpal floor. The teeth were attached to a customized oral cavity chamber simulator with a circulating bath at a standardized temperature of 34.2 ± 1oC. The temperature variations at the pulpal floor were captured in real-time by video using an infrared thermal camera (FLIR ONE Pro, FLIR Systems). The materials evaluated were: Dycal (Dentsply), TheraCal LC (Bisco), Activa (Pulpdent), and Fuji II LC (GC). All light-activation procedures were performed with the same light-curing unit (Valo Grand, Ultradent) in standard mode, 1000 mW/cm2, and time of exposure following manufacturer instructions. A power analysis was conducted to determine the sample size considering a minimal power of 0.8, with α=0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. Results: The temperature at the pulpal floor increased above the 5.5 ºC safety threshold difference for clinical scenarios tested. None of the materials provided proper thermal insulation for light-curing procedures (p = 0.25). The higher the number of light-cured steps, the longer the pulp remained above the 5.5 ºC temperature threshold. Conclusions: The materials tested provided improper thermal insulation (Δ > 5.5 ºC). Thus, prolonged or multiple light-curing exposures can be harmful to the pulp tissues. Therefore, for indirect pulpal capping procedures, self-cured materials or a reduced number of steps requiring light curing must be adopted to reduce the amount of time the pulp remains above the 5.5 ºC safety temperature threshold. Key words:Dental Pulp Capping, Calcium hydroxide, Bioactive, Thermal Damage.

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The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize porous Cellulose Acetate (CA) scaffolds using the electrospinning technique and functionalize the surface of the scaffolds obtained through the dip-coating method with a Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposite and varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) for application in tissue engineering regeneration techniques. The scaffolds were divided into four distinct groups based on their composition: 1) CA scaffolds; 2) CAHAC scaffolds; 3) CAHAGOC 1.0% scaffolds; 4) CAHAGOC 1.5% scaffolds. Scaffold analyses were conducted using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and in vitro cell viability assays (WST). For the biological test analysis, Variance (two-way) was used, followed by Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). The XRD results revealed the predominant presence of CaP phases in the CAHAC, CAHAGOC 1.0%, and CAHAGOC 1.5% groups, emphasizing the presence of HA in the scaffolds. FTIR demonstrated characteristics of cellulose and PO4 bands in the groups containing HA, confirming the presence of CaP in the synthesized materials, as also indicated by XRD. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of D and G bands, consistent with GO, confirming the successful incorporation of the HAGO nanocomposite into the scaffolds. The micrographs displayed overlapping electrospun fibers, forming the three-dimensional structure in the produced scaffolds. It was possible to observe hydroxyapatite crystals filling some of these pores, creating a suitable structure for cell adhesion, proliferation, and nutrition, as corroborated by the results of in vitro tests. All scaffolds exhibited high cell viability, with significant cell proliferation. Even after 48 h, there was a slight reduction in the number of cells, but a noteworthy increase in cell proliferation was evident in the CAHAGOC 1.5% group after 48 h (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it can be affirmed that the produced scaffolds demonstrated physical and biological characteristics and properties capable of promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, they represent significant potential for application in tissue engineering, offering a new perspective regarding techniques and biomaterials applied in regenerative therapies.

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This study investigated microshear bond strength (µSBS) of two (2) dual-cured resin-luting agents (RelyX™ Ultimate and RelyX™ U200) when photoactivated through varying thicknesses of lithium disilicate, with or without thermal cycling. Discs of IPS e.max Press of 0.5, 1.5, and 2 mm in thickness were obtained. Elastomer molds (3.0 mm in thickness) with four cylinder-shaped orifices 1.0 mm in diameter, were placed onto the ceramic surfaces and filled with resin-luting agents. A Mylar strip, glass plate, and load of 250 grams were placed over the filled mold. The load was removed and the resin-luting agents were photoactivated through the ceramics using a single-peak LED (Radii Plus.) All samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Half of the samples were subjected to thermal cycling (3,000 cycles; 5ºC and 55ºC). All samples were then submitted to µSBS test using a universal testing machine (Instron 4411) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05). The mean µSBS at 24 h was significantly higher than after thermal cycling (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found between resin-luting agents (p > 0.05). The mean µSBS for groups photoactivated through 0.5 mm ceramic were significantly higher than 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increased ceramic thicknesses reduced the bond strength of tested resin-luting agents to lithium disilicate. No differences were found between resin-luting agents. Thermal cycling reduced the bond strength of both resin-luting agents.

