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ABSTRACT The authors report full-field electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography findings of intravitreal melphalan retinal toxicity. An 18-month-old girl with unilateral group D retinoblastoma was evaluated with light-adapted 3 full-field electroretinogram protocol and optical coherence tomography (I-Stand optical coherence tomography, Optovue) after treatment with intravitreal melphalan for active vitreous seeds. After the third injection, the child developed retinal pigment epithelial changes near the injection site. The photopic response of the full-field electroretinogram standard flash cones showed a decrease in amplitude responses of waves a and b in the affected eye compared to the contralateral eye. Optical coherence tomography showed loss of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layers in the affected eye. Melphalan toxicity is dose-dependent, and despite its treatment benefits, it can affect vision. Our case shows an updated, in-depth retinal toxicity assessment of intravitreal melphalan in the human retina with optical coherence tomography and its correlation with electroretinogram changes.

RESUMO Os autores relatam os achados de eletrorretinograma de campo total e tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) da toxicidade retiniana ao melfalan intravítreo. Menina de 18 meses com retinoblastoma foi avaliada com fases fotópicas do eletrorretinograma de campo total e tomografia de coerência óptica após o tratamento com melfalan intravítreo. Após a terceira injeção, a criança desenvolveu alterações do epitélio pigmentar da retina próximo ao local da injeção. A resposta fotópica do eletrorretinograma de campo total mostrou diminuição da amplitude das respostas das ondas a e b no olho afetado comparado com o olho sadio. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou alterações significativas nas camadas retinianas externas no olho comprometido. A toxicidade do melfalan é dose dependente e, apesar dos benefícios terapêuticos, podem causar alterações retinianas significativas. Este caso demonstra uma avaliação atual e aprofundada da toxicidade retiniana do melfalan intravítreo na retina humana através da tomografia de coerência óptica e sua correlação com as alterações no eletrorretinograma.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in a series of patients with vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, interventional case series included patients with biopsy-confirmed vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma diagnosed between 1997 and 2020. Standard 23- or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was performed for diagnostic sampling. Sclerotomies were treated with double or triple freeze-thaw cryotherapy. Perioperative intravitreal injections of melphalan (32 µg/0.075 mL) were administered, when indicated. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and systemic and ocular treatment responses were reported. Results: Five eyes of five patients with unilateral vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 84 (range, 37-88) years. The median follow-up after ophthalmic diagnosis was 28 (8.5-36) months; one patient did not have a follow-up. The initial visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to hand motions. Baseline clinical findings included pigmented or non-pigmented cellular infiltration of the vitreous (5/5), anterior segment (4/5), and retina (3/5). Four patients had secondary glaucoma. Systemic therapy included checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (n=3, all with partial/complete response), systemic chemotherapy (n=2), surgical resection (n=3), and radiation (n=2). The median time from primary diagnosis to vitreous metastasis was 2 (2-15) years. One patient had an active systemic disease at the time of vitreous metastasis. The final visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to no light perception. Ophthalmic treatment included vitrectomy in all five patients, intravitreal administration of melphalan in three, and intravitreal administration of methotrexate in one. One patient required enucleation, and histopathology revealed extensive invasion by melanoma cells. Conclusions: Vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma can present as a diffuse infiltration of pigmented or non-pigmented cells into the vitreous and may be misdiagnosed as uveitis. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy and periodic intravitreal chemotherapy may be indicated.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os achados clínicos, tratamentos, e desfechos em uma série de pacientes com me tástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo. Métodos: Série retrospectiva de casos de único centro com intervenção. Pacientes incluídos tiveram seu diagnóstico de MVMC confirmado por biópsia entre 1997 e 2020. Vitrectomia via pars plana com 23 ou 25 gauge foram realizadas para obter espécimens. Esclerotomias foram tratadas com crioterapia em duplo ou triplo congelamento. Injeção intravítrea perioperatória de melfalano (32 ug/0,075 mL) foi administrada quando necessário. Foram relatados acuidade visual, pressão intraocular, resposta terapêutica sistêmica e ocular. Resultados: Cinco olhos de 5 pacientes com metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo unilateral foram identificados. Idade média de diagnóstico foi 84 anos (variando de 37-88). Seguimento médio após diagnóstico oftalmológico foi 28 (8,5-36) meses; 1 paciente não teve acompanhamento. Acuidade visual inicial variou de 20/30 a movimentos de mão. Achados clínicos iniciais incluíram infiltração de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo (5/5), segmento anterior (4/5), e retina (3/5). Quatro pacientes tiveram glaucoma secundário. Tratamento sistêmico incluiu imunoterapia com inibidores da via de sinalização (3 - todos com resposta parcial/completa), quimioterapia sistêmica (2), ressecção cirúrgica (3), e irradiação (2). Intervalo médio entre diagnóstico primário e metástases vítreas foi 2 (2-15) anos. Um paciente teve doença sistêmica ativa simultânea as metástases vítreas. Acuidade visual final variou entre 20/40 e SPL. Tratamento oftalmológico incluiu vitrectomia nos 5 pacientes, melfalano intravítreo em 3 e metotrexato intravítreo em 1. Um paciente precisou de enucleação. A histopatologia revelou invasão celular extensa de melanoma. Conclusões: Metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo pode se manifestar como uma infiltração difusa de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo e erroneamente diagnosticada como uveites. Vitrectomia diagnóstica e quimioterapia intravítrea periódica podem estar indicadas.

