RESUMO
Three large-scale Echovirus (E) epidemics (E4,E16,E30), each differently associated to the acute development of diabetes related autoantibodies, have been documented in Cuba. The prevalence of islet cell autoantibodies was moderate during the E4 epidemic but high in the E16 and E30 epidemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of epidemic strains of echovirus on beta-cell lysis, beta-cell function and innate immunity gene expression in primary human pancreatic islets. Human islets from non-diabetic donors (n = 7) were infected with the virus strains E4, E16 and E30, all isolated from patients with aseptic meningitis who seroconverted to islet cell antibody positivity. Viral replication, degree of cytolysis, insulin release in response to high glucose as well as mRNA expression of innate immunity genes (IFN-b, RANTES, RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3 and OAS) were measured. The strains of E16 and E30 did replicate well in all islets examined, resulting in marked cytotoxic effects. E4 did not cause any effects on cell lysis, however it was able to replicate in 2 out of 7 islet donors. Beta-cell function was hampered in all infected islets (P<0.05); however the effect of E16 and E30 on insulin secretion appeared to be higher than the strain of E4. TLR3 and IFN-beta mRNA expression increased significantly following infection with E16 and E30 (P<0.033 and P<0.039 respectively). In contrast, the expression of none of the innate immunity genes studied was altered in E4-infected islets. These findings suggest that the extent of the epidemic-associated islet autoimmunity may depend on the ability of the viral strains to damage islet cells and induce pro-inflammatory innate immune responses within the infected islets.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano B/imunologia , Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Infecções por Echovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Echovirus/virologia , Enterovirus Humano B/genética , Epidemias , Genes Virais , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/virologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
Coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes are autoimmune diseases that may share the same initiating environmental factors. In this study, the occurrence of type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies (GADA and IA-2A) and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGA) was determined in patients with confirmed viral infections and no signs of type 1 diabetes or coeliac disease. Serum samples from 82 Cuban patients tested positive for PCR and IgG specific to enterovirus (HEV, serotype echovirus 16, 20 samples), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, 20 samples), cytomegalovirus (CMV, 21 samples), and hepatitis C virus (HCV, 21 samples); and sera from 164 controls negative serologically to EBV, CMV, HCV, and echovirus 16 were enrolled in the study. All subjects were screened for GADA, IA-2A, and TGA. The prevalence of TGA in patients infected with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV was 55% (11/20), 25% (5/20), 9.5% (2/21), and 9.5% (2/21), respectively. GADA and IA-2A were found in 15% (3/20) and 25% (5/20) of patients infected with HEV. None of the patients infected by EBV, CMV, and HCV had GADA or IA-2A. All children infected with HEV who were positive for type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies were also TGA-positive. None of the sera from uninfected subjects were positive for GADA, IA-2A or TGA. In conclusion, TGA can develop during infection with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV, while the emergence of islet cell related autoantibodies is restricted to HEV infections. The findings suggest that HEV may be a shared environmental factor for the development of islet and gut-related autoimmunity.