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PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different manufacturing procedures (Eli annealed - hot work versus cold worked - cold work) of the raw material under mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of orthodontic miniscrews (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty MS were randomly separated into 3 types (n=10) according to manufacturer and manufacturing process of the raw material: type A - SIN® annealed (control group); type B - Dentfix® annealed; and, type C - Dentfix® cold worked. MI were inserted in artificial bone blocks, through the manufacturer's specific manual key attached to the digital torquemeter stabilized via custom device. Data of fracture's occurrence was performed using Fisher's exact test. Comparisons between the other two types regarding insertion torque and removal torque were performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Data of fracture torque, shear stress, normal stress and torque ratio was submitted to Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (α=0.05). Representative images of surface morphology and fractures were selected. RESULTS: Type C showed statistically the lowest fracture torque (N.cm) (26.11±0.41) (P=0.0012) and highest torque ratio (%) (98.74±0.85) (P=0.0007). Type C showed statistically higher calculated shear (MPa) (2,432.73±508.41) and normal stress (MPa) (1,403.86±293.39) than type B and type A, showing that they differed in relation to the mechanical strength of the material with which they were made (P=0.0007). CONCLUSION: Type A fractured completely inside the most apical bone. Type B and type C fractured closer to the transmucosal profile. Cold worked process should be more prone to fractures than those annealed raw manufactured.

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Abstract This study investigated microshear bond strength (µSBS) of two (2) dual-cured resin-luting agents (RelyX™ Ultimate and RelyX™ U200) when photoactivated through varying thicknesses of lithium disilicate, with or without thermal cycling. Discs of IPS e.max Press of 0.5, 1.5, and 2 mm in thickness were obtained. Elastomer molds (3.0 mm in thickness) with four cylinder-shaped orifices 1.0 mm in diameter, were placed onto the ceramic surfaces and filled with resin-luting agents. A Mylar strip, glass plate, and load of 250 grams were placed over the filled mold. The load was removed and the resin-luting agents were photoactivated through the ceramics using a single-peak LED (Radii Plus.) All samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Half of the samples were subjected to thermal cycling (3,000 cycles; 5ºC and 55ºC). All samples were then submitted to µSBS test using a universal testing machine (Instron 4411) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05). The mean µSBS at 24 h was significantly higher than after thermal cycling (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found between resin-luting agents (p > 0.05). The mean µSBS for groups photoactivated through 0.5 mm ceramic were significantly higher than 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increased ceramic thicknesses reduced the bond strength of tested resin-luting agents to lithium disilicate. No differences were found between resin-luting agents. Thermal cycling reduced the bond strength of both resin-luting agents.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento (RUµC) de dois (2) agentes de cimentação de resina dual (RelyX™ Ultimate e RelyX™ U200) quando fotoativados através de diferentes espessuras de dissilicato de lítio, com ou sem ciclagem térmica. Discos do IPS e.max Press de 0,5, 1,5 e 2 mm de espessura foram obtidos. Moldes de elastômero (3,0 mm de espessura) com quatro orifícios cilíndricos de 1,0 mm de diâmetro foram colocados sobre as superfícies cerâmicas e preenchidos com agentes de cimentação de resina. Uma tira Mylar, placa de vidro e carga de 250 gramas foram colocadas sobre o molde preenchido. A carga foi removida e os agentes de cimentação resinosos foram fotoativados através da cerâmica usando um LED de pico-único (Radii Plus). Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37oC por 24 h. Metade das amostras foi submetida a ciclagem térmica (3.000 ciclos; 5ºC e 55ºC). Todas as amostras foram então submetidas ao teste de RUµC usando uma máquina de teste universal (Instron 4411) com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância três fatores e ao teste post-hoc de Tukey (α = 0,05). A média de RUµC em 24 h foi significativamente maior do que após a ciclagem térmica (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre os cimentos resinosos (p > 0,05). As médias de RUµC para grupos fotoativados através de cerâmica de 0,5 mm foram significativamente maiores do que 1,5 mm e 2,0 mm (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, o aumento da espessura da cerâmica reduziu a resistência de união dos agentes de cimentação resinosos ao dissilicato de lítio. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os agentes de cimentação resinosos. A ciclagem térmica reduziu a resistência de união de ambos os agentes de cimentação resinosos.