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ABSTRACT This case report aims to show the anatomical and functional results of a patient diagnosed as having cancer-associated retinopathy treated with a controlled-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex). Anatomical outcomes were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography; and functional outcomes, by measuring visual acuity, microperimetry, and mutifocal electroretinography. The follow-up period was 1 year.

RESUMO Este relato de caso tem como objetivo mostrar os resultados anatômicos e funcionais de um paciente com diagnóstico de retinopatia associada ao câncer tratado com implante de liberação controlada de dexametasona (Ozurdex®). Os resultados anatômicos foram avaliados por SD-OCT e os resultados funcionais por medida de acuidade visual, microperimetria e eletrorretinograma multifocal. O período de acompanhamento foi de um ano.

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This case report aims to show the anatomical and functional results of a patient diagnosed as having cancer-associated retinopathy treated with a controlled-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex). Anatomical outcomes were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography; and functional outcomes, by measuring visual acuity, microperimetry, and mutifocal electroretinography. The follow-up period was 1 year.

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BACKGROUND: Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) has been used to treat multiple cancers including liver metastasis from uveal and cutaneous melanoma but not as primary tumor treatment. We report the compassionate use of chemoreduction with intra-arterial melphalan before ruthenium brachytherapy to salvage an eye with choroidal melanoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old female patient complained of decreased vision and central-temporal scotoma in OS (left eye) for 1 month. Visual acuity was 20/20 in right eye (OD) and 20/125 OS. Anterior segment examination and intraocular pressure were unremarkable in both eyes, as was fundus examination of the OD. Fundus examination of OS revealed a brown, solid tumor partially obscuring the temporal optic disc margin and extending to the equatorial fundus midzone. Serous retinal detachment was present over the lesion and around it. Ultrasonography revealed a solid choroidal tumor with a largest basal diameter (LBD) of 13.0 mm and thickness of 10.4 mm. The tumor presented acoustic hollowness and a superimposing retinal detachment. After metastatic screening was negative, the patient underwent intra-arterial chemotherapy with melphalan. Three weeks later, her visual acuity was 20/200 and there was noticeable tumor regression to 11.9 mm (LBD) by 7.9 mm (thickness) allowing brachytherapy to be performed. Ten weeks after brachytherapy (13 weeks after IAC), visual acuity was HM due to biopsy-related vitreous hemorrhage (VH). Tumor dimensions were 9.9 (LBD) mm and 6.5 mm (thickness) and PPV was performed to remove VH. Six weeks after PPV (20 weeks after IAC), her visual acuity was 20/200 and further reduction of tumor dimensions was observed: largest basal diameter was 8.9 mm and thickness was 4.9 mm. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the feasibility of combining induction IAC prior to ruthenium brachytherapy for large choroidal melanoma. More studies are warranted to confirm these early preliminary findings.

