RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and characteristics of spit (smokeless)-tobacco (ST) use in rookie baseball players as they enter the professional ranks and to identify factors associated with use before entering professional baseball. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was an anonymous questionnaire survey administered during the 1999 baseball season by professional baseball athletic trainers at 30 professional baseball clubs. SUBJECTS: The target group was all rookie professional baseball players entering professional baseball. Of 862 eligible players in the summer of 1999, 616 participated in the survey. MEASUREMENTS: The questionnaire assessed tobacco use, demographic variables relevant to rookie professional baseball players, and factors hypothesized to be associated with current ST use (ie, other forms of tobacco use, social norms, environmental cues, and risky behavior intentions). Univariate associations with ST use were described by relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. For continuous variables, mean values of ST users and nonusers were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the players had tried ST and 31% were current users. Significant risk factors for ST use were being a current cigarette or cigar smoker, having a family member who used ST, and perceiving ST use by peers and role models. CONCLUSIONS: Almost one third of rookie baseball players in the 1999 season were regular ST users on entering professional baseball. Interventions for prevention and cessation of the use of ST targeting young baseball players are needed.
RESUMO
Esta presentación ejemplifica el desarrollo de los sistemas de manejo de tres situaciones contrastantes: Copenhague, que ejemplifica la mejor práctica en reciclaje en las áreas metropolitanas más extensas; Bochum, una ciudad mediana que está ligada a otras áreas metropolitanas en el conurbano de Ruhr, Alemania y Siegen, un pueblo pequeño, casi industrial, en la zona de importancia de Alemania que posee el beneficio de los costos de un manejo de residuos modesto a través del uso de un sitio de relleno local
Assuntos
Reciclagem , Resíduos Sólidos , Indústria da Construção , Eliminação de Resíduos , Volume de Resíduos Sólidos , Coleta de Resíduos Sólidos , Custos e Análise de CustoRESUMO
Esta presentación ejemplifica el desarrollo de los sistemas de manejo de tres situaciones contrastantes: Copenhague, que ejemplifica la mejor práctica en reciclaje en las áreas metropolitanas más extensas; Bochum, una ciudad mediana que está ligada a otras áreas metropolitanas en el conurbano de Ruhr, Alemania y Siegen, un pueblo pequeño, casi industrial, en la zona de importancia de Alemania que posee el beneficio de los costos de un manejo de residuos modesto a través del uso de un sitio de relleno local