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This study was aimed at analyzing the surface properties of a universal resin composite and evaluating the effect of preheating on its physicochemical properties. Two commercial resin composites were used under two conditions: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR preheated (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) and FS preheated (FSH). The film thickness (FT) test (n = 10) was done using two glass slabs under compression. Flexural strength (FLS) and modulus (FLM) were evaluated using a three-point flexion test (n = 10). Polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) was evaluated in a universal testing machine (n = 5). Gap width (GW) between composite and mold was measured in internally polished metallic molds (n = 10). The degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). The morphology of the filler particles was checked by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX analysis. Surface gloss (SG) and surface roughness (SR) were evaluated before and after mechanical brushing (n = 10). The outcomes were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Lower mean values of FT were observed for the preheated groups when compared to the non-preheated groups. URH and FSH showed higher mean values of FLS and FLM when compared with UR and FS. No differences were observed between groups in the PSS test. The GW was higher for the UR and FS groups when compared with URH and FSH. The DC was higher for preheated resin composites when compared to the non-preheated groups. The SR of the UR composite was higher than the FS after mechanical brushing, while the SG was higher for the FS groups. In conclusion, the universal resin composite tested generally presented similar physicochemical properties compared with the nanofilled resin composite and either similar or slightly inferior surface properties. The preheating improved or maintained all properties evaluated.

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Abstract This study was aimed at analyzing the surface properties of a universal resin composite and evaluating the effect of preheating on its physicochemical properties. Two commercial resin composites were used under two conditions: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR preheated (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) and FS preheated (FSH). The film thickness (FT) test (n = 10) was done using two glass slabs under compression. Flexural strength (FLS) and modulus (FLM) were evaluated using a three-point flexion test (n = 10). Polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) was evaluated in a universal testing machine (n = 5). Gap width (GW) between composite and mold was measured in internally polished metallic molds (n = 10). The degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). The morphology of the filler particles was checked by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX analysis. Surface gloss (SG) and surface roughness (SR) were evaluated before and after mechanical brushing (n = 10). The outcomes were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Lower mean values of FT were observed for the preheated groups when compared to the non-preheated groups. URH and FSH showed higher mean values of FLS and FLM when compared with UR and FS. No differences were observed between groups in the PSS test. The GW was higher for the UR and FS groups when compared with URH and FSH. The DC was higher for preheated resin composites when compared to the non-preheated groups. The SR of the UR composite was higher than the FS after mechanical brushing, while the SG was higher for the FS groups. In conclusion, the universal resin composite tested generally presented similar physicochemical properties compared with the nanofilled resin composite and either similar or slightly inferior surface properties. The preheating improved or maintained all properties evaluated.

Resumo Neste estudo avaliou-se propriedades físico-químicas e de superfície de um compósito universal pré-aquecido e comparado a um compósito convencional. Foram utilizados dois compósitos comerciais: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR pré-aquecido (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) e FS pré-aquecido (FSH). O teste de espessura de película (EP) (n = 10) foi feito usando duas placas de vidro sob compressão. A resistência à flexão (RF) e o módulo flexural (MF) foram avaliados por meio do teste de flexão de três pontos (n = 10). A tensão de contração de polimerização (TCP) foi avaliada em uma máquina de teste universal (n = 8). A largura da fenda (LF) entre o compósito e o molde foi medida em moldes metálicos polidos internamente (n = 10). O grau de conversão (GC) foi avaliado por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (n = 3). A morfologia das partículas de carga foi observada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e sua composição em EDX. Brilho superficial (BS) e rugosidade superficial (RS) foram avaliados antes e após escovação mecânica (n=10). Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA 2-fatores e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Menores valores médios de EP foram observados para os grupos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos grupos não pré-aquecidos. URH e FSH apresentaram maiores valores médios de RF e MF quando comparados com UR e FS. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no teste TCP. A LF foi maior para os grupos UR e FS quando comparados com URH e FSH. O GC foi maior para os compósitos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos não pré-aquecidos. A RS do compósito UR foi maior que o FS após a escovação mecânica, enquanto o BS foi maior para os grupos FS. Em conclusão, o compósito universal testado geralmente apresentou propriedades físico-químicas semelhantes em comparação ao compósito nanoparticulado e propriedades de superfície semelhantes ou ligeiramente inferiores. O pré-aquecimento melhorou ou manteve todas as propriedades avaliadas.