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The authors report full-field electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography findings of intravitreal melphalan retinal toxicity. An 18-month-old girl with unilateral group D retinoblastoma was evaluated with light-adapted 3 full-field electroretinogram protocol and optical coherence tomography (I-Stand optical coherence tomography, Optovue) after treatment with intravitreal melphalan for active vitreous seeds. After the third injection, the child developed retinal pigment epithelial changes near the injection site. The photopic response of the full-field electroretinogram standard flash cones showed a decrease in amplitude responses of waves a and b in the affected eye compared to the contralateral eye. Optical coherence tomography showed loss of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layers in the affected eye. Melphalan toxicity is dose-dependent, and despite its treatment benefits, it can affect vision. Our case shows an updated, in-depth retinal toxicity assessment of intravitreal melphalan in the human retina with optical coherence tomography and its correlation with electroretinogram changes.

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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To describe a patient with visually symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) treated successfully with intravitreal beta-blocker. METHODS: This is an interventional single case report of a 63 year-old man with a juxtafoveal CCH and extensive subretinal fluid (SRF) unsuccessfully treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF. Off-label intravitreal use of metoprolol (50µg/0.05 ml) was then performed. Main outcome measures were resolution or decreased subretinal fluid on OCT, visual stability or improvement, lack of retinal/ocular toxicity. RESULTS: Following 2 intravitreal injections of metoprolol (1 month apart), significant response was observed with decrease of SRF and visual improvement to 20/400 during a 9-week follow-up after the injections. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that intravitreal metoprolol can be a safe alternative treatment for patients with CCH. This off-label therapy could represent another option for patients with this condition.

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PURPOSE: To report retinal function findings on the choroidal nevus. METHODS: Prospective descriptive case series of 7 patients (n = 7 eyes) presenting a melanocytic choroidal lesion consistent with choroidal nevus and no other ocular disease. Baseline evaluation included measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color and near-infrared fundus pictures, and spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering). Retinal function was tested with microperimetry (MAIA; CenterVUE, Padova) using a standard grid (µP1) and a linear grid (µP2) that distribute test points on retinal areas that overlaid the choroidal lesion as well as lesion-free areas equidistantly to the fovea in 3 parallel lines. mfERG was performed following the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) recommendation using a 61-hexyagon protocol. RESULTS: BCVA was 20/25 (0.1 logMAR) or better in all 7 eyes. Microperimetry showed central stable fixation on all eyes, with mean ± SE sensitivity threshold significantly decreased on retinal areas overlaying the lesions (µP1): 21.8 ± 0.6 dB versus 25.2 ± 0.9 dB on nonaffected retinal areas (p < 0.001). Sensitivity was also decreased on µP2: 23.7 ± 0.2 dB for areas overlying the nevi and 25.7 ± 0.3 dB for the nonaffected retina (p < 0.001). mfERG responses showed no focal amplitude or implicit-time changes on the retina in the topographical region corresponding to the nevus for all patients. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that choroidal nevi may cause significant retinal sensitivity impairment, as shown by microperimetry, but preserved mfERG response indicates that the retinal function may be only partially impaired.