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Glutamato Descarboxilase/imunologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/imunologia , Viroses/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Os dados são provenientes de 234 touros da raça Nelore participantes de um teste de progênie, no período de 1996 a 2003. A diferença esperada na progênie (DEP) de sete características: peso aos 120 e 210 dias, efeito materno (DMPP120 e DMPP210), peso e perímetro escrotal aos 365 e 450 dias, efeito direto (DDP365, DDP450, DDPE365 e DDPE450) e idade ao primeiro parto (DDIPP) foi utilizada para classificar os animais em três grupos, assim como identificar quais as características possuíram maior poder discriminatório na formação de cada grupo. Para tanto, foram utilizados procedimentos estatísticos multivariados de análise de agrupamentos k-médias e componentes principais. Os resultados evidenciaram que, dos três grupos formados, dois se destacaram quanto aos valores médios das DEPs. A importância desses dois grupos de touros foi confirmada pela análise de componentes principais, que associou a eles valores superiores de DEPs diretas de peso e perímetro escrotal. A quantidade da variabilidade original retida pelos dois primeiros componentes principais foi de 70,22 por cento. Estes procedimentos mostraram-se eficientes e constituíram importantes ferramentas para classificar touros, discriminar variáveis, bem como resumir informações multivariadas, podendo ser usados como auxílio valioso na seleção de reprodutores para uso nos programas de melhoramento genético.(AU)
The data set is from 234 Nelore bulls which participate of a progeny test in the period from 1996 to 2003. The expected progeny diference (EPDs) of seven economic traits, weights at 120 e 210 days of age, maternal effect (DMPP120 and DMPP210), weights and scrotal circumferences at 365 e 450 days of age, direct effects (DDP365, DDP450, DDPE365 and DDPE450), and age at first calving (DDIPP), were used in order to classify these animals in three groups and verify which EPDs showed greatest discriminating power in forming the groups. The statistical applied techniques were: k-means clusters analysis and principal components analysis. From the three groups formed, two of them stood out in relation to values of the EPDs means. Evidence of the importance of these two groups was observed in the principal component analysis that associate to them higher values of direct EPDs of weight and scrotal circumference. The two first principal components accounted for 70.22 percent of the total original variability. Both techniques could be an important tools to sire classification, variable discrimination, as well as to resume multivariate information, and they could be applied to help selection in animal breeding program.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Melhoramento Genético/métodos , Variação Genética , Bovinos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Os dados são provenientes de 234 touros da raça Nelore participantes de um teste de progênie, no período de 1996 a 2003. A diferença esperada na progênie (DEP) de sete características: peso aos 120 e 210 dias, efeito materno (DMPP120 e DMPP210), peso e perímetro escrotal aos 365 e 450 dias, efeito direto (DDP365, DDP450, DDPE365 e DDPE450) e idade ao primeiro parto (DDIPP) foi utilizada para classificar os animais em três grupos, assim como identificar quais as características possuíram maior poder discriminatório na formação de cada grupo. Para tanto, foram utilizados procedimentos estatísticos multivariados de análise de agrupamentos k-médias e componentes principais. Os resultados evidenciaram que, dos três grupos formados, dois se destacaram quanto aos valores médios das DEPs. A importância desses dois grupos de touros foi confirmada pela análise de componentes principais, que associou a eles valores superiores de DEPs diretas de peso e perímetro escrotal. A quantidade da variabilidade original retida pelos dois primeiros componentes principais foi de 70,22 por cento. Estes procedimentos mostraram-se eficientes e constituíram importantes ferramentas para classificar touros, discriminar variáveis, bem como resumir informações multivariadas, podendo ser usados como auxílio valioso na seleção de reprodutores para uso nos programas de melhoramento genético.