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This study aimed to assess and correlate initial surface roughness and frictional resistance of rectangular CuNiTi wires inserted in different self-ligating brackets. The sample consisted of 40 bracket-wire sets (rectangular CuNiTi wires of 0.017" x 0.025" and passive self-ligating brackets) divided into four groups (n=10): metallic self-ligating bracket and metallic CuNiTi wire (G1); metallic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G2); esthetic self-ligating bracket and metallic wire (G3); esthetic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G4). The initial surface roughness of the wires was examined with a Surfcorder roughness meter, model SE1700. Later, frictional resistance was assessed in an Instron 4411 universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min, in an aqueous medium at 35°C. Microscopic analyses of surface morphology were performed with scanning electron microscopy, using an LEO 1430, with magnifications of 1000X. Generalized linear models were applied, considering the 2 x 2 factorial (bracket type x wire type), at a 5% significance level. Regardless of bracket type, the groups with esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness than the groups with metallic wires (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the different bracket-wire sets for frictional resistance and no significant correlation between frictional resistance and initial surface roughness in the environment studied. It is concluded that esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness but did not interfere with the frictional resistance between brackets and wires.

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This study investigated the effect of preheating an elastomeric urethane monomer (Exothane-24) experimental resin composite on its physicochemical properties. Two resin matrices were formulated: (a) 50 wt% Bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and 50 wt% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); and (b) 20 wt% Exothane-24, 40 wt% Bis-GMA and 40 wt% TEGDMA. A photoinitiator system (0.25 wt% camphorquinone and 0.50 wt% ethyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate) and 65 wt% of the inorganic filler (20 wt% 0.05 µm silica and 80 wt% 0.7 µm BaBSiO2 glass) were added to both matrices. These formulations were then assigned to four groups: Exothane-24 (E); Exothane-24 plus preheating (EH); no Exothane-24 (NE); and no Exothane-24 plus preheating (NEH). NEH and EH were preheated at 69 °C. The dependent variables were as follows: film thickness (FT); polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS); gap width (GW); maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax); and degree of conversion (DC). Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Preheating reduced FT for both composites. PSS and GW were significantly lower for EH, when compared with E. The DC for EH and NEH and the Rpmax for EH increased significantly. Preheating improved most of the physicochemical properties (FT, PSS, GW, and DC) of the experimental resin composite containing Exothane-24.

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Abstract This study aimed to assess and correlate initial surface roughness and frictional resistance of rectangular CuNiTi wires inserted in different self-ligating brackets. The sample consisted of 40 bracket-wire sets (rectangular CuNiTi wires of 0.017" x 0.025" and passive self-ligating brackets) divided into four groups (n=10): metallic self-ligating bracket and metallic CuNiTi wire (G1); metallic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G2); esthetic self-ligating bracket and metallic wire (G3); esthetic self-ligating bracket and rhodium-coated CuNiTi wire (G4). The initial surface roughness of the wires was examined with a Surfcorder roughness meter, model SE1700. Later, frictional resistance was assessed in an Instron 4411 universal testing machine at a speed of 5 mm/min, in an aqueous medium at 35°C. Microscopic analyses of surface morphology were performed with scanning electron microscopy, using an LEO 1430, with magnifications of 1000X. Generalized linear models were applied, considering the 2 x 2 factorial (bracket type x wire type), at a 5% significance level. Regardless of bracket type, the groups with esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness than the groups with metallic wires (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the different bracket-wire sets for frictional resistance and no significant correlation between frictional resistance and initial surface roughness in the environment studied. It is concluded that esthetic wires presented higher initial surface roughness but did not interfere with the frictional resistance between brackets and wires.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar a rugosidade superficial inicial e a resistência a fricção dos fios CuNiTi retangulares inseridos em diferentes bráquetes autoligados. A amostra foi composta por 40 conjuntos bráquetes-fios (fios retangulares CuNiTi de 0.017" x 0.025" e braquetes autoligados passivos), divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): bráquete autoligado metálico e fio CuNiti metálico (G1); braquete autoligado metálico e fio CuNiti com revestimento de rhodium (G2); bráquete autoligado estético e fio metálico (G3); bráquete autoligado estético e fio CuNiti com revestimento de rhodium (G4). A rugosidade superficial inicial do fio foi examinada com um rugosímetro Surfcorder modelo SE1700. Posteriormente, a resistência a fricção foi avaliada em uma máquina de ensaios universal Instron 4411, a uma velocidade de 5mm/min em meio aquoso à 35oC. Análises microscópicas da morfologia de superfície foram realizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, utilizando um LEO 1430, com ampliações de 1000X. Foram aplicados modelos lineares generalizados, considerando o fatorial 2 x 2 (tipo de bráquete x tipo de fio), com o nível de significância de 5%. Independentemente do tipo de bráquete, os grupos com fios estéticos apresentaram maior rugosidade superficial inicial que os grupos com fios metálicos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os diferentes conjuntos bráquetes-fios quanto a resistência à fricção e não houve correlação significativa entre a resistência a fricção e a rugosidade superficial inicial no ambiente estudado. Conclui-se que os fios estéticos apresentaram maior rugosidade superficial inicial porém não interferiram na resistência a fricção entre os braquetes e os fios.