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BACKGROUND: Choroidal hemangioma is a visual threatening condition for which treatments is neither uniform nor widely available. New management options are necessary. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and early outcome of intravitreal metoprolol tartrate in five patients with CCH. METHODS: Five eyes of five patients diagnosed with subfoveal or peripapillary CCH and unsuccessfully treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents were enrolled and received off-label intravitreal injections of metoprolol (50µg/0.05 ml). Baseline and follow-up evaluations included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement, assessment of anterior chamber cellular score/flare and vitritis, retinography, fundus autofluorescence, and ERG. Patients were followed for a period of 30 days. Statistical analysis involved comparison of pre- and post-treatment findings using a paired t-test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in all ERG parameters regarding a- and b-wave amplitude and implicit time, and oscillatory potentials' maximal amplitude. There were no significant changes in visual acuity. None of the patients developed clinical signs of intraocular inflammation. The subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid improved in 3 out of 5 patients 4 weeks after the metoprolol injection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CCH treated with a single injection of 50µg/0.05ml intravitreal metoprolol injections showed no signs of acute ocular toxicity. This pilot study did not assess long-term retinal toxicity, different concentrations, drug resistance, and complications from repeated-intravitreal injections.

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The authors developed a retinoblastoma model using fresh harvested cells from an enucleated eye that were transplanted in chick embryos (chorioallantoic membrane model). The transplanted embryos were treated with escalating doses of Melphalan. This exploratory model was developed with the goal of testing drug sensitivity. Our findings suggest this tumor model could be employed to personalize treatment for patients with retinoblastoma, especially those with bilateral and more refractory disease.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, potential correlation with transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy, and treatment of scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy and assessed by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. Methods: We per­formed a retrospective review of posterior uveal melanoma treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy at a single academic institution between July 2006 and July 2013. Consecutive patients diagnosed with a posterior uveal melanoma during the study period that had an anterior margin at or anterior to the equator who were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy prior to 125I plaque radiotherapy were included. The main outcome measure was development of scleral necrosis, and the secondary outcome was treatment of this complication. Statistical analysis included computation of conventional descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and chi-square tests of potential factors related to the development of scleral necrosis, and summarizing of treatment approaches and results. The incidence of treatment of scleral necrosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: During the 7-year study period, 87 posterior uveal melanomas were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy. The median largest basal diameter of the tumor was 13.3 mm, and the median thickness was 6.8 mm. Eight patients (9.2%) developed scleral necrosis during follow-up. Thicker tumors (> 6.5 mm) were more likely to develop scleral necrosis (n=7) than thinner tumors (p=0.05). The median interval between 125I plaque radiotherapy and detection of scleral necrosis was 19.1 months. The overall cumulative probability of scleral necrosis was 6.2% at 6 months and 14.3% at 24 months, subsequently remaining stable. For thicker tumors, the probability of scleral necrosis was 23.5% at 45.4 months. Five patients were treated by scleral patch graft (62.5%) and three by observation (37.5%). One patient underwent enucleation after two failed scleral patch attempts and recurrent scleral necrosis. The mean follow-up period for patients with scleral necrosis was 34.5 months. Conclusions: Thicker posterior uveal melanomas are more likely to develop scleral necrosis after 125I plaque radiotherapy and transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. While observation is sufficient for managing limited scleral necrosis, scleral patch graft is a viable alternative for eye preservation in extensive scleral necrosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar incidência, possível correlação da biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral e manejo da necrose escleral em pacientes com melanoma da úvea posterior