The data set is from 234 Nelore bulls which participate of a progeny test in the period from 1996 to 2003. The expected progeny diference (EPDs) of seven economic traits, weights at 120 e 210 days of age, maternal effect (DMPP120 and DMPP210), weights and scrotal circumferences at 365 e 450 days of age, direct effects (DDP365, DDP450, DDPE365 and DDPE450), and age at first calving (DDIPP), were used in order to classify these animals in three groups and verify which EPDs showed greatest discriminating power in forming the groups. The statistical applied techniques were: k-means clusters analysis and principal components analysis. From the three groups formed, two of them stood out in relation to values of the EPDs means. Evidence of the importance of these two groups was observed in the principal component analysis that associate to them higher values of direct EPDs of weight and scrotal circumference. The two first principal components accounted for 70.22 percent of the total original variability. Both techniques could be an important tools to sire classification, variable discrimination, as well as to resume multivariate information, and they could be applied to help selection in animal breeding program.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos/anatomia & histologia , Variação Genética , Melhoramento Genético/métodosRESUMO
PIP: The results of public opinion surveys were used to assess the variation in views and attitudes toward the environment among different social strata in several countries. The developed countries have recently become concerned about the disappearance of the rain forests, but mere survival is more of a preoccupation for the majority of Brazilians than damage tot he rain forest. A survey of a representative national sample during the 1989 presidential election indicated that fewer than 10% of Brazilians considered ecological problems among the 3 major national problems. But in a survey to determine which environmental problems in Brazil were considered most serious, burning of the tropical forest was identified by the greatest proportion of respondents, 19%, followed by industrial pollution of rivers and cities, 17%. Surveys in 1990-91 in Great Britain indicated in contrast that some 92% of respondents were in favor of 1 or more measures to limit deterioration of the tropical forest, such as limiting importation of wood from countries not protecting their forests or contributing funds to ecological groups. Opinion surveys in British Columbia, whose main economic activity is forestry, showed that 40% of respondents considered ecological problems to be the most serious, ahead of unemployment, the economy, or social services. But specific questions on clear cutting of forests, preservation of old forest in Vancouver, or pollution controls for the paper industry, which closely affected the local economy, divided opinion and probably demonstrated a desire to protect the environment without too greatly disturbing the local economy. Study of the reactions of developing country populations to environmental problems is difficult because of language and cultural barriers, political instability, war, natural catastrophes, and difficulty of establishing representative samples, among other factors. Results of a study of the opinion of the Maya population of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala on deforestation, land use, and development are expected to appear shortly. A study in Lima identified the proliferation of refuse in the street as the worst ecological problem for 42%, followed by air pollution caused by automotive exhausts for 30%. Only 1% believed disappearance of the rain forest to be the principal problem. The ordering of ecological problems was significantly influenced by social class. A comparison of the views on ecological problems of opinion leaders and the general public was conducted in 1988-89 in 16 countries on 4 continents. In most cases, the opinions of the leaders corresponded to those of the general public. Most respondents in all countries except Saudi Arabia considered their environment of average quality, and a majority believed that the place where they lived had worsening environmental conditions over the past decade. Majorities in all countries except Japan stated they support organizations that protect the environment.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Coleta de Dados , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , Poluição Ambiental , Liderança , Percepção , Opinião Pública , Classe Social , América , Atitude , Comportamento , Brasil , Canadá , América Central , Comunicação , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Guatemala , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Peru , Psicologia , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul , Reino UnidoRESUMO
One hundred thirty-eight patients with pyelonephritis were treated with norfloxacin, 400 mg twice daily. Women accounted for 74% of cases, and Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, accounting for 51% of organisms. Tests for antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) were performed in 48% of patients, and 72% (48 of 67) were positive. Forty percent of the patients had temperatures greater than 37.6 degrees C at the time of study entry. Patients who had both fevers and positive ACB tests had cure rates similar to those of afebrile, ACB-negative patients. Norfloxacin was also highly effective in the treatment of multiply resistant, nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs), in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli predominated. It is concluded that, when used appropriately, i.e., in nonbacteremic patients who are able to absorb oral drugs, norfloxacin is a highly effective alternative modality in the therapy of certain UTIs that historically have been treated with parenteral antibiotics.
Assuntos
Norfloxacino/uso terapêutico , Pielonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Teste na Urina com Bactérias Cobertas por Anticorpos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Infusões Parenterais , Masculino , Norfloxacino/administração & dosagem , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
In a controlled, randomized trial of 133 patients with proven urinary tract infections (UTIs), significantly more pathogens were found to be susceptible to norfloxacin than to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (p less than 0.01). Among patients with pathogens susceptible to both drugs, more of those treated with norfloxacin were cured or improved (p = 0.06). When at least one patient variable, i.e., prior history of therapy, was corrected for, this difference became significant (p = 0.03). Norfloxacin eradicated 11 of 13 infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 6 of 7 due to enterococci. Five patients treated with norfloxacin and two treated with TMP-SMZ had relapses within 6 weeks. Significantly fewer adverse experiences occurred in patients receiving norfloxacin (p less than 0.01).