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The aim of this paper was to synthesize and characterize polymeric scaffolds of Chitosan/Xanthan/Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide nanocomposite associated with mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative dentistry application. The chitosan-xanthan gum (CX) complex was associated with Hydroxyapatite-Graphene Oxide (HA-GO) nanocomposite with different Graphene Oxides (GO) concentration (0.5 wt%; 1.0 wt%; 1.5 wt%). The scaffolds characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle. The mechanical properties were assessed by compressive strength. The in vitro bioactivity and the in vitro cytotoxicity test (MTT test) were analyzed as well. The data was submitted to the Normality and Homogeneity tests. In vitro Indirect Cytotoxicity assay data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA two-way, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Compressive strength and contact angle data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). XRD showed the presence of Hydroxyapatite (HA) peaks in the structures CXHA, CXHAGO 0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%. FT-IR showed amino and carboxylic bands characteristic of CX. Raman spectroscopy analysis evidenced a high quality of the GO. In the TGA it was observed the mass loss associated with the CX degradation by depolymerization. SEM analysis showed pores in the scaffolds, in addition to HA incorporated and adhered to the polymer. Contact angle test showed that scaffolds have a hydrophilic characteristic, with the CX group the highest contact angle and CXHA the lowest (p < 0.05). 1.0 wt% GO significantly increased the compressive strength compared to other compositions. In the bioactivity test, the apatite crystals precipitation on the scaffold surface was observed. MTT test showed high cell viability in CXHAGO 1.0% and CXHAGO 1.5% scaffold. CXHAGO scaffolds are promising for regenerative dentistry application because they have morphological characteristics, mechanical and biological properties favorable for the regeneration process.

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The aim was to evaluate the marginal-gap formation and curing profile of a new restorative technique using a liner with long-wavelength-absorbing photoinitiator (LWAP). Box-shaped preparations (6 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) were made in third molars. All samples were treated with Clearfill SE Bond and divided into 4 groups (n = 5), according to restorative technique used: (1) incremental technique (INC-Technique); (2) camphorquinone-based liner (CQ-Liner) + bulk-fill resin composite; (3) LWAP-based liner (LWAP-Liner) + bulk-fill resin composite; and (4) bulk-fill technique without liner (BF-Technique). The marginal gaps (%) for all the samples were measured using micro-computed tomography. The restorations were cross-sectioned, and the degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop microhardness were evaluated at different depths (0.3, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm). INC-Technique, CQ-Liner, and LWAP-Liner groups showed significantly fewer marginal gaps than those from the BF-Technique group. The BF-Technique specimens had the lowest DC and microhardness in depth. All the other techniques presented similar degree of conversion and microhardness at all the depths. The use of liners, regardless of the photoinitiator system, decreased the marginal-gap formation and improved the curing profile of bulk-filling restoration technique.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of delayed light-curing of dual-cure bulk-fill composites on internal adaptation and microhardness (KHN) in depth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bulk-fill composites were placed in 35 box-shaped preparations and cured according to the following protocols (n = 5): Filtek Bulk-Fill light-cured immediately after insertion (FBF); Bulk-EZ light-cured immediately after insertion (BEZ-I); Bulk-EZ light-cured 90 s after insertion (BEZ-DP); Bulk-EZ self-cured (BEZ-SC); HyperFIL light-cured immediately after insertion (HF-I); HyperFIL light-cured 90 s after insertion (HF-DP); HyperFIL self-cured (HF-SC). After 24 h, the samples were axially sectioned, and the internal adaptation was evaluated using replicas under a scanning electron microscope. The KHN was evaluated at six depths (0.3 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm). The statistical analysis was performed using α = 0.05. RESULTS: The KHN significantly decreased with depth, except in self-curing mode, when it was similar at all depths. Delayed light-curing significantly increased the KHN at higher depths. The internal adaptation was material-dependent. Light-curing did not influence the internal adaptation of HyperFIL, whereas delayed light-curing significantly reduced the internal gaps (%) of Bulk-EZ. CONCLUSION: Delayed light-curing improved the depth of cure of dual-cure resin composites. Light-curing did not influence the internal adaptation of HyperFIL, but delayed light-curing improved the internal adaptation of Bulk-EZ. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Light-curing is fundamental for improving the mechanical properties of dual-cure resin composites. Moreover, depending on the dual-cure resin composite, the delay in light-curing can reduce the internal gaps.