tratados com placa de Iodo-125 (PLACA) avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva de melanoma da úvea posterior tratados com placa de Iodo-125 entre 07/2006 e 07/2013 em uma única instituição acadêmica. Pacientes diagnosticados consecutivamente com melanoma da úvea posterior durante o intervalo desse estudo cuja margem anterior está no equador ou anterior ao mesmo e foram avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral antes do tratamento com PLACA foram incluídos. O principal desfecho avaliado foi desenvolvimento de necrose escleral e o desfecho secundário foi o manejo dessa complicação. Análise estatística incluiu computação de variáveis descritivas convencionais; tabulação e teste do Chi-quadrado de fatores potencialmente relacionados com o desenvolvimento de necrose escleral e sumarização do manejo dessa complicação. A incidência de necrose escleral foi calculada usando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Durante o período de 7 anos desse estudo, 87 melanomas da úvea posterior foram avaliados pela biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral e tratados com placa. A mediana do maior diâmetro basal tumoral foi 13,3 mm e a mediana da espessura foi 6,8 mm. Oito pacientes (9,2%) desenvolveram necrose escleral durante o período de acompanhamento. Tumores mais espessos (> 6,5 mm) foram mais propensos a desenvolver necrose escleral (n=7) que tumores mais finos (p=0,05). O intervalo mediano entre PLACA e a detecção da necrose escleral foi 19,1 meses. Probabilidade cumulativa de desenvolvimento de necrose escleral foi 6,2% em 6 meses e 14,3% em 24 meses permanecendo estável subsequentemente. Em tumores espessos, a probabilidade de necrose escleral foi 23,5% em 45,4 meses. Cinco pacientes foram manejados com enxerto escleral (62,5%), 3 foram observados (37,5%). Um paciente foi enucleado após 2 enxertos esclerais com necrose escleral recidivada. Tempo de seguimento médio dos pacientes com necrose escleral foi 34,5 meses. Conclusões: Tumores espessos pareceram mais propensos a desenvolver necrose escleral após PLACA e biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina trans-escleral para melanoma da úvea posterior. Apesar de observação para necrose escleral limitada ser suficiente, enxerto de esclera é uma alternativa viável para preservação ocular em necrose escleral extensa.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, potential correlation with transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy, and treatment of scleral necrosis in patients with posterior uveal melanomas treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy and assessed by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. METHODS: We per-formed a retrospective review of posterior uveal melanoma treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy at a single academic institution between July 2006 and July 2013. Consecutive patients diagnosed with a posterior uveal melanoma during the study period that had an anterior margin at or anterior to the equator who were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy prior to 125I plaque radiotherapy were included. The main outcome measure was development of scleral necrosis, and the secondary outcome was treatment of this complication. Statistical analysis included computation of conventional descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and chi-square tests of potential factors related to the development of scleral necrosis, and summarizing of treatment approaches and results. The incidence of treatment of scleral necrosis was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: During the 7-year study period, 87 posterior uveal melanomas were evaluated by transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy and treated by 125I plaque radiotherapy. The median largest basal diameter of the tumor was 13.3 mm, and the median thickness was 6.8 mm. Eight patients (9.2%) developed scleral necrosis during follow-up. Thicker tumors (> 6.5 mm) were more likely to develop scleral necrosis (n=7) than thinner tumors (p=0.05). The median interval between 125I plaque radiotherapy and detection of scleral necrosis was 19.1 months. The overall cumulative probability of scleral necrosis was 6.2% at 6 months and 14.3% at 24 months, subsequently remaining stable. For thicker tumors, the probability of scleral necrosis was 23.5% at 45.4 months. Five patients were treated by scleral patch graft (62.5%) and three by observation (37.5%). One patient underwent enucleation after two failed scleral patch attempts and recurrent scleral necrosis. The mean follow-up period for patients with scleral necrosis was 34.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Thicker posterior uveal melanomas are more likely to develop scleral necrosis after 125I plaque radiotherapy and transcleral fine needle aspiration biopsy. While observation is sufficient for managing limited scleral necrosis, scleral patch graft is a viable alternative for eye preservation in extensive scleral necrosis.