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Objective: To evaluate different concentrations of solvents (tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and monomers on the degree of conversion, microtensile bond strength, and mechanical properties of experimental resin infiltrants. Materials and Methods: Resin infiltrants were formulated and divided into eleven groups: (1) Icon, (2) 75% TEGDMA (T) +25% UDMA (U), (3) T +25% BIS-EMA (B), (4) T + U +0.5%DMSO, (5) T + U +5% DMSO, (6) T + U +0.5% THF, (7) T + U +5% THF, (8) T + B +0.5% DMSO, (9) T + B +5% DMSO, (10) T + B +0.5% THF, and (11) T + B +5% THF. One hundred and ten bovine mandibular incisors were sectioned, treated, and destined to the degree of conversion, tensile cohesive strength, microtensile bond strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: The degree of conversion was lowest for T + B +5%THF (41.9%) and highest for T + U +5%THF (62.1%). In flexural strength and E-modulus, the T + B (96.5 MPa and 0.49 GPa) obtained the highest values and the lowest for T + U +5% DMSO (18.5 MPa and 9.7 GPa). Icon showed the highest bond strength (19.3 MPa) and cohesive strength (62.2 MPa), while T + U +5%DMSO (9.7 MPa) and T + B +5% DMSO (9.8 MPa) the lowest values and T + B +0.5% DMSO (12.3 MPa) the lowest cohesive strength. Conclusions: The addition of lower concentrations of DMSO or THF (0.5%) did not impair bond strength or significantly affect monomer conversion, but reduced the mechanical properties of resin infiltration.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate in vitro the effect of gastroesophageal reflux, before and after bonding of metal brackets on composite resin surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ten resin discs were divided into 5 groups (n=42), according to the time and medium of storage: 24h, 7- and -30 days in artificial saliva (AS) and hydrochloric acid (HCL). Twelve samples from each group were submitted to surface roughness analysis (n=60). The other one hundred and fifty samples were divided into 3 groups (n=50) according to the bonding material: Transbond™ XT (TXT), 3M™ Filtek™ Z250 (Z250) and 3M™ Filtek™ Z350 XT (Z350). After bonding, the samples were subdivided, one more time, into 5 groups (n=10) according to the time (24h, 7, and 30 days) and medium storage (AS, HCL). Following, the shear bond strength (SBS) analysis was accomplished. Erosive challenge was performed for 7 or 30 days, before and after bonding of orthodontic brackets, for 1min, 4 times a day. SBS was performed in a universal testing machine (Instron) at 0.5mm/min. SBS data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS: TXT showed higher SBS values in all conditions (AS - 10.9±2.0 (24h); 10.5±4.9 (7 days); 9.4±2.2 (30 days); HCL - 11.5±3.7 (7 days); 8.0±2.1 (30 days)) - (P<0.0001). No statistical difference was detected in SBS between Z250 and Z350 composite resins (Z250 SBS: AS - 7.1±1.9 (24h), 5.2±1.8 (7 days), 4.5±1.5 (30 days); HCL - 5.2±2.3 (7 days), 5.0±2.5 (30 days)) - (P<=0.063)/Z350 SBS: AS - 7.4±1.0 (24h); 3.7±1.7 (7 days); 3.4±1.7 (30 days); HCL - 3.5±3.3 (7 days); 4.4±1.2 (30 days)) - (P<=0.167), respectively). Storage times and media did not statistically influence the SBS of TXT and Z250 composite resins (P>0.05), but did influence the Z350 SBS (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Regardless of time and storage medium, TXT was the best composite resin for bonding brackets. Furthermore, the erosive challenge did not lead to surface changes in the Z250 resin at 7 and 30 days, unlike the Z350 resin.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure the frictional resistance of different types of ligatures used on conventional and self-ligating brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monoblock (conventional) and Portia (self-ligating) brackets were used and the archwire used was nickel-titanium. On conventional brackets the ligatures tested were the Elastomeric type and steel 0.30 tie-wire. The groups were divided according to the ligature types (n=8): (1) conventional elastomeric ligature; (2) relaxed conventional elastomeric ligature; (3) elastomeric ligature in shape-8; (4) double vertical elastomeric ligatures; (5) double-crossed elastomeric ligatures; (6) crossed ligature; (7) steel wire ligature; and (8) self-ligating ligature (self-ligating bracket). A segment of five brackets, each ligature types, was mounted. The archwire, between the bracket and the ligature, was connected on Instron® Universal test machine to simulate the frictional resistance. The maximum frictional resistance was obtained, and the mean values were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS: The elastomeric ligature in shape-8 showed the highest value compared with other groups (P<0.05). Although the crossed elastomeric ligature presented the lowest mean value and it was not statistically different regarding relaxed conventional elastomeric ligature, steel wire ligature and self-ligating (P≥0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frictional resistance was influenced by ligature types. Elastomeric Ligature in shape-8 showed the highest frictional force. Crossed Elastomeric Ligature had the lowest frictional force value.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical changes in orthodontic devices made with laser and silver solder after immersion in different antiseptic solutions. METHODS: Wire/band assemblies were fabricated using different types of solders (silver and laser). The devices were immersed in different antimicrobial solutions (chlorhexidine - CHX 0.12% and Silver nanoparticles - NAg 0.12% and 0.18%). Non-immersion in solution and immersion in artificial saliva were used as initial and negative control, respectively (n=12). Surface morphological analysis was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The quantitative analysis of the chemical elements present after the immersions in the solutions was analysed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Greater amounts of copper, silver and zinc were released from silver soldering, on the other hand, iron, nickel, and chromium ions were the most prevalent metal ions in laser soldering. Regarding mouthwashes, the lowest amounts of metal ions were released in CHX, and the highest amounts of ions were released in the 0.12% NAg and 0.18% NAg solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Laser welding seems to be less susceptible to corrosion. The different antiseptic solutions did not contribute to an increase in ion release.