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The management of patients with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma focuses on local tumor control and screening for metastasis. Despite the lack of consensus on the benefit of sentinel lymph node biopsy for these neoplasms, the information obtained by histopathology is useful for tumor staging and treatment planning. Due to the lack of evidence of survival improvement, orbital exenteration is being performed with diminishing frequency. We describe a patient with diffuse invasive conjunctival melanoma and lymph node involvement treated by tumor debulking, brachytherapy (custom unshielded radioactive device), and adjuvant ipilimumab who has had a favorable outcome without emergence of local tumor relapse or distant metastasis during 16 months of follow up.

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IMPORTANCE: Although mostly asymptomatic, patients with choroidal nevi carry a moderate risk for malignant transformation and visual loss. A novel noninvasive imaging assessment could change the current clinical evaluation of choroidal nevi. OBSERVATION: Three patients with a recent diagnosis of choroidal nevi underwent a novel adaptive optical assessment that detected potential photoreceptor abnormalities in the retina overlying the choroidal nevi. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Adaptive optics imaging may provide high-resolution en face images of retinal structural changes in the photoreceptor mosaic overlying the choroidal nevi. Cone attenuation may be an important component of structural damage in choroidal nevi and may correlate and possibly predict functional visual loss.

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A 4 year-old girl with bilateral, non-familial retinoblastoma (RB) was referred to our care after primary enucleation OS and active tumor OD refractory to multiple therapies (intravenous chemotherapy, laser/cryotherapy, and I-125 plaque radiotherapy). Vitreous seeding OD, initially controlled by several sessions of Ophthalmic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy (OAIC) and periocular chemotherapy, recurred shortly thereafter. The patient underwent intravitreal (IVit) Melphalan injections achieving tumor control despite the concurrent development of keratopathy, pupillary synechiae, cataract, and necrosis of the inferior fornix and the adjacent orbital fat, all secondary to the treatments administered. Repeated amniotic membrane implants and tarsorrhaphy were performed to alleviate the symptoms. Despite being tumor free for 6 months, a poor fundus view and treatment-related complications prompted us to consider enucleation, but parents declined. Following recent negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), her cataract was removed. She was then found to have tumor recurrence. Her eye was enucleated 12 months ago and she recovered well from the surgery. As ocular oncology embarks in eye-preserving treatments for retinoblastoma, it is important to address the cumulative effects and associated impact of such treatments and the possibility of failure.

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A 4 year-old girl with bilateral, non-familial retinoblastoma (RB) was referred to our care after primary enucleation OS and active tumor OD refractory to multiple therapies (intravenous chemotherapy, laser/cryotherapy, and I-125 plaque radiotherapy). Vitreous seeding OD, initially controlled by several sessions of Ophthalmic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy (OAIC) and periocular chemotherapy, recurred shortly thereafter. The patient underwent intravitreal (IVit) Melphalan injections achieving tumor control despite the concurrent development of keratopathy, pupillary synechiae, cataract, and necrosis of the inferior fornix and the adjacent orbital fat, all secondary to the treatments administered. Repeated amniotic membrane implants and tarsorrhaphy were performed to alleviate the symptoms. Despite being tumor free for 6 months, a poor fundus view and treatment-related complications prompted us to consider enucleation, but parents declined. Following recent negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), her cataract was removed. She was then found to have tumor recurrence. Her eye was enucleated 12 months ago and she recovered well from the surgery. As ocular oncology embarks in eye-preserving treatments for retinoblastoma, it is important to address the cumulative effects and associated impact of such treatments and the possibility of failure.

Uma menina de 4 anos com retinoblastoma (RB) bilateral, não-familiar foi encaminhada após enucleação OE e tumor ativo OD refratário a múltiplas terapias (quimioterapia endovenosa, laser/crioterapia e braquiterapia com I-125). Semeadura vitrea OD, inicialmente controlada por inúmeras sessões de Quimioterapia Intra-Arterial Oftálmica (QIAO) e quimioterapia periocular, recorreu em seguida. Paciente recebeu injeções intravítreas de Melphalan obtendo controle tumoral apesar do desenvolvimento concomitante de ceratopatia, sinéquias pupilares, catarata, necrose do fórnice inferior e gordura periorbitária adjacente, todos secundários aos tratamentos usados. Implantes repetidos de membrana amniótica e tarsorrafias foram realizadas para melhora sintomatológica. Apesar de estar livre de tumor por 6 meses, a baixa visibilidade do fundo e complicações terapêuticas nos levaram a considerar enucleação que foi descartada pelos pais. Após recente ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) negativa, a catarata foi removida. Foi então detectada recorrência tumoral. O olho foi enucleado há 12 meses e ela se recuperou bem da cirurgia. Enquanto a oncologia ocular embarca em tratamentos para preservar em retinoblastoma, é importante considerar os efeitos cumulativos e impacto associado desses tratamentos, e a possibilidade de fracasso.

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