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Resumo Este estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar a força liberada por elásticos ortodônticos coloridos e naturais e a degradação da força ao longo de 24 horas. No total foram utilizados 40 elásticos com força leve, divididos em quatro Grupos (n = 10) de acordo com o diâmetro (1/4 pol. e 3/16 pol.) e cor (elásticos com borracha natural e elásticos coloridos). Para causar fadiga nos elásticos, foi utilizada uma máquina de ensaio simulando movimentos mandibulares. As leituras da força elástica foram feitas na máquina de Teste Universal Instron 4411 nos intervalos de tempo de 1, 4, 15 e 24 horas. Os dados de redução da força foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey (a= 5%). Os resultados demonstraram redução da força ao longo do tempo em todos os grupos, com o elástico colorido de 1/4 de polegada de diâmetro apresentando força significativamente maior do que o de borracha natural em todos os intervalos de tempo. Já os elásticos de 3/16 polegadas de diâmetro, apesar de apresentarem degradação de força, não apresentaram diferença significativa para os tipos de cor. Elásticos coloridos e de cor natural, de ambos os diâmetros, apresentaram degradação da força ao longo de 24 horas, porém os elásticos coloridos de 1/4 de polegada de diâmetro apresentaram valores de força superiores aos da cor natural (AU)

Abstract This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the force released by orthodontic colored and natural elastics and the degradation of force over the course of 24 hours. In total 40 elastics with light force were used, divided into four Groups (n=10) according to their diameter (1/4 inch and 3/16 inch) and color (elastics with natural rubber color and colored elastics). To cause fatigue on the elastics, a test machine simulating mandibular movements was used. The elastic force readouts were taken on the Instron 4411 Universal Test Machine in the intervals of 1, 4, 15 and 24 hours. The reduction in force data was analyzed by the Tukey test (a= 5%). The results demonstrated a reduction in force over the course of time in all the groups, with the colored elastic 1/4 inch in diameter showing significantly higher force than those of natural rubber color in all the time intervals. While the 3/16 inch diameter elastics, although showing degradation of force, did not show significant difference for types of color. Colored and natural elastics, of both diameters, showed degradation of force over 24 hours, however, the colored 1/4 inch diameter elastics showed higher force values than those of the natural color (AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo experimental in vitro foi avaliar a Resistência de União ao Cisalhamento (RUC) da colagem de bráquetes em diferentes tratamentos de superfície de resina composta, associados a dois agentes de união. Foram confeccionados 90 corpos de prova com resina composta Filtek Z350 (3M/ESPE). Os corpos de prova foram aleatoriamente divididos em nove grupos (n=10): (1) grupo controle; (2) silano e primer; (3) adesivo universal (5) ácido fosfórico, silano e primer (4) ácido fosfórico, adesivo universal; (6) ácido fluorídrico, silano e primer; (7) ácido fluorídrico e adesivo universal; (8) broca, silano e primer e (9) broca e adesivo universal. Em seguida, foi aplicado na superfície de colagem do bráquete metálico (Standart Edgewise para incisivo central superior ­ Morelli, Sorocaba/SP) a resina ortodôntica Transbond XT/3M. O bráquete foi colado na resina composta Filtek Z350 (3M/ESPE). Após 24 horas foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento na máquina Instron, com velocidade de 0,5mm/min. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Em seguida foi avaliado o Índice de Remanescente Adesivo (IRA). Não houve diferença significativa entre os agentes de união quanto à resistência de união (p>0,05). Os oito grupos que receberam agentes de união apresentaram resistência significativamente maior do que o grupo controle (p<0,05). O grupo preparado com ácido fluorídrico apresentou menor resistência que os preparados com ácido fosfórico (com silano + primer transbond) e broca diamantada (com silano + primer transbond e com adesivo universal), p<0,05. Concluiu-se que o tratamento de superfície influencia na resistência de união. (AU)

Abstract The aim of this in vitro experimental study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of bracket bonding in different composite resin surface treatments associated with two bonding agents. Ninety specimens were made with Filtek Z350 composite resin (3M/ESPE). The specimens were randomly divided into nine groups (n=10): (1) control group; (2) silane and primer; (3) universal adhesive (5) phosphoric acid, silane and primer (4) phosphoric acid, universal adhesive; (6) hydrofluoric acid, silane and primer; (7) hydrofluoric acid and universal adhesive; (8) drill, silane and primer and (9) universal drill and adhesive. Transbond XT/3M orthodontic resin was then applied to the bonding surface of the metal bracket (Standart Edgewise for upper central incisor ­ Morelli, Sorocaba/SP). The bracket was bonded to the Filtek Z350 composite resin (3M/ ESPE). After 24 hours they were submitted to the shear bond test on the Instron machine at a speed of 0.5mm/min. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. Then the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was evaluated. There was no significant difference between bonding agents regarding bond strength (p> 0.05). The eight groups that received bonding agents showed significantly higher resistance than the control group (p <0.05). The group prepared with hydrofluoric acid presented lower resistance than those prepared with phosphoric acid (with silane + transbond primer) and diamond drill (with silane + transbond primer and universal adhesive), p <0.05. It was concluded that the surface treatment influences the bond strength.(AU)

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of material and processing methods on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Five types of brackets were tested: Conventional metallic (CM), metallic sandblasted (SB), ceramic (C), polycarbonate (PC), and metallic fabricated by melting injection molding (MIM). Shear bond strength (SBS) was conducted to check bond strength of the brackets bonded to bovine teeth (n=10/group), and tensile bond strength (TBS) (20 brackets/group) to check bracket retention to bonding material (n=20/group). Both, SBS and TBS were conducted with 1mm/min crosshead speed in a universal testing machine. Bond strength was calculated in Megapascal (MPa) based on force (N) and bracket area (mm 2). Data normality was verified, and One-way ANOVA was the statistical test with Tukey post-hoc (α=0.05). Results: SB and MIM presented higher SBS compared to C, PC, and CM (p<0.05). SB and MIM also presented significantly higher TBS compared to CM and PC (p<0.05). However, MIM was not different of C for TBS. Conclusion: The type of material and method of fabrication are determinant factors that affect bond strength of orthodontic brackets and melting injection molding (MIM) is a remarkable technology to improve brackets retention during the orthodontic treatment. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos materiais e métodos de processamento na resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos. Material e Métodos: Cinco tipos de bráquetes foram testados: Convencionais metálicos (CM), metálicos jateados (SB), cerâmico (C), policarbonato (PC), e metálico fabricado por injeção de metal fundido em molde (MIM). A resistência de união ao cisalhamento (SBS) foi conduzida para verificar a resistência de união dos bráquetes aderidos a dentes bonivos (n=10/grupo) e a resistência à tração (TBS) (20 bráquetes/grupo) para verificar a retenção do bráquete ao material adesivo (n=20/grupo). SBS e TBS foram conduzidas com relação carga/velocidade de 1mm/min em uma máquina de ensaios universal. A resistência de união foi calculada em Megapascal (MPa) com base na força (N) pela área do bráquete (mm 2). A normalidade dos dados e a estatística foi realizada utilizando One-way ANOVA e Tukey post-hoc (α=0.05). SB e MIM apresentaram os maiores valores de SBS comparados com C, PC e CM (p<0.05). Resultados: SB e MIM também apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de TBS comparados com CM e PC (p<0.05). Contudo, os valores de TBS para o grupo MIM não foram significativamente diferentes de C. Conclusão: O tipo de material e o método de fabricação são fatores determinantes que afetam a resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos e a injeção de metal fundido em molde (MIM) é uma tecnologia relevante para melhorar a retenção dos bráquetes durante o tratamento ortodôntico. (